Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
by
Robert L. Ketter
c.
E. 213
Structural
Research
Table of Contents
page
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Introduction
26
Experimental Investigation
28
39
Acknowledgements
45
Bibliography
45
Nomenclature
47
VIII.
Appendix
A.
B.
50
-1-
INTRODUCTION.
rEhe study of steel columns at Lehigh Universi ty is
part of a larger investigation into the behavior of welded
continuous frames and their components which
hE!.S
as its
el~stic
limit".
To
accon~lish
.
"
,.
bending moment.
,.
"Columns as Part of F'ramevlorks lf , u neler the directorship of Dr. Go C. Kavanagh at Penno State College
liThe Buckling of Rigid Joint Structures", under'the
directorship of Dr. Go Winter at Cornell University.
-2-
Ifaxial load is
i~
obtained.
Assuming the
id~a.l
Fig. 4
Consider, next, the case
~lere
the eccentricities
If the
-3-
Figo 5
When
My
III
"'"
<r yS,
III
Mp
r::
(J' yZ.
Appendix A.
If Fig's. 4 and 5 are combined, measuring axial
load as tho ordinate and moment as the abscissa, there
results a plot vnlereby all
~alues
of eccentricity can be
considered.
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
The strength, or carrying capacity, of the type of
member under investigation is essentially a function of
the applied axial thrust and end bending moment.
For
The curves
I:
0)
-4-
~ake
into
~ccount
lateral
This
curves
Several
Colu~n
Research Council
A.I.S.C
(8)
. ~ ,. , -H 0 (9)
A.l- ::J
..
A.R.S.A. (10)
equation~
lO~ld
A.?..~<;.A.,
In the
are considered as
In the latter
moment is considered to be
- 5-
These
Test condition
lIe"
later~l
Residual Stress:
coup~n
-b-
Sidesway:
c)
Cross-sectional Shape:
As recommended by Bleich(1)
Stress-Strain Properties:
..
-7-
at the end of the member has been chosen as the interaction curve abscissa.
yielding will
OCCUI'
MOl
cr~
= .Ef\ +
IYIznax.
short membGr fo
MmQK.
S -
--------------- ( 1 )
~ery
Mo~
Therefore,
-~~~-----------(2)
..
.:~
I'
-8-
co~umn
of length L
Using
that
due to the imposed end momonts, MA and MB' and that due
to the axial load, P, multiplied by the deflection, y.
Fig. 10
If the moment diagram shwon in PiC. lOb is maintained constant while that shown in Fig. 10c is allowed
t!J 'change, the terldency will be to cause the distance
to the section of maximum moment from the end lilA to
increase with increasing values of P.
Such a progressbn
ju~t
main-
= 0,
In
.,
~
of
-9-
t~rpe
of loading
l~lOr:1ent
Fig. 12
The general equation of the deflection curve(l) for such
loading is:
-----(3)
By letting x
flected beam.
slope at point
= 0,
=L
MA(l~
-----(4)
where;,
=.
l \--~J
b SiM 2Ll
tI
= 23ltl~
Since
9B
Qu..
I _]
1"Q.;\ \ '21J..
-10-
ML
~ III _
'3E.I i -
MAl
ti
6EI If
M
Me> -!L
- 24> A
or
equation for
, = -~
= Ij
'l '
rl'herefore,
-----(5)
at;
Therefo!') ,
-11-
;.
or
..
x=
----- (6)
SCttl KL
\~
IlL,
2u
= leL.
The
2u - 'vs - x/L
is
1..
-;: - COS kL
Q~
This
2u
: 2.33.
el~d
fixed is
, Therefore-,
2u
= kL
:; 2.03
- LJ"P
~h
-
Or,
-12-
TIllEr
(0.1)'2. P~I
SUbstituting in the equation for Plim this value of L
gives,
-----(7)
Therefore, as long as P is less than or equal to 0.27
Fig. 15
The equation of the elastic curve is
-----(8)
Differentiating this expression tvlice with respect to ~
x results in the equation of curvature.
-13-
",
-----(9)
Cos k(L - x)
Or
x
--!L.
-----(10)
2K
;.
Vfhen
x. 0,
--
"
Subs~ituting
2.
PE
0$0
~O,
in equation
-].4-
-----{ll)
Or
-----(12)
= 112
has
II
a lt
iL of condition
Halt
The line of
Therefore,
-15-
-----(13)
Therefo,re,
-----(14)
IT
X~2-2~~
This in
t~rn
L _ Ll~E.1I
'2.
deteTInines
4~P
Flim-
-----(15)
'
14,
~ives
-----(16)
"
II
cit
-16-
Therefore,
th~
deflection
curve'is -
Then,
-----(17)
m~)lnent
Or,
Therefore,
-----(18)
-17;.
-----(19)
Fig. 20
a.
bo
c.
~ending
part2~1'
Baker~ J
'l:ID
rk by
-19-
I'dp
The stress
..
Fig. 22
I,~
Fig. 23
If:
ZE a
SE
then
where
. has
,oeen compare d
1 ( 12 ) the above expresslon
Wl. th
th e
-19-
(a).
If,
Yo
Zp
web thickriess,
static Doment of' port:ton yielded by axial load:,
P,
..
III
thic}mess of flanges,
-----(20)
Or,
-----(21)
Als 0"
-----(22)
.f .
(b).
-----(23)
-20-
where,
= dis tan~e
from the
~ - US (d-2t)
-----(24)
2'0
Therefore,
-----(25)
Test~
.,
;.
-21-
proce dures 0 f
1
"
ana~ys~s
for this
= "the
(J co
cr c
It
the
AlA,
A. crCC
A CSc..
=
have been recommended for
Approximate equations
= 20
to 75,
For Llr
= 95
to 200, Q__
\vhere
X
X
II
0._(
For Llr
(l)'2
r
IJ \ + '72 +- 9000
\.J
+ \0600 1~ ~
l ~)fl
-----(26)
-----(27)
eccentricity ratio
= -Mr'2
Pc
--C
_ er'l
Intro-
Q..
+ ~\I~~
9000
(L)Q
r
-----(28}
RS
JG
but
ill increases.
Fig. 28
..
-23-
for illustration.
If Fa and Fb are the same values as'in the AISC
formula, where these deterr:1ine the allowable loads under
axial load alone and bending alone respectively, the yield
point load or moment can be expressed as a function of
these vn.lues, (i.e"
n#a. PylA'
:. (Jy
and nlFb
= IvIy/S
::
cry)
1'11.e surface efghij for'rlled by the straight lines ef,
For
The influence
axial load
II eli
-24-
;.
Fig. 30
I~
II
all, "b",
II
lI
a n and
twist).
&\.
0 )
.....
-------------------:----,-----------------------~~------
-25-
COlU~lS
~
t . (6.)
._..l.~S "!'-epor
h ave no t b een i nc 1 u d eo_' in t1-"
..,.
dr stress,
-26-
,~tructures encountered
des~gn
equations
fy/ rv
A"=where
= factor
....
,
and
for the
1; = k LiY\.,
formula above,
-26-
0-.
f~ _
fL Usi. ng a safeOty factor equal to one,
i'L': . \ , this
equation
reduces to
P
A=where
factor of safety, (
in AoA.S.RoO. Spec's.)o
Initial curvature
-27-
Therefore,
= 1.
equal to one, f
to
II
super-position
-~a..F().. + ~b >F\,
~a. ~ A
Me
~b ~
.1
FIa --
I~OOOOOo
--=-
tJ
--
/600
~O(' Q~
bt
k,'t
'=
QOO()O
~O~- bc
Qd <- bOO
..
sin~ly
unifor~ly
-28-
;.
V EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Description of Test Apparatu!
In order that.end bending moment could be applied
independently of axial thrust, a method such as that
shown in Fig. 32 has been used in the experimental part
of the investigation.
Fig. 32
End moments are accomplished by exerting forces
at the ends of lever arms rigidly attached to the ends
of the test specirlens.
The
~cia1
1~5.
Two
investiga~ion,
= 28
to 112.
I"",V
Table
==
TESTS COMPLETED
Test
Number
Length~:'
Section
Test
Condition
Loading
Condition
p/py
Pilot
4VJF13 , -'-,
16'
e, d, b
d
0.26,0.5
;.
0.13
-I
8WF31
6'
8WF40
6v
B1.~'F31
16'
0.5
8WF31
16'
0.12
8Vf1"31
. 16'
0.8
41NF13---
16'
0.26
4VJF13-'
16'
Q 026
8'vV!t'31
16'
d, b
M/!vlY
0.1,0.14,0.15
0e-13
f
16'
0.10
10
4':lF13 -
16'
0.49
11
SVfF31
16'
'12
m1fF31
16'
0.12
13
8Vv'F31
16'
0.12
14
8VJ}'31
16'
0012
15
8WP31
12 '
16
8WF31
12'
4':'JF13
0
0.12
-30-
Because of
Test Hesults
'rlle results of the tests listed
in Fig's. 34 thru '11
values of strength are
20
yield
strength
,
collapse
3.
...
These conditions are graphically defined by the momentrotation curve of Fig. 33.
F:lg. 33.
At the point
For
-31-
0.9
0.8
0.7
8 WF31
L/r = 27
0.6
Flp O.5
Y
0.4
0.3
0.2
T-I
0.1
0.00.0 0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
M/
My
)IE
Fig.
34
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
-32-
M
0.9
0.8
0.7
8 WF 40
L/r = 27
0.6
/p 0.5
Y
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0 L.-_"------L_---I-_--'-_--L-_........._......-._..L.-_.L...----...;lr...-...----J.&..-_
0.0 0.1
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
1.0 1.1
M/
Length of Column T- 2 was 6
My
1
-
Fig.
a..
35
-33-
0.8
P
8 WF 31
0.7
L/,r
=55
0.6
T-3
IR O.5
y
0.4
0.3
0.2
~S,0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Fig.
36
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
-34-
1.0
0.8
P
4 WFI3
LI.r =III
0.7
0.6
Ffp
0.5 t--........-oa
y
0.4
0.3
~---_"""-----...--e""'11
0.2
0.1
t--------.......
.0.00 .0
-+-----....Jlo--a
0.\
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
M/
My
Fig.
37
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
-35-
p
M
M
P
8 WF 31
L/r = 55
0.7
T-II
0.6
P/p 0.5
y
T-8
0.4
T-12
0.\
0.00.0 0.\
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
M~
My
Fig.
38
0.7
0.8
0.9
\.0
1.1
-36-
1.0
0.9
:P
0.8
8 WF31
0.7
L/r
= 55
0.6
P/p 0.5
Y
0.4
T-13
0.1
0.00 .0 0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
M/
Fig.
0.6
My
39
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
-37-
M
0.9
M
P
8 WF31
L/r = 55
P
/R 0.5
y
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.00 .0 0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
M/
Fig.
0.6
My
40
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
-38-
p
M
M
.
'
0.8
P
8 WF 31
0.11,
LI. ::: 41
r
0.6
PJ
py0.5
T-15
0.4
0.3
0.2
-I
0.1
0.00 .0 0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
MJ
Fig.
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
My
41
.,
1.0
1.1
'-39-
VI
SUW1~RY
and
43 ..
buckling, but it is
mel;lber.
a~o
;.
-40~
EnGland on small model tests of colunns tested under conditions similar to thos e reported herein as conditions
a, band
d.
= O.
of the steel.
-41-
predic~ed value.
be condition "b".
condi tion "c", local bUclding Vlill not occur, except for
extremely short members, experimental collapse vlill
never exceed that value predicted by the simple plastic
.theory.
It is interesting to note that when the maximum
moment occurs at the end of the member, at least the
pre die ted initial yield value will be reached
rega~(lless
37).
iOVl,
4- \ )..
For the
-42TABLE II
SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS
CD
II)
z~
H....
..........
Ii
f 2
:3
li
18WF3l
5
6
ato
l8WF40
f.8WF:31
I
t 4WFl3 Illl.7( b
f-
14WFl3
t 8WF3l
l4WF13 llll.O t b
I
1
i 4WFl3
U-ll.0 b
flO
110.9
55.1
CD "0
+J <D ,
Iv.d
'0
or-I CIS
0
<D<D
Mt:4
IP..
f+
I
Ib
CD. <D
I 6: t:4
55.21
'CJai
55.4l b
t 8WF3l
t 8WF3l
Type of Failure
=a
A.t
l.
I
..........
-/ I
20.6. d
A.t
. ,1%4
,.
"0
erjV
~
........
::1"0
r-iQ
.... 0
..:l
"0
+JCD
CD+J
,,
OH
>4
v.d
I~"
or-I
r-i ..........
or-I
~~
CD
at
r-1M
r-I
CD
or-I
PoO
"0
bO
II c
1.
I Local
Buckt,ing of FIg.
1& Lateral
10 80
I[0.26
Lateral Buckling
10. 26 l
~
I
I
Buckling
Lateral Buckling
0.49
---
Lateral Buckling
' Lateral Buckling
0 10
1
'0
Lateral Buckling
-- I Lateral
O.l~
!+
[0
: I
0.121
Lateral Buckling
I - -...
I
!
...
,'.
f
!
f
j-
- 'I
tIl
8WFl3
55.2
f.
j 12
--
18WF3l
55.2
0.12
--
Lateral Buckling
i:
113
8WF3l
54.9
--
14
8WF3l
55.2
0 12
-I
! 8WF31
41.3
Lateral Buckling
- -
T.ateral Buckling
i
1
!
,r:
115
I
I 16
1
...
c
I
8WF3l
41.2
fc
10.12 -I
O
,! j
~ 0.12
--
..43-
SUI>I!vIARY
1.
2.
twist).
Further
the inelastic
range.
4.
Vfuen local
The severity of loading conditions on strength increases in the order"a", "b", I'd" and " c
It.
Like-
-44-
G.
dl~astic
condition is im-
9.
p~eliminary
investigation to determine
-45-
VII
Acknowledgements
The helpful'
(N~
M.
VIII
1.
Bibliography
3 .
5.
Reference 1, p. 499.
6.
7.
.t.
-46-
8.
9.
10.
11.
13.
\~
...
-47-
Appendix
Defini~1ons,
A
b
c
=
=
=
area of section
width of section'
distance from N.A. to extreme fiber
d =
depth of section
E =
Young' s ,''iodulus
f a=
fb=
Fa =
pe~litted
if axial stress
I =
K
moment of inertia
=f/l
L =
L/r
= slenderness
ratio
Mpc
= moment
= colla:ose
-48-
I
I
P = an applied load
= useful
- cr
Py =
Euler buckling load for a condi t ion where both ends of the
column are pinned.
1\~t:I
E =
=
PE':
III
Euler buckling load for a condl ti on of one end beinc:.: pinned,
the other being fixed.
-n'l
Pk' ":
.l...
tI
L'?
(0,1
Euler buckling load for a condition of both ends being
pinned but sUbjected to a landing causing double curvature.
'i1'1~1
=
=
radius of gyration
SE
se cti on Modulus
(O,SL)'2
c
flange thickness
=
=
web th:l.ckness
deflection
y'
slope
curvature
yl/
Yo:
plastic Lodulus
-49-
static
(l:!'2
~\
~oment
~dA
statical moment of
(f
stress
cry
yield stress
'fer =
critical stress
E =
strain
? [\
\
~u. ~Ll- ~'\ r:2 L.l
~ =
ll6;1~ ~u-J
--<J.
:x; =
=
Core radius
~
c
eccentricity ra ti 0
MA.Mr 2
pc'
r:a rt
ol.'
-50-
Appendix B
AVERAGE SECTION PROPERTIES
.it.
Ix
Sx
rx
8 WF 31 (Average of 11 specimens)
Measured
8.069'
Handbook
8.00
%Var.
8.032
0.299
0.427
9.177
111.356
27.60
3.483
. 8 0 000
0.288
0.433
9.12
10907
27,,4
3.47
+1.51%
+ o. 73;;+D. 39%
4 WF 13 (Average of 4 Specimens)
Measured
4.139
4.140
0.258
0.337
3.759
11.215
5.419
1 .. 727
Handbook
4.16
4.06
0.28
0 .. 345
3.82
11.3
5045
1.72
c'l
/0
Var.
8 VW 40 (One Specimen)
Measured
8.300
8.070
0.371
0 .. 550 11.691
146082
35.379
3.544
HandbD ol{
3.25
8.077
0.365
0.558 11.76
146.3
35.5
3.53
1,
+0.36~'b -O .. 34+0.40~t
-51-
FIGURES
-52-
II
II
II
Fig.
p-tl
'A
II
~p
Fig.
Fig.
S'
-53-
Per
CTyl
CT
P
--
Fig.
M--"-
Fig. 4
Fig.
M Fig.
-54-
Collapse =Mpc
Mer
Fig.
Mo----Fig. 9
-55-
(0)
M due to P
<CI11IIIDJJII[rI] I n:r,.......
(c)
M,Total
r-- ... ~
rnn
(d)
Fig.
10
-56-
(0)
(b)
max.
~""'r--
III in
(c)
- x
:1
1"""L":1"1
Mmax.
r...~~
~
/
:)
1111
II
(d)
Fig.
11
-57-
Fig.
12
1
P
O.27PE' ------------------
Mo
Fig.
14
My
!
I
I
I
I
II
./
0.20
./
I,
i7
i/
X
L
/
0.10
/r
jV
0.00
LIftX
/
I
L-
m P'n
V
2.5
3.5
3.0
2u
Fig. I~
4.0
I
CJ1
en
I
-59-
Me
p
tFfY--~----~~~~r
Fig.
15
p
'M e
Me
Fig.
16
My
-60-
p~tF~X~~---I7-P
F'
JM
Ig,
":-:-,
,,
,,
:-
:-
"
IO.25PE ---------P
Mo
Fig.
18
My
-61-
~--+--p
L:J
Fig.
19
Py " ,
"
""-
""-
""
""
""'"
1
p
P
""
"",,
"",,
,
,,
",,
"",,
"" ,
"
""
""
Mo
Fig.
20
My
-62-
where 0 - 0
P
Fig.
Fig.
21
22
icrYI
ir-----7JM,
--J cry l-Fig.
Fig.
24
Mp:>M, :>M y
23
Fig.
26
-63-
b_~o__
- =::f==
N.A.
+'---0..=1 _ _ - -
LJ
U"y
Total Stress
Distribution
that due
to P
(b)
(0)
Fig.
(c)
25
Mo
Fig. 27
that due
to M
-64-
Jeiek
Initial Yield
Mo
Fig.
28
-.
STRESS DUE TO
AXIAL LOAD
STRESS DUE TO
FLEXURE
I
(j)
AISC INTERACTION
FORMULA
FIG. 29
c.n
I
DIMENSIONAL
INTERACTION
CURVE
-66-
100
1.=
r 112
50
100
200
100
200
Mo
Mo
Mo
\
\
Mo
Mo
..b..=0
r
h=56
r
\
\
~;=O
\
50
100
-'=- =56
r
..b.r =84
50
-'=-=84
r
200
100
MO
Mo
FIG. 30.
CURVE
200
-67-
THEORY"
it
100
:)
~
--l
--l
-<lX
<l
Q)
0'
Ie
10
lJ...
50
c:
\I
<i.
c"
.-c:
A.I.S.C.
100
END
FIG.
31
BENDING
200
MOMENT
-68-
l\
-...-Test Frame
'III//ii///i
_ ~ Test
Column
Adjusta ble
Cross - Brace
=;y.=;
""
N
r----
IV~
F~~':.";.
~-~
~L.n:'~
~--;
I
,
I
ll~
....,
Dynamom eter
r--~
.....
=
Hydrauli c
Jack
~'r-'
U
r '
~~
: I
I I
f~
~~:F==~
~f~-:
c=== \
'I
Is;;'-;'
-----
--
'/1,
1///1'1111,
Fig.
32
-..
----
3fr
---
:::
-------
-69-
Collapse
,.....
....
,,
,
Strength
END
MQMENT
\ st Yield Line
(Determined from White Wash)
END
ROTAT10N
Fig.
33
Fig.
42
-7\-
Fig.
43