Pioneering for You

Engineering Handbook

Contents
1

General

SI base units

Decimal multiples and submultiples of units

Letter symbols and SI units in power transmission engineering 3

Important equations with physical quantities

Important equations with numerical values

6.1 - Power
6.2 - Torque
6.3 - Work
6.4 - Electric motor characteristics

7
7
8
8
9

Conversion factors

10

Conversion tables

19

Tensile Strength

28

10

Periodic System

29

11

Affinity Laws
Ex Markings
Degree of protection (IP Code)
Flow Conversion Table

31-37

This Wilo publication must not be reproduced in any form, either in whole or in part, without prior
permission of the publisher. All rights reserved.
Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information provided based on current
international standards, but no warranty is expressed or implied and no liability, arising from errors or
omissions, can be accepted. Suggestions for additions or amendments will be welcomed by Wilo (UK) Ltd.

General
The "International System of units", identified internationally
as "SI" (Systme International d'Units), is replacing the older
systems used in science and technology throughout the world.
lt has been adopted by a resolution of the "Conference
Generale des Poids et Mesures" (CGPM) as ISO
Recommendation R 1000, in February 1969.
There is a SI base unit for each of the physical quantities:
length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic
temperature, and luminous intensity, which by convention are
regarded as being dimensionally independent. The SI unit of
any other quantity is derived by dimensionally appropriate
simple multiplications and divisions of the SI base units
without the introduction of any numerical factors. Such a
system of units is called "coherent". lt is also independent of
the effects of earth's gravity.
There is a strict distinction between the mass with the kg as its
unit and the weight, that is the force due to gravity, given in
the new unit N (newton). The force of 1 N will give the mass of
1 kg an acceleration of 1 m/s.

SI base units
Quantity

Unit Symbol

Name

length
mass
time
electric current
thermodynamic temperature
luminious intensity

m
kg
s
A
K
cd

metre
kilogram
second
ampere
kelvin
candela

Decimal multiples and submultiples of units

Factor

Prefix

Symbol

12

tera

giga

10
10

mega

kilo

10
10

hecta

deca

da

10
10

-1

deci

-2

centi

10
10

-3

milli

-6

micro

10
10

-9

nano

-12

pico

10
10

-15

femto

-18

atto

10
10

Letter Symbols and SI units in power transmission engineering

Symbol

Quantity

SI Unit Symbol

Name

A
, ,

area
plane angle

b
d,
d
h
l
r
s
V

breadth
thickness
diameter
height
length
radius
length of path
volume

m
rad

m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m

square metre
radian
degree
metre
metre
metre
metre
metre
metre
metre
cubic metre

m/s
rad/s
Hz
m/s

hertz

1/s
rad/s
s
s
m/s

1 per second
radian per second
second
second
metre per second

Geometry

Time and periodic phenomena

a

f
g
n

t
v

acceleration (linear)
angular acceleration
frequency
acceleration of free fall
rotational frequency
(number of revolutions
per unit time or
rotational speed)
angular velocity
time constant
time
velocity (linear speed)

Letter Symbols and SI units in power transmission engineering

Symbol

Quantity

SI Unit Symbol

Name

Pa
N
N
kgm
Nm
kg
W
Pa
kg/m
Pa
J
1
1

pascal
newton
newton
kilogram/metre squared
newton metre
kilogram
watt
pascal

pascal
joule

1/K
K
C
K

1per kelvin
kelvin
degree Celsius
kelvin

Mechanics
E
F
G(W)
J
M(T)
M
P
P

W(E)

modulus of elasticity
(Youngs modulus)
force
weight
moment of inertia
torque
mass
power
pressure
density (mass density)
stress
work (energy)
efficiency
coefficient of friction

Thermodynamics

T
t,
T,

temperatures coefficienct
thermodynamic temperature
Celsius temperature
tmperature rise

Letter Symbols and SI units in power transmission engineering

Symbol

Quantity

SI Unit Symbol Name

capacitance
conductance
electric current
current density
active power
reactive power
resistance
apparent power
voltage, tension
potential difference
reastance
impedance

F
S
A
A/m
W
var

VA
V

Electricity
C
G
I
J
P
Q
R
S
U (V)
X
Z

farad
siemens
ampere
ampere per square metre
watt
var
ohm
voltampere

volt
ohm
ohm

tesla

Wb
A/m
H

weber
ampere per metre
henry

Magnetism
B

H
L

magnetic flux density,

magnetic induction
magnetic flux density
matnetic field strength
self inductance

Important Equations with Physical Quantities

Linear Motion

Rotary Motion

s
v= t

=2n
v = r = 2 n r

s=vt

= t = 2 n r

v
a=
ta

ta

M=Fr
P=Fv

P=M

F=ma

M=J

W=Fs

W=M

W=

m v

W=

J
2

J = m r

Important Equations with numerical values for power transmission engineering

International System

Imperial System

6.1 Power
Lifting motion
P

mgv
1000

Wv
33000

Linear motion
P

FR v
1000

FR = m g

FR v
33000

FR =

Rotary motion
P

P
FR
m
g
v

M
n

Mn

9550
Power in kW
Frictional resistance in N
Mass in kg
Accelaration of free fall (9.81 in m/s2)
Velocity in m/s
Efficiency in decimals
Coefficient of friction
Torque in Nm
Rotational speed in 1/min or r/min
QHP

3.67 total

Mn

5250

P Power in hp
FR Frictional resistance in lbf
W Weight in lb
v

M
n

Velocity in ft/min
Efficiency in decimals
Coefficient of friction
Torque in lbf ft
Rotational speed in rpm

Efficiency

= kW

p =

Q=Flow MH
H
= Head Mtr
P
= Fluid density
total = pump & motor

= Efficiency
kW
= P2

PH
P2

m +

P2
P1

t = p m
Head

(p2 - p1)

(p g) + (h2 - h1) + (V2 - V1)

(2 g)

=H

Important Equations with numerical values for power transmission engineering

International System

Imperial System

6.2 Torque
M = Fr

M = Fr

9550 P
M =
n

M =

5250 P
n

M
F
r
P
n

M
F
r
P
n

torque in lbf ft
force in lbf
Radius in lever in ft
Power in hp
Rotational speed in rpm

Torque in Nm
Force in N
Radius of lever in m
Power in kW
Rotational speed in 1/min or r/min

6.3 Work
W
W
W
F
s
m
g
J
n

=
=

Fs=mgs
J n / 182.5
Work (energy) in Nm = WS = J
Force in N
Length of path in m
Mass in kg
Acceleration of free fall (9.81) in m/s
Moment of inertia in kgm
Rotational speed in 1/min or r/min

W
W
W
F
s

=
=

Fs
WK n / 5880
Work (energy) in lbf ft
Force in lbf
Length of path in ft

WK Flywheel effect in lb ft
n Rotational speed in rpm

Important Equations with numerical values for power transmission engineering

International System

Imperial System

6.4 Electric motor characteristics

Input

Output

Pel

Pmec

3 U I cos
1000
3 U I cos
x
1000
IR
Rfin - Ramb
Ramb

P
U
I
cos

R
T

(235 + amb)

Power in kW
Line voltage in V
Line current in A
Power factor in decimals
Motor efficiency in decimals
Ohmic resistance in
Temperature rise of the winding in K
Temperature of the winding in C

Subscript
el:
electrical
mec: mechanical
fin:
at final
(warm) state
amb: at ambient
(cold) state

Conversion Factors
Length

1m
1 dm
1 cm
1 mm
1 yd
1 ft
1 in
1 mil

1m
1 dm
1 cm
1 mm
1 yd
1 ft
1 in
1 mil

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

dm

cm

mm

1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.9144
0.3048
25.4 10-3
25.4 10-6

10
1
0.01
0.01
9.144
3.048
0.254
254 10-6

100
10
1
0.1
91.44
30.48
2.54
2.54 10-3

1000
100
10
1
914.4
304.8
25.4
25.4 10-3

yd

ft

in

mil

1.094
0.1094
10.9 10-3
1.09 10-3
1
0.3333
27.8 10-3
27.8 10-6

3.281
0.3281
32.8 10-3
3.28 10-3
3
1
83.3 10-3
83.3 10-6

39.37
3.937
0.3937
39.4 10-3
36
12
1
1 10-3

39.4 103
3937
393.7
39.37
36 103
12 103
1000
1

1 mile
(statute or British mile) = 1760 yd = 5280 ft
1 n mile (nautical mile)
= 6080 ft
1 km
= 39370 in = 3281 ft
= 1093.6 yd
1 fathom = 6 ft

= 1.8288 m

10

= 1609.344 m
= 1853 m
= 0.6214 mile
= 0.5396 n mile

Conversion Factors
Area
m
1m
1 dm
1 cm
1 mm
1 yd
1 ft
1 in
1 CM

1m
1 dm
1 cm
1 mm
1 yd
1 ft
1 in
1 CM

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

dm

cm

mm

1
0.01
0.1 10-3
1 10-6
0.8361
92.9 10-3
0.645 10-3

100
1
0.01
0.1 10-3
83.61
9.29
64.5 10-3

10 X 10
100
1
0.01
8361
929.03
6.4516
5.07 10-6

1 X 106
10 x 103
100
1
836 103
92.9 103
645.16
0.507 10-3

yd

ft

in

CM

1.196
12 10-3
0.12 10-3
1.2 10^(-6)
1
0.1111
772 10-6

10.764
0.1076
1.08 10-3
10.8 10^(-6)
9
1
6.94 10-3
5.45 10-9

1550
15.5
0.155
1.55 10-3
1296
144
1
0.785 10-6

197 103
1.97 103
183 106
1.27 106
1

1 square mile
1 acre
1 km
1 ha
1a

= 640 acres
= 4840 yd
= 0.386 sq. mile
= 100 a
= 100 m

= 2.590 km
= 0.405 ha
= 100 ha
= 2.471 acres
= 119.6 yd

11

= 259 ha
= 4047 m
= 10000a
= 11959.6 yd
= 1076.4 ft

Conversion Factors
Volume

1m
1 dm
1 cm
1 yd
1 ft
1 in
1 gal (UK)
1 gal (US)

1m
1 dm
1 cm
1 yd
1 ft
1 in
1 gal (UK)
1 gal (US)

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

1 bushel (UK)
1 bushel (US)
1 pint (UK)
1 liqu. Pt (US)
1l

dm

cm

yd

1
1 10-3
1 10-6
0.765
28.3 10-3
16.4 10-6
4.55 10-3
3.79 10-3

1000
1
1 10-3
764.6
28.32
16.4 10-3
4.546
3.785

1 10 6
1000
1
765 10
28.3 10
16.39
4.546
3.785

1.3079
1.3 10-3
1.3 10-6
1
37 10-3
21.4 10-6
5.95 10-3
4.95 10-3

ft

in

gal (UK)

gal (US)

35.32
35.3 10-3
35.3 10-6
27
1
579 10-6
0.1605
0.1337

61.02 10
61.02
61 10-3
46.7 10
1728
1
277
231

220
0.22
0.22 10-3
168.2
6.229
3.6 10-3
1
0.8327

264.2
0.2642
0.26 10-3
202
7.481
4.3 10-3
1.201
1

= 8gal (UK)
= 0.969 bu (UK)
= gal (UK)
= gal (UK)
= 1.76 pt (UK)

= 64 pt (UK)
= 36.371
= 35241
= 0.56821
= 0.47321
= 2.113 liqu. pt (US)

12

Conversion Factors
Force and Weight

1N
1 kp
1p
1 dyn
1 tonf
1 lbf
1 ozf

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

1N
=
1 kp
=
1p
=
1 dyn
=
1 tonf(UK) =
1 lbf
=
1 ozf
=

kp

1
9.807
9.81 10-3
1 10-5
9964
4.448
-

0.102
1
1 10-3
1.02 10-6
1016
0.4536
28.4 10-3

102
1000
1
1.02 10-3
1.02 106
453.6
28.35

dyn

tonf (UK)
5

1 10
981 10^3
980.7
1
996 106
445 103
27.8 103

1 (long) ton (UK)

1 (short) ton (US)
1 stone
1 ton
1 cwt (UK)
1 cwt (US)
1t

-6

100.4 10
0.984 10-3
0.984 10-6
1 10-3
1
446 10-6
27.9 10-6

= 160 stones
= 142.9 stones
= 14 lb
= 20 cwt
= 4 quarters
= 100 lb
= 1000 kg

lbf

ozf

0.2248
2.205
2.2 10-3
2.25 10-6
2240
1
62.5 10-3

3.597
35.27
35.3 10-3
36 10-6
35.8 103
16
1

= 2240 lb
= 2000 lb
= 224oz

= 1.016 t
= 0.907 t
= 6.35 kg

= 8 stones
= 45.36 kg
= 0.984 ton (UK)

= 112 lb

13

= 1.101 ton (US)

Conversion Factors
Velocity

1 km/h
1 m/min
1 m/s
1 mile/h
1 ft/min
1 ft/s
1 in/s

1 km/h
1 m/min
1 m/s
1 mile/h
1 ft/min
1 ft/s
1 in/s

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

km/h

m/min

m/s

1
0.06
3.6
1.609
18.3 10-3
1.097
91 10-3

16.667
1
60
26.82
0.3048
18.288
1.524

0.2778
16.7 x 10-3
1
0.447
5.08 10-3
0.3048
25.4 10-3

mile/h

ft/min

ft/s

in/s

0.6214
37.3 10-3
2.237
1
11.4 10-3
0.6818
56.8 10-3

54.68
3.281
196.85
88
1
60
5

0.9113
54.7 10-3
3.281
1.467
16.7 10-3
1
88.3 10-3

10.936
0.656
39.37
17.6
0.2
12
1

14

Conversion Factors
Torque

1 Nm
1 cNm
1 kgfm
1 cpm
1 lbf ft
1 lbf in
1 ozf in

1 Nm
1 cNm
1 kgfm
1 cpm
1 lbf ft
1 lbf in
1 ozf in

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Nm

cNm

kgfm

1
0.01
9.8067
98.1 10-6
1.356
0.1129
7.062 10-3

100
1
980.67
9.81 10-3
135.6
11.29
0.7062

0.10197
1.02 10-3
1
10 10-6
0.1383
11.5 10-3
0.72 10-3

cpm

lbf ft

lbf in

ozf in

0.73756
7376 10-3
7.233
72.3 10-6
1
83.3 10-3
5.21 10-3

8.8507
88.5 10-3
86.796
868 10-6
12
1
62.5 10-3

141.61
1.4161
1389
13.9 10-3
192
16
1

10.2 10
101.97
100 103
1
13.8 103
1152
72.01

15

Conversion Factors
Power

1 kW
1 PS
1 hp
1 kgfm/s
1 ft lbf/s
1 kcal/s
1 Btu/s

1 kW
1 PS
1 hp
1 kgfm/s
1 ft lbf/s
1 kcal/s
1 Btu/s

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

kW

PS

hp

1
0.7355
0.7457
9.81 10-3
1.36 10-3
4.1868
1.055

1.36
1
1.014
13.33 10-3
1.84 10-3
5.692
1.435

1.341
0.9863
1
13.15 10-3
1.82 10-3
5.615
1.415

kgfm/s

ft lbf/s

kcal/s

Btu/s

102
75
76.04
1
0.1383
426.9
107.6

737.6
542.5
550
7.233
1
3088
778.2

0.2388
0.1757
0.1781
2.342 10-3
0.324 10-3
1
0.252

0.9478
0.6971
0.7068
9.295 10-3
1.285 10-3
3.968
1

16

Conversion Factors
Pressure and stress

1 N/m
1 bar
1 kgf/m
1 kgf/cm
1 kgf/mm
1 lbf/yd
1 lbf/ft
1 lbf/in
1 tonf/in

1 N/m
1 bar
1 kgf/m
1 kgf/cm
1 kgf/mm
1 lbf/yd
1 lbf/ft
1 lbf/in
1 tonf/in

1 N/m
1 bar
1 kgf/m
1 kgf/cm
1 kgf/mm
1 lbf/yd
1 lbf/ft
1 lbf/in
1 tonf/in

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

N/m

bar

kgf/m

1
1 105
9.81
98.1 103
9.81 106
5.32
47.88
6.89 103
15.4 106

1 10-5
1
98.1 10-6
0.981
98.1
53.2 10-6
479 10-6
68.9 10-3
154

0.102
10.2 103
1
10 103
1 106
0.543
4.882
703
1.58 106

kgf/cm

kgf/mm

lbf/yd

10.2 10-6
1.02
0.1 10-3
1
100
54 10-6
0.488 10-3
70.3 10-3
157.5

0.102 10-6
10.2 10-3
1 10-6
0.01
1
0.54 10-6
4.88 10-6
0.703 10-3
1.575

0.188
18.8 103
1.843
18.4 103
1.84 106
1
9
1296
2.9 106

lbf/ft

lbf/in

tonf/in

20.88 10-3
2.088 103
0.2048
2.05 103
205 103
0.1111
1
144
0.323 106

145 10-6
14.5
142 10-3
14.223
1.422 103
772 10-6
6.94 10-3
1
2240

64.75 10-9
6.475 10-3
0.64 10-6
6.4 10-3
0.6349
0.345 10-6
3.1 10-6
0.446 10-3
1

17

Conversion Factors
Temperature
vF

wC

xK

yRau

zR

vF

5/9 (v-32)

5/9 (v - 32) + 273

4/9 (v-32)

v + 460

wC

9/5 w + 32

w + 273

4/5 w

9/5 w + 492

xK

9/5 x - 460

x - 273

4/5 (x-273)

9/5 x

yRau

9/5 y + 32

5/4 y

5/4 y + 273

9/4 y + 492

zR

z - 460

5/9 z - 273

5/9 z

4/9 z - 219

Reference points of temperature

Boiling point of water:
212 F
100 C

373.15 K

80 Rau

671.67 R

Freezing Point of water:

32 F
0 C

273.15 K

0 Rau

491.67 R

Absolute zero:
-459.67 F

0K

-273.15 C

18

Conversion Tables
Length
Fractions
of 1 inch

Decimal
inch
mm

Fractions
of 1 inch

1/64
1/32
3/64
1/16
5/64
3/32
7/64
1/8
9/64
5/32
11/64
3/16
13/64
7/32
15/64
1/4
17/64
9/32
19/64
5/16
21/64
11/32
23/64
3/8
25/64
13/32
27/64
7/16
29/64
15/32
31/64
1/2

0.016
0.031
0.046
0.062
0.078
0.093
0.109
0.125
0.14
0.156
0.171
0.187
0.203
0.218
0.234
0.25
0.265
0.281
0.296
0.313
0.328
0.343
0.359
0.375
0.390
0.406
0.421
0.437
0.453
0.468
0.484
0.500

33/64
17/32
35/64
9/16
37/64
19/32
39/64
5/8
41/64
21/32
43/64
11/16
45/64
23/32
47/64
3/4
49/64
25/32
51/64
13/16
53/64
27/32
55/64
7/8
57/64
29/32
59/64
15/16
61/64
31/32
63/64
1

0.4
0.80
1.20
1.59
1.99
2.38
2.78
3.18
3.58
3.97
4.37
4.77
5.16
5.56
5.95
6.35
6.75
7.15
7.54
7.94
8.34
8.73
9.13
9.53
9.93
10.32
10.72
11.12
11.51
11.91
12.31
12.70

19

Decimal
inch
mm
0.515
0.531
0.546
0.562
0.578
0.593
0.609
0.625
0.64
0.656
0.671
0.687
0.703
0.718
0.734
0.75
0.765
0.781
0.796
0.812
0.828
0.843
0.859
0.875
0.89
0.906
0.921
0.937
0.953
0.968
0.984
1.000

13.10
13.49
13.89
14.29
14.68
15.08
15.48
15.88
16.27
16.67
17.07
17.46
17.86
18.26
18.65
19.05
19.45
19.84
20.24
20.64
21.03
21.43
21.83
22.23
22.62
23.02
23.42
23.81
24.21
24.61
25.00
25.40

Conversion Tables
Velocity
ft/min

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

0
0.051
0.102
0.153
0.204
0.255
0.306
0.357
0.408
0.459
0.51

0.0051
0.056
0.107
0.158
0.209
0.26
0.311
0.362
0.413
0.464
0.515

0.01
0.061
0.112
0.163
0.214
0.265
0.316
0.367
0.418
0.469
0.52

0.015
0.066
0.117
0.168
0.219
0.27
0.321
0.372
0.423
0.474
0.525

0.02
0.071
0.122
0.173
0.224
0.275
0.326
0.377
0.428
0.479
0.53

ft/min

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

0.026
0.077
0.128
0.179
0.23
0.281
0.332
0.383
0.434
0.485
0.535

0.031
0.087
0.138
0.189
0.24
0.291
0.342
0.393
0.444
0.495
0.54

0.036
0.087
0.138
0.189
0.24
0.291
0.342
0.393
0.444
0.495
0.545

0.041
0.092
0.143
0.194
0.245
0.296
0.347
0.398
0.449
0.5
0.55

0.046
0.097
0.148
0.199
0.25
0.301
0.352
0.403
0.454
0.505
0.555

20

Conversion Tables
Velocity
m/s

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0
19.7
39.4
59.1
78.7
98.4
118
138
157
177
197

1.97
21.7
41.3
61
80.7
100
120
140
159
179
199

3.94
23.6
43.3
63
82.7
102
122
142
161
181
201

5.91
25.6
45.3
65
84.7
104
124
144
163
183
203

7.88
27.6
47.3
66.9
86.6
106
126
146
165
185
205

m/s

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

9.85
29.5
49.2
68.9
88.6
108
128
148
167
187
207

11.8
31.5
51.2
70.9
90.6
110
130
150
169
189
209

13.8
33.5
53.2
72.8
92.5
112
132
152
171
191
211

15.8
35.4
55.1
74.8
94.5
114
134
154
173
193
213

17.7
37.4
57.1
76.8
96.5
116
136
156
175
195
215

21

Conversion Tables
Torque
lbf / ft

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

0
13.56
27.12
40.68
54.23
67.79
81.35
94.91
108.47
122.02
135.58

1.356
14.91
28.47
42.03
55.59
69.15
82.71
96.26
109.82
123.38
136.94

2.712
16.27
29.83
43.39
56.94
70.5
84.06
97.62
111.18
124.74
138.3

4.068
17.63
31.18
44.74
58.3
71.86
85.42
98.98
112.53
126.09
139.66

5.423
18.99
32.54
46.1
59.66
73.21
86.77
100.33
113.89
127.45
141.02

lbf / ft

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

6.779
20.34
33.9
47.45
61.01
74.75
88.13
101.69
115.25
128.8
142.38

8.135
21.69
35.25
48.81
62.37
75.93
89.48
103.04
116.6
130.16
143.74

9.491
23.05
36.61
50.17
63.72
77.28
90.84
104.4
117.96
131.51
145.1

10.846
24.41
37.96
51.52
65.08
78.64
92.2
105.75
119.31
132.87
146.46

12.202
25.76
39.12
52.88
66.44
79.99
93.55
107.11
120.67
134.23
147.82

22

Conversion Tables
Torque
Nm

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

0
7.38
14.75
22.13
29.5
36.88
44.25
51.63
59.01
66.38
73.76

0.738
8.11
15.49
22.86
30.24
37.62
44.99
52.37
59.74
67.12
74.5

1.475
8.85
16.23
23.6
30.98
38.35
45.73
53.11
60.48
67.86
75.24

2.213
9.59
16.96
24.34
31.72
39.09
46.47
53.84
61.22
68.59
75.98

2.95
10.33
17.7
25.08
32.45
89.83
47.2
54.58
61.96
69.33
76.72

Nm

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

3.688
11.06
18.44
25.82
33.19
40.57
47.94
55.32
62.69
70.07
77.46

4.425
11.8
19.18
26.55
33.93
41.3
48.68
56.06
63.43
70.81
78.2

5.163
12.54
19.91
27.29
34.67
42.04
49.42
56.79
64.91
72.28
78.94

5.9
13.28
20.65
28.03
35.4
42.78
50.15
57.53
64.91
72.28
79.68

6.638
14.01
21.39
28.77
36.14
43.52
50.89
58.27
65.64
73.02
80.42

23

Conversion Tables
Power - Nominal ratings of horsepower to kilowatt / kilowatt to horsepower
hp

1/50

kW

hp

kW

hp

kW

0.1
0.15

0.075
0.11

1
1.5
2

0.75
1.1
1.5

0.25

0.18
3

2.2

0.25
0.3
0.37

0.55

4
5
5.5
5.5
6
7.5

3
3.7
4
4
4.4
5.5

0.015

1/20

0.04

0.33
0.4
0.5

3/40

0.055

0.75

24

Conversion Tables
Moment of inertia
Kilogram metre square to pound-force foot squared
kgm (mr)

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10

0
0.237
0.475
0.712
0.949
1.187
1.424
1.661
1.898
2.136
2.373

0.0237
0.261
0.498
0.736
0.973
1.21
1.448
1.685
1.922
2.159
2.396

0.0475
0.285
0.522
0.759
0.977
1.234
1.471
1.709
1.946
2.183
2.419

0.0712
0.308
0.546
0.783
1.02
1.258
1.495
1.732
1.97
2.207
2.442

0.0949
0.332
0.57
0.807
1.044
1.281
1.519
1.756
1.993
2.231
2.465

kgm (mr)

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10

0.1187
0.356
0.593
0.831
1.068
1.305
1.542
1.78
2.017
2.254
2.488

0.1424
0.38
0.617
0.854
1.092
1.329
1.566
1.803
2.041
2.278
2.511

0.1661
0.403
0.641
0.878
1.115
1.353
1.59
1.827
2.065
2.302
2.534

0.1898
0.427
0.664
0.902
1.139
1.376
1.614
1.851
2.088
2.326
2.557

0.2136
0.451
0.688
0.925
1.163
1.4
1.637
1.875
2.112
2.349
2.58

25

Conversion Tables
C
Temperature
C
-45.60
-45.00
-44.40
-43.90
-43.30
-42.80
-42.20
-41.70
-41.10
-40.60
-40.00
-39.40
-38.90
-38.30
-37.80
-37.20
-36.70
-36.10
-35.60
-35.00
-34.40
-33.90
-33.30
-32.80
-32.20
-31.70
-31.10
-30.60
-30.00
-29.40
-28.90
-28.30
-27.80
-27.20

F C

-50
-49
-48
-47
-46
-45
-44
-43
-42
-41
-40
-39
-38
-37
-36
-35
-34
-33
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17

-58
-56.2
-54.4
-52.6
-50.8
-49
-47.2
-45.4
-43.6
-41.8
-40
-38.2
-36.4
-34.6
-32.8
-31
-29.2
-27.4
-25.6
-23.8
-22
-20.2
-18.4
-16.6
-14.8
-13
-11.2
-9.4
-7.6
-5.8
-4
-2.2
-0.4
1.4

-26.70
-26.10
-25.60
-25.00
-24.40
-23.90
-23.30
-22.80
-22.20
-21.70
-21.10
-20.60
-20.00
-19.40
-18.90
-18.30
-17.80
-17.20
-16.70
-16.10
-15.60
-15.00
-14.40
-13.90
-13.30
-12.80
-12.20
-11.70
-11.10
-10.60
-10.00
-9.40
-8.90
-8.30
-7.80
-7.20
-6.70

26

F C
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

F
3.2
5
6.8
8.6
10.4
12.2
14
15.8
17.6
19.4
21.2
23
24.8
26.6
28.4
30.2
32
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
41
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
50
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
59
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
68

C
-6.10
-5.60
-5.00
-4.40
-3.90
-3.30
-2.80
-2.20
-1.70
-1.10
-0.60
0.00
0.60
1.10
1.70
2.20
2.80
3.30
3.90
4.40
5.00
5.60
6.10
6.70
7.20
7.80
8.30
8.90
9.40
10.00
10.60
11.10
11.70
12.20
12.80
13.30
13.90

F C
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57

C
14.40
15.00
15.60
16.10
16.70
17.20
17.80
18.30
18.90
19.40
20.00
20.60
21.10
22.20
22.80
23.30
23.90
24.40
25.00
25.60
26.10
26.70
27.20
27.80
28.30
28.90
29.40
30.00
30.60
31.10
31.70
32.20
32.80
33.30
33.90
34.40
35.00

69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
77
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
86
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
95
96.8
98.6
100.4
102.2
104
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2
113
114.8
116.6
118.4
120.2
122
123.8
125.6
127.4
129.2
131
132.8
134.6

27

F C
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94

F
136.4
138.2
140
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2
149
150.8
152.6
154.4
156.2
158
159.8
161.6
163.4
165.2
167
168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2
176
177.8
179.6
181.4
183.2
185
186.8
188.6
190.4
192.2
194
195.8
197.6
199.4
201.2

Tensile Strength
Tensile strength
N/mm, min

EN 1563

DIN 1693

ISO 185

150
200
250

EN-GJL-150
EN-GJL-200
EN-GJL-250

GG-15
GG-20
GG-125

50
200
250

Tensile strength
N/mm, min

EN 1563

DIN 1693

1083

GGG-40
GGG-40.3

GGG-50

400-18
400-15
450-10
500-7

Grey iron

Nodular (ductile) iron

400
400
450
500

EN-GJS-400-18
EN-GJS-400-15
EN-GJS-450-10
EN-GJS-500-7

Stainless Steel
Grade

Tensile Strength
Min. Ksi (MPa)

Yield Strength
Min Ksi (MPa)

304
316
316L

75(515)
75(515)
70(485)

30(205)
30(205)
25(170)

28

Elongation 2"
50mm) Long % min.
35
35
35

29

55
Cs

87
Fr

119
Uun

**

39
Y
73
Ta

41
Nb

23
V

74
W

42
Mo

24
Cr

75
Re

43
Tc

25
Mn

76
Os

44
Ru

26
Fe

77
Ir

45
Rh

27
Co

78
Pt

46
Pd

28
Ni

79
Au

47
Ag

29
Cu

80
Hg

48
Cd

30
Zn

81
Tl

49
In

31
Ga

13
Al

5
B

82
Pb

50
Sn

32
Ge

14
Si

6
C

83
Bi

51
Sb

33
As

15
P

7
N

84
Po

52
Te

34
Se

16
S

8
O

85
At

53
I

35
Br

17
Cl

9
F

86
Rn

54
Xe

36
Kr

18
Ar

10
Ne

2
He

91
Pa

59
Pr
92
U

60
Nd

93
Np

61
Pm

94
Pu

62
Sm

95
Am

63
Eu

96
Cm

64
Gd

97
Bk

65
Tb

98
Cf

66
Dy

99
Es

67
Ho

69
Tm

70
Yb

71
Lu
100 101 103 103
Fm Md No Lr

68
Er

104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo

72
Hf

40
Zr

22
Ti

90
Th

88
Ra

37
Rb

21
Sc

89
Ac

56
Ba

19
K

**Actinides

38
Sr

11
Na

58
Ce

20
Ca

3
Li

57
La

12
Mg

Lithium

*Lanthanides

4
Be

1
H

Hydrogen

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

10
Periodic System

30

Ac Actinium 89
Ag Silver 47
Al Aluminum 13
Am Americium 95
Ar Argon 18
As Arsenic 33
At Astatine 85
Au Gold 79
B Boron 5
Ba Barium 56
Be Beryllium 4
Bh Bohrium 107
Bi Bismuth 83
Bk Berkelium 97
Br Bromine 35
C Carbon 6
Ca Calcium 20
Cd Cadmium 48
Ce Cerium 58
Cf Californium 98
Cl Chlorine 17
Cm Curium 96
Co Cobalt 27
Cr Chromium 24
Cs Cesium 55

Cu Copper 29
Db Dubnium 105
Ds Darmstadtium 110
Dy Dysprosium 66
Er Erbium 68
Es Einsteinium 99
Eu Europium 63
F Fluorine 9
Fe Iron 26
Fm Fermium 100
Fr Francium 87
Ga Gallium 31
Gd Gadolinium 64
Ge Germanium 32
H Hydrogen 1
He Helium 2
Hf Hafnium 72
Hg Mercury 80
Ho Holmium 67
Hs Hassium 108
I Iodine 53
In Indium 49
Ir Iridium 77
K Potassium 19
Kr Krypton 36

La Lanthanum 57
Li Lithium 3
Lr Lawrencium 103
Lu Lutetium 71
Md Mendelevium 101
Mg Magnesium 12
Mn Manganese 25
Mo Molybdenum 42
Mt Meitnerium 109
N Nitrogen 7
Na Sodium 11
Nb Niobium 41
Nd Neodymium 60
Ne Neon 10
Ni Nickel 28
No Nobelium 102
Np Neptunium 93
O Oxygen 8
Os Osmium 76
P Phosphorus 15
Pa Protactinium 91
Pb Lead 82
Pd Palladium 46
Pm Promethium 61
Po Polonium 84

Pr Praseodymium 59
Pt Platinum 78
Pu Plutonium 94
Ra Radium 88
Rb Rubidium 37
Re Rhenium 75
Rf Rutherfordium 104
Rg Roentgenium 111
Rh Rhodium 45
Rn Radon 86
Ru Ruthenium 44
S Sulfur 16
Sb Antimony 51
Sc Scandium 21
Se Selenium 34
Sg Seaborgium 106
Si Silicon 14
Sm Samarium 62
Sn Tin 50
Sr Strontium 38
Ta Tantalum 73
Tb Terbium 65
Tc Technetium 43
Te Tellurium 52
Th Thorium 90

Ti Titanium 22
Tl Thallium 81
Tm Thulium 69
U Uranium 92
Uub Ununbium 112
Uuh Ununhexium 116
Uun Ununennium119
Uuo Ununoctium 118
Uup Ununpentium 115
Uuq Ununquadium 114
Uus Ununseptium 117
Uut Ununtrium 113
V Vanadium 23
W Tungsten 74
Xe Xenon 54
Y Yttrium 39
Yb Ytterbium 70
Zn Zinc 30
Zr Zirconium 40

11
Affinity Laws
The Affinity Laws formulas are used to calculate and confirm the relationship
between comparative data for the above units. The formula will work providing
that all workings are based upon accurately measured data using calibrated
equipment.
n = Speed
Q = Flow-rate
H = Frictional head
P = Power
Hz = Frequency

Adjustment of the pumping capacity

Changing the speed

n1

Q1

n1
H1

H1
H2

n2

P1

H2

pumping head H [m]

P2

Q2 Q1

volume flow Q [m/ h]

31

( )
( )
( )
n2

Q2
=

n1

n2

n1

n2

Ex Markings
E

Example
Certification by a recognised test station
within the European Community
European Standard EN
Explosion protection
Type of protection
Oil immersion
Pressurisation
Powder filling
Flameproof enclosure
Increased safety
Intrinsic safely

o
p
q
d
e
I

Area of application
Firedamp hazardous mines
Other explosion hazardous areas

I
II

Explosion Group (in conjunction with II)

Max. experimental safe gap (MESG)
> 0.9mm
0.5 < 0.9mm
< 0.5mm

A
B
C

Temperature Class
Limiting temperature
450 C
300 C
200 C
135 C
100 C
85 C

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6

32

Ex

II

T3

Degree of protection (IP Code)

Meaning of the IP Code
Element

Code
letters

Numerals
or
letters

Meaning for the protection

of the machine

Meaning for
the protection of
persons

IP

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

Against penetration of
solid foreign bodies
(unprotected)
50mm in diameter
12.5mm in diameter
2.5mm in diameter
1.0mm in diameter
Dust-protected
Dust-tight

Against access to
hazardous parts with
(unprotected)
Back of the hand
Finger
Tool
Wire
Wire
Wire

First
code number

Second
code number

Against penetration of water,

with harmful effects
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

(unprotected)
Vertical dripping
Dripping (15 angle)
Spraying water
Splashing water
Water jet
Powerful water jet
Temporary immersion in water
Permanent immersion in water

Against access
to hazardous
parts with
Back of the hand
Finger
Tool
Wire

Additional
letter
(optional)
A
B
C
D
Supplementary
letter
(optional)

Supplementary information
specific to
H
M
S
W

High-voltage equipment
Motion during water test
Stationary during water test
Weather conditions

33

Flow Conversion Table

US GPM

1.2

M / MIN

.4

3.66

GPH

60

.55
4

262

GPM

M / HR

60

0
00
1 SG

KG / HR

1000

3.2

3.6

1
6.6
7

L / HR

792

L / SEC
KG / SEC
60

60

L / MIN

Multiply by conversion factor in direction of arrow.

Divide by conversion factor for opposite requirement, eg. GPM 13.2 = L / SEC
Pressure Conversion Table

PSI

2.31
SG

1
.4
SG 2

14.5

BAR

10.35
SG

1.02

1
00

KG / M

FT

33.95
SG

2
.3
SG 1

3.28

M
9.8
SG

KN / M

1.42
SG

BAR
14.5

PSI

9
.8
SG

KPA

Multiply by conversion factor in direction of arrow.

Divide by conversion factor for opposite requirement, eg. PSI 1.42 = M

34

Standards

Use in ATEX
category/
Zone

Principle

Application

-0

Basic electrical requirements

All equipment

50015

-6

Category 2
Zone 1

Electrical components immersed

in oil excluding explosive
atmosphere from igniting

Transformers

50016

-2

Category 2
Zone 1

Enclosure housing equipment is

purge to remove explosive
atmosphere and pressurised to
prevent ingress of surrounding
atmosphere

Powder filled

50017

-5

Category 2
Zone 1

Electrical parts are surrounded

with power, e.g. quartz to
prevent contact with an
explosive atmosphere

Flameproof

50018

-1

Category 2
Zone 1

Enclosure housing electrical

equipment which, if there is an
internal explosion, will not ignite
surrounding atmosphere

AC motors,
control panels,
light fittings

Increased
safety

50019

-7

Category 2
Zone 1

Additional methods are used to

eliminate arcs, sparks and hot
surface capable of igniting
flammable atmosphere

AC motors, terminal
and connection boxes,
light fittings, squirrel
cage motors

ia

50020

- 11

ib

50020

- 11

Category 1
Zone 0

Electrical energy in equipment is

limited so that circuits cannot
ignite an atmoshphere by
sparking or heating

Measurement and
control equipment,
e.g. sensors,
instrumentation

Encapsulation

50028

- 18

Category 2
Zone 1

Electrical components embedded

in approved material to prevent
contact with explosive
atmosphere

Measurement and
control devices,
solenoid valves

Type of
protection n

nA

50021

- 15

Category 3
Zone 2

Non-arcing and non-sparking

AC motors, terminal
boxes, light fittings

Type of
protection

Code

General
requirements

50014

Oil immersion

Pressurised

CENELEC
IEC
EN
60079

Intrinsic safety

Switching and
control cabinets,
large motors

Electrical devices,
e.g. capacitors, fuses

Note: Group II Dust atmospheres are covered by CENELEC EN 50281-1-1 and EN 50281-1-2

35

36

37

WILO (U.K.) Ltd

Second Avenue,
Centrum 100
Burton Upon Trent
Staffordshire, UK, DE14 2WJ
T +44 1283 523000
F +44 1283 523099
sales@wilo.co.uk
www.wilo.co.uk
Wilo Ireland
Unit B1,
Corcanree Business Park,
Dock Road,
Limerick, Ireland
T: +353 (0)61 227 566
F: +353 (0)61 229 017
sales@wilo.ie
www.wilo.ie

38