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Introduction
Type of Audit
1. Statutory Audit
2. Concurrent Audit
3. RBI Audit
Principal Enactments Governing Bank Audit
Stages of Auditing
Provision Relating to Audit
List of documents of Bank Audit
Audit Planning
Audit aspect of items of Balance Sheet
Audit aspect of items of Profit & Loss
Asset Classification
Audit Report Of HDFC Bank
Question
Conclusion
Pg. No
INTRODUCTON
What is an audit?
An audit is the examination of the financial report of an organisation - as
presented in the annual report - by someone independent of that
organisation. The financial report includes a balance sheet, an
income statement, a statement of changes in equity, a cash flow
statement, and notes comprising a summary of significant
accounting policies and other explanatory notes.
The purpose of an audit is to form a view on whether the
information presented in the financial report, taken as a whole,
reflects the financial position of the organisation at a given date, for
example:
Pre-commencement Work
Audit Procedures:
Substantive Testing & Analytical
Procedure
Report
1. Pre-commencement Work
The following points have to be considered before commencing the
audit
12.
C. Type/Nature of transactions
D. Quantum of Transactions under various heads as detailed
below:
Sr.
No.
A
A1
A2
B
B1
B2
C
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
D.
D1
D2
D3
E.
E1
E2
Particulars
P & L Income
Interest earned
Other income
P & L expenditure
Interest expended
Operating expenses
Balance Sheet & Assets
Cash and balance with RBI
Money at call and short notice
Investments
Advances
Fixed assets
Other assets
Balance sheet & liabilities
Deposits
Borrowings
Other liabilities and provisions
Other items
Contingent liabilities
Bill for collection
Nos.
Total Value
AAS 23
AAS 24
AAS 29
Person in charge
Memb. No.
Team Members
Name
Signature:
Experience
Qualifications
Experience
1.
2.
D. The auditor should design and select an audit sample, perform
audit procedures thereon, and evaluate sample results so as to
provide sufficient appropriate audit evidence as per AAS 15
Audit sampling
Sr Particulars Nos. Total Samp Criteria
.
Value
le
for
In
n of
o.
data in
sample
A. P& L
A
Income
Interest
1
A
earned
Other
2 income
B. P& L
Expenditur
e
TYPES OF AUDITS:
It is well known that no any day of the year, there will be at least one auditor
working in the bank branch. The following are the popular types of audits
conducted in a bank branch. The titles may be modified in some banks
especially for Internal Audit and system Audit but the content remains the same.
I.
Statutory Audit:
This is an annual audit determined by statute and done normally at the
end of the financial year while some of the larger branches are similarly audited
half yearly. A banks statutory audit is essentially a balance sheet audit including
the Long Audit Report though there is no scope restriction of the statutory
auditor to perform certain actions of other auditors as part of his duty or if some
findings lead him into the domain of the auditors such as Revenue, inspector
and even concurrent. The statutory auditor performs the following functions.
Verifies the classification of items of the Balance Sheet to assure their correct
placement Basel II accord, which has influenced the prudential norms, has
included the statutory auditor as an active member to assure the proper
execution of the prevailing prudential norms. The direct result of an accurate
classification is the appropriateness of income recognition and thus the effect on
the profitability of the Bank.
II.
Concurrent Audit:
In the beginning of the 1990s, the Great Banking Scam or the
Harshad Mehta Scam rocked the nation. This brought into limelight special
category of audit called concurrent audit or continuous audit. This stemmed
from the need of filling in the gap between the annual statutory audits and the
intervening period between two inspections, which is a period sufficiently large
to cause damage to the Bank. Now, RBI who insisted that at least 50% of the
business of the Bank should be covered under concurrent controlled the
spotlight of the concurrent audit. While some Banks covered very large
branches under the umbrella of concurrent audit. Some banks took the excurse
for improvement by including weak branches though having low volume of
business. Concurrent audit in one sentence will mean checking yesterdays
transactions today. Let us see the broad areas covered by the Concurrent
Auditor.
A. Revenue Aspects:
1. Interest earned and service charges earned by the Bank
2. Interest Paid
3. All charges paid like cancellation charges, compensation under Court
Directive etc.
B.
1.
2.
3.
Expenditure:
Salary payments
Branch expenses like printing and stationary, temporary employees etc.
Rent of premises etc.
RBI Audit:
The Central Bank of the country also sends its own auditors to the
Banks for their own inspection. Their actions cannot be covered in this project
because it is more of a supervisory implementation of a Government Policy
existing from time to time. The primary aim of this audit is as follows.
Overall assessment of the assets and liabilities of the Bank, whether its financial
position is satisfactory, whether it is in position to pay its depositors in full as
and when their claims accure, and in the event of loss, whether it has sufficient
cushion of owned funds to safeguard the interests of depositors.
Soundness of Banks policies and procedures and effectiveness of the
management to safeguard point No.1 mentioned above as also whether they are
on approved lines and in conformity with socio-economic objectives.
STAGES IN AUDITING
1)Preliminary work:
a) The auditor should acquire knowledge of the regulatory
environmentin which the bank operates.Thus,the auditor should familiarizehims
elf with the relevant provisions of applicable laws and ascertain the scope of his
duties and responsibilities in accordance with such laws. He should be well
acquainted with the provisions of the Banking Regulation act, 1956 in the case
of audit of a banking company as far as they relate of preparation and
presentation of financial statements and their audit.
b) The auditor should also acquire knowledge of the economicenvironment in
which the bank operates. Similarly, the auditor needs to acquire good working
knowledge of the services offered by the bank. In acquiring such knowledge,
the auditor needs to be aware of the many variation in the basic deposit, loan
and treasury services that are offered and continue to be developed by banks in
response to market conditions. To do so, the auditor needs to understand
thenature of services rendered through instruments such as letters of credit,
acceptances, forward contracts and other similar instruments.
c) The auditor should also obtain and understanding of the nature of books and
records maintained and the terminology used by the bank to describe various
types of transaction and operations. In case of joint auditors, it would be
preferable that the auditor also obtains a general understanding of the books and
records, etc, relating to the work of the other auditors, In addition to the above,
the auditor should undertake the following:
I.Obtaining internal audit reports, inspection reports, inspectionreports
and concurrent audit reports pertaining to the bank/branch.
II. Obtaining the latest report of revenue or income and expenditure
audits, where available.
In the case of branch auditors, obtaining the report given by the outgoing
branch manager to the incoming branch in the case of change in
incumbent at the branch during the year under audit, to the extent the
same is relevant for the audit.
d) RBI has introduced and offsite surveillance system for commercial banks on
various aspects of operations including solvency,
liquidity,asset quality, earnings, performance, insider trading etc., and hasindicat
ed that such reports shall be submitted at periodic intervals from the year
commencing 1-04-1995. It will be appropriate to be familiar with the reports
submitted and to review them to the event that they are relevant for the purpose
of audit.
e) In a computerized environment the audit procedure may have toappropriately
tuned to the circumstances, particularly as the books are not authenticated as in
manually maintained accounts and the auditor may not have his in-house
computer facility to taste the software programmes. The emphasis would have
to be laid on internal control procedure related to inputs, security in the matter
of access to EDP system, use of codes, passwords, data inputs being prepared
by person independent of key operators and other build-in procedure for
datavalidation and system controls as to ensure completeness andcorrectness of
the transaction keyed in. system documentation of the software may be obtained
and examined.
f) One set of tests that the auditor at both the branch level and headoffice level
may apply for audit of banks in analytical procedure.
2) Evaluation of internal control system:
It may be noted that transaction in banks are voluminous and repetitive,
andfall into limited categories/heads of account. It may, therefore, be moreappro
priate that the evaluation of the internal control is made for each class/category
of transaction. If the exercise of internal control evaluation is properly carried
out, it assist the auditor to determine the effectiveness or otherwise of the
control systems and accordingly enable him to strengthen his audit procedures,
and lay appropriate emphasis on the risk prone areas. Internal control would
include accounting control administrative controls.
a) Accounting controls:
Accounting controls cover areas directly concerned with recording of financial
transactions and maintenance of such registers/records as to ensure their
reliability.Internal accounting controls are also envisaging such procedures aswo
uld determine responsibility and fix accountability with regard tosafeguarding
of the assets of the bank. It would not be out of place of mention that there is
a distinction between accounting system and internal accounting controls.
Accounting system envisages the processing of the transaction and events,
their recognition, and appropriate recording. Internal controls are techniques,
method and procedures so designed and usually built into systems, as would
enable prevention as well as detection of errors, omissions or irregularities in
the process of execution and recording of transaction/events. The internal
accounting controls as would ensure prevention of errors, omissions and
irregularities would include following:
I.
Notransaction can be registered/recorded unless it is
sanctioned/approved by the designated authority
II.
Built- in dual control/supervisory procedures ensure that there is an
independent automatic check on input/vouchers.
III.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
b) Administrative control:
These are broadly concerned with the decision making process and
laying down of authority/delegation of powers by the management. It may be
noted that in the normal course, the head office use the zonal/regional offices
donot conduct any banking business. They are generally responsible for adminis
trative and policy decisions which are executed at the branch level.
3) Preparation of audit programme for substantive testing and its execution
Having familiarized him the requirements of audit, the auditor should prepare
an audit programme for substantive testing which should adequately cover the
scope of his work. In framing the audit programme, due weightage
should be given by the auditor to areas where, in his view, there areweaknesses
in the internal controls. The audit programme for the statutory auditors would be
different from that of the branch auditor. At the branch level, basic banking
operation are to be covered by the audit. On the other hand, the statutory
auditors at the head office ( provisions for gratuity, inter-office accounts, etc.).
The scope of the work of the statutory auditors would also involve dealing
with various accounting aspects and disclosure requirements arising out of the
branch returns.
4) Preparation and submission of audit report
The branch auditor forwards his report to the statutory auditors who
have to deal with the same in such manner, as they considered necessary. It is
desirable that the branch auditors reports are adequately in unambiguous terms.
As far as possible, the financial impact of all qualification or adverse
comments on the branch accounts should be clearly brought out in the branch
audit report. It would assist the statutory auditors if a standard pattern of
reporting, say, head wise, commencing with assets, then liabilities and thereafter
items related to income and expenditure, is followed. In preparing the audit
report, the auditor should keep in mind the concept of materiality. Thus, items
which do not materially affect the view presented by the financial statements
may be ignored. However, in the judgement of the auditor, an item though not
material, is contrary to accounting principles or any pronouncements of the
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India or in such as would require a review
of the relevant procedure, it would be appropriate for him to draw the attention
of the management to this aspect in his long form audit report. In all cases,
matters covering the statutory responsibilities of the auditor should be dealt with
in the main report. The LFAR should be used to further elaborate matters
contained in the main report and as substitute thereof. Similarly while framing
his main report, the auditor should consider, wherever practicable, the
significance of various comments in his LFAR, where any of the comments
made by the auditor threr in is adverse, he should consider whether qualification
in his main report is necessary by using his discretion on the facts and
circumstances of each case. In may be emphasized that the main report
should be self-contained document
3. Auditors Report
The auditor of the nationalized bank, State bank of India or its subsidiary
is required to report to the central government and has to state the full in his
report:
a) Whether, in his opinion, the balance sheet is a full & fair balance sheet
containing all the affairs of the bank, and in the case he had called for any
explanation or information, whether it has been given and whether it is
satisfactory.
b) Whether or not the transactions of the banks, which have come to
notice have been within the powers of the banks;
c) Whether or not the returns received from the offices and branches of
the bank have been found adequate for the purpose of the audit;
d) Whether the profit or loss a/c shows a true balances of the profit or loss
for the period covered by such account; and
e) Any other matter which he considers should be brought to the notice of the
central government. The report of the auditor of the nationalized bank is to be
verified, signed, and transmitted to the central government. The auditor has also
to forward a copy of the audit report to the bank concerned and to the RBI.
In addition to the matters which he is required to state in his report under
the companies Act, the auditor of banking company incorporated in India has
also to state the following in his report to the shareholder:
a) Whether or not the information and explanations required by him
have been found to be satisfactory;
b) Whether or not the transactions of the company which have come to his
notice have been within the powers of the company;
c) Whether or not the returns received from branch offices of the
company have been found adequate for the purposes of his audit;
d) Whether the profit and loss account shows a true balance of profit or loss
for the period covered by such account;
e) Any other matter which he considers should be brought to the notice of the
shareholders of the company.
It may be noted that in in the case of a banking company the auditor has to
specifically report whether, in his opinion, the profit & loss account and
balancesheet of the banking company comply with the accounting standard
referred to in sub- section (3C) of the sec 211 of the Companies Act, 1956.
It may also be noted the Companies(Auditors Report) Order [CARO] 2003
(Revised in 2005) is not applicable to Banking Company.
Approach to banks audits:The guidance note on the audit of banks issued by the ICAI, recognize that the
general approach to audit of banks involves essentially the same stages as in any
other audits. However at each stage, the auditor has to take into the account the
following special characteristics of banks;
Form 3CD
Long Form Audit Report (LFAR)
Memorandum of Changes
Report on Ghosh and Jilani committee recommendations
Other Certificates
AUDIT PLANNING
Proper allocation of work among Audit Team should be done for smooth
performance of Audit.
A checklist of work to be done should be made with time frame, which
should be specifically adhered to.
Review latest available inspection report and concurrent audit report of
branch.
Review closing circular issued by HO
Study business Mix of branch to decide the sample size and mix.
Study of significant policies of the branch and computer system.
Study the previous years Statutory Audit Report and LFAR
Ask for Stress List from Branch
Give special importance to clients whose names are in Stress List, or
which are highlighted in Concurrent Audit Report.
Keep a note of points you come across during audit, which are relevant
for LFAR.
All the annexure of Form 3CD are to be enclosed, even if they are NIL.
ADVANCES:
Check if proper documentation is done while sanctioning of loans.
Check income recognition, Asset classification and Provisioning for the
advances.
Sundry Creditors
Sundry Deposits.
Check for addition/deletion of assets.
Check for balances held with other banks with certificate of
closing balance from respective banks.
Check provisioning of expenses as on cut-off date.
Deposits
Contingent Liabilities
Whether cash in Balance sheet tallies with physical Cash Book
MEMORANDUM OF CHANGES
FORMAT
Divergent Trends:
Divergent trends in income/ expenditure of the current year may be
analysed with the figures of the previous year.
Wherever a divergent trend is observed, obtain an explanation along with
supporting evidences like monthly average figures, composition of the
income/ expenditure, etc.
6. Deposit
i. Term
ii. Saving
iii. Current
iv. FCNR/ NRE/ NRNR
Verify transactions during the year relating to:
New Accounts opened;
Accounts closed;
Dormant Accounts;
Interest calculations;
Test check account statements for unusual/ large/ overdraft
transactions;
Overdue Term deposits & banks policy for its renewal;
Accrual of interest;
RBI Norms for Non-resident deposits & its operations - with due
importance to opening and operation of accounts like NRE,
NRNR, FCNR, RFC, etc.;
Interest on various types of deposits; Tax Deducted at Source.
Large deposits placed at the end of the year (probable window
dressing).
Examine unusual trend in account opening or account closing,
dormant accounts that have suddenly been reactivated by heavy
cash withdrawals or deposits, overdrawing, etc.
Examine interest trends as compared to average annual deposits
(monthly average figures).
Review the Master Circular on Maintenance of Deposit Accounts
issued by RBI dated March 1, 2004 attached hereto.
7. Advances
Review monitoring reports (irregularity reports) sent by the branch to the
controlling authorities in respect of irregular advances.
Review appraisal system, Files of large as well as critical borrowers,
sanctions, disbursement, renewals, documentation, systems, securities,
etc.
Review on test check basis operations in the Advances Accounts.
Asset Classification
Performing Asset:
Performing asset is one which generates periodical income and payments, as
and when due or within the minimum lag of two quarters. This is being cut
down to one quarter from April 2004.
Non-Performing Asset (NPA):
The problem of NPA arises when the dues to the bank, interest/other charges or
installments are not being received as per schedule. To justifiably set right this
phenomenon, the Reserve Bank of India has drawn upon the international
standards of accounting for the purpose of NPA treatment of credit facilities. A
loan asset will become NPA if the due amount is not paid within one quarter.
Current position of NPA triggers.
Term Loan
Overdraft/Cash Credit
Bill purchased/Discounted
Agriculture Loans
Any Amount
Categories of NPA
Sub-standard Assets:
A sub-standard asset was one, which was classified as NPA for a period not
exceeding two years. With effect from 31 March 2001, a sub-standard asset is
one, which has remained NPA for a period less than or equal to 18 months and
from 2005 it is further reduced to 12 months.
Doubtful Assets:
A doubtful asset was one, which remained NPA for a period exceeding two
years. With effect from 31 March 2001, an asset is to be classified as doubtful,
if it remained NPA for a period exceeding 18 months. With effect from
March31, 2005, an asset would be classified s doubtful if it remained in the substandard category for 12 months.
Loss Assets:
Assets which are classified as bad and non-recoverable by the concerned bank
or by Statutory Auditors or by RBI Inspectors but the amount have not been
written off wholly. In other words, such an asset is considered uncollectible and
of such little value that its continuance as a bankable asset is not warranted, they
will continue to appear in the Balance Sheet but under the heading Loss Asset
although there may be some salvage or recovery value.
Provisions
The current position of providing provision on the various assets is as follows:
Standard
assets
Sub-Standard
assets
Doubtful
Assets
Loss Assets
Ans :- Basically Banking Company had 5 main heads & one miscellaneous
which as follows
1. Cash and balances with Reserve Bank of India
2. Balances with banks and money at call and short notice
3. Investments
4. Advances
5. Fixed assets
6. Other assets
Verification Of assets as follows
1. Cash and balances with Reserve Bank of India
A. Cash
Cash on hand
Verification
The auditor should therefore plan to count all cash balances
SIMULTANEOUS to prevent any transfers of floats to hide
discrepancies.
Cash counts
The following procedures should be applied:
a) Surprise cash count: cash counts must be performed without
the custodian being informed in advance e.g. on a surprise basis.
b) Control all cash funds: until the completion of the count to
prevent cash being transferred between funds to conceal
deficiencies.
c) Count in the presence of the custodian: to ensure the auditors
cannot be blamed for any shortage.
d) List each item in the fund: showing the denominations of
notes and coins.
e) The custodian should sign: the record as evidence of
agreement.
f) Agree the total to the petty cash book balance: and
investigate any differences.
B. Balances with Reserve Bank of India
CONCLUSION
The project the position of Indian banking system as well as the
principal laid down by the Basel Committee on banking supervision. This
assessment was done in seven major areas, which are core principals,
concurrent audit, internal audit, deposit, loan accounting and transparency
and foreign exchange transaction. The project concluded that, given the
complexity and development of Indian banking sector, the overall level of
compliances with the standards and codes is of high order. This project gives the
correct ideas about how the major areas can be found by way of effective
auditing system i.e. errors, frauds, manipulations etc. form this auditor get the
clear idea show to recommend on the banks position. Project also contain that
how to conduct of audit of the banks, what are the various procedure through
which audit of banks should be done. Form auditing point of view, there is
proper follow up of work done in every organization whether it is banking
company or any other company or any other company there no misconduct
of transactions is taken places for that purpose the auditing is very important
aspect in todays scenario form company and point of view.