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UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR
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UNIT-II
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF PRESTRESSED CONCERTE SECTIONS
TYPES OF FLEXURAL FAILURE

When prestressed concrete members to bending loads, different types of flexural
failures are possible at critical sections, depending upon the principle controlling parameters,
Such as the percentage of reinforcement in the section, degree of bond between tendons and
concrete, compressive strength of concrete and the ultimate tensile strength of the tendons. In
the post-cracking stage, the behavior of a prestressed concrete member is more akin to that of a
reinforced concrete section may as well be used for prestressed concrete sections.
The Various types of flexural failures encountered in prestressed concrete
Members are examined in the light of recommendations of various codes of practise.
Fracture of steel in tension

The sudden failure of a prestressed member without any warning is generally due to the
fracture of steel in the tension zone. This type of failure is imminent when the percentage of
steel provided in the section is so low that when the concrete in the tension zone cracks, the
steel is not in a position to bear up the additional tensile stress transferred to it by the cracked
concrete. This type of failure can be prevented by providing a certain minimum percentage of
steel in the cross section
The Indian standard code IS: 1343 prescribes a minimum longitudinal reinforcement
of 0.2 per cent of the cross-sectional area in all cases except in the case of pretensioned units of
small sections. When a high-yield strength deformed reinforcement
is used, the minimum
steel percentage is reduced to 0.15 per cent. The percentage of steel provided , both tensioned
and untensioned
taken together , should be sufficient so that when the concrete in the
precompressed tensile zone cracks, the steel is in a position to bear the additional tensile stress
transferred to it by the cracking of the adjacent fibres of the concrete , thereby preventing a
sudden failure of the beam due to fracture of steel in tension
In contrast, the British code BSEN :1992-1-1 prescribes that the number of
prestressing tendons should be such that cracking of the concrete precedes the
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
failure of the
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beam. This requirement will be satisfied if the ultimate moment of resistance of the section
exceeds the moment necessary to produce a flexural tensile stress in the concrete at the extreme
tension fibres of magnitude equal to 0.6fcu . In these computations, the effective prestress in
concrete should be considered after allowing for the various losses.
The American Concrete Institute code ACI: 318M-2011 specifies that the minimum
area of bonded reinforcement should be not less than 0.004 times the area of that part of crosssection which is between flexural tension face and the centre of gravity of the gross concrete
section.
Failure of under-reinforced sections

If the cross section is provided with an amount of steel greater than the minimum prescribed in
case 1, the failure is characterised by an excessive elongation of steel followed by the crushing
of concrete. As bending loads are increased, excessive elongation of the steel raises the neutral
axis closer to the compression face at the critical section.
The member approaches failure due to the gradual reduction of the compression zone,
exhibiting large deflections and cracks. Which develop at the soffit and progress towards the
compression face. When the area of concrete in the compression zone is insufficient to resist
the resultant internal compressive force, the ultimate flexural failure of the member takes place
through the crushing of concrete. Large deflections and wide cracks are the characteristic
features of under-reinforced section at failure (Fig.7.1). This type of behaviour is generally
desirable since there is considerable warning before the impending failure. As such, it is a
common practise to design under-reinforced sections which become more important in the case
of statically indeterminate structures. An upper limit on the maximum area of steel is generally
prescribed in various codes for under-reinforced sections.
Failure of over-reinforced sections

When the effective reinforcement index, which is expressed in terms of the percentage of
reinforcement, the compressive strength of concrete and the tensile strength of steel, exceeds a
certain range of values, the section is said to be over-reinforced. Generally, over-reinforced
members fail by the sudden crushing of concrete, the failure being characterised by small
deflections and narrow cracks (Fig. 7.1). The area of steel being comparatively large. The
stresses developed in steel at failure of the member may not reach the tensile strength and in
many cases it may well be within the proof, stress of the tendons.
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In structural concrete members, it is undesirable to have sudden failures without any
warning in the form of excessive deflections and widespread cracks, and consequently the use
of over-reinforced sections are discouraged. The amount of reinforcement used in practise
should, preferably, not exceed that required for a balanced section. In this connections, most of
the codes follow a conservative approach in formulating the evaluation procedures for flexural
strength calculations of over-reinforced sections.
The redistribution of moments in an indeterminate structure depends upon the rotation
capacities of the critical sections of the member under a gives system of loads. The use of overreinforced sections in such structures curtails the rotation capacity of the sections, consequently
affecting the ultimate load on the structure.
Other modes of failure Prestressed concrete members subjected to transverse loads may fail
in shear before their full flexural strength is attained, if they are not adequately designed for
shear. Web shear cracks may develop occur due to web crushing. In the case of pretensioned
members, the failure of the bond between the steel and the surrounding concrete is likely due to
the inadequate transmission lengths at the ends of members. In post-tensioned members,
anchorage failures may take place if the end block is not properly designed to resist the
transverse tensile forces.
7.2 STRAIN COMPATIBILITY METHOD
The rigorous method of estimating the flexural strength of prestressed concrete section
is based on the compatibility of strains and equilibrium of forces acting on the section at the
stage of failure. The basic theory is applicable to all structural concrete sections, whether
reinforced or prestressed, and generally the following assumptions are made:
1. The stress distribution in the compression zone of concrete can be defined by means of
coefficients applied to the characteristic compressive strength and the average
compressive stress and the position of the centre of compression can be assessed.
2. The distribution of concrete strain is linear (plane sections normal to axis remain plane
after bending)
3. The resistance of concrete in tension is neglected.
4. The maximum compressive strain in concrete at failure reaches a particular value.
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PROBLEM-1
A pretensioned concrete beam with a rectangular section, 100mm wide by 160 mm
deep, is prestressed by 10 hightensile wires of 2.5 mm-diameter located at an eccentricity
of 40 mm. The initial force in each wire is 6.8 kN. The strain loss in wires due to elastic
shortening. Creep and shrinkage of concrete is estimated to be 0.0012 units. The
characteristic cube strength of concrete is 40 N/mm2. Given the load-strain curve of 2.5
mm-diameter steel wire (Fig. 7.6), estimate the ultimate flexural strength of the section
using the strain compatibility method.
Solution. For fck = 40 N/mm2, read out cu = 0.0033, k1 = 0.57 and k2 = 0.45 from Fig. 7.3.
Strain due to load of 6.8 kN in wire is 0.0073. Effective strain in steel after all losses is
given by
se = (0.0073 (0.0012) = 0.0061
First trial
Assume x = 60 mm
From the strain diagram (Fig. 7.2), (su - se )
/
su = (0.0033 + 0.0061) = 0.0094
Corresponding force in the wire = 8.4 kN

Total tensile force = (10 x 8.4) =84 kN
Total compressive force = (k1 . fck . b . x)
(0.57 x 40 x 100 x 60)

=
= 136.8 kN
1000
Since tension is less than compression, decrease x for the second trial.
Second trial
Assume x= 43 mm
( su - se) = 0.0059
su = (0.059 + 0.0061) = 0.012
Total tensile force = (10x9.9) =99 kN
Total compressive force =
(0.57 x 40 x 100 x 43)
= 98 kN
1000
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Since tension is nearly equal to compression, strain compatinbility is established.
Mu = Apsfpb (d k2x)
= (99 x 103) x (120 0.45 x 43)
= (9.96 x 106) N mm = 9.96 kN m
PROBLEM-2
If the number of wires in Example 7.1 is increased to 16, estimate the flexural strength
of the section.
Solution.
First trial
Assume x = 60 mm
(su se) = 0.0033
su = (0.0033 + 0.0061) = 0.0094
Total tensile force = (16 x 8.4) = 134.4 kN
Total compressive force =
(0.57 x 40 x 100 x 60)
= 136.8 kN
1000
Since tension is nearly equal to compression, strain compatibility is established.
(120 0.45 x 60)

Mu = Apsfpb(d k2x) = 134.4
1000
= 12. 5 kN m
SIMPLIFIED CODE PROCEDURES

1. Indian Code Provisions
The Indian standard code method (IS:1343) for computing the flexural strength of
rectangular sections or T-sections in which neutral axis lies within the flange is based on the
rectangular and parabolic stress block as shown in Fig. 7.7.
The moment of resistance is obtained from the equation,
Mu = fpu Ap (d 0.42 xu)
Where Mu = ultimate moment of resistance of the section
fpu = tensile stress developed in tendons at the failure stage of the beam
fp = characteristic tensile strength of the prestressing streel
fpe = effective prestress in tendons after losses
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Ap = area of prestressing tendons
d = effective depth
xu = neutral-axis depth
The value of fpu depends upon the effective reinforcement ration
Apfp
bdfck
For pretensioned and post-tensioned members with an effective bond between concrete
and tendons, the values of fpu and xu are given in Table 7.1. The effective prestress fpe after all
losses should be not less than 0.451 fp. For post-tensioned rectangular beams with unbonded
tendons, the values of fpu and xu are influenced by the effective span to depth rations, and their
values for different span/depth rations are shown in Table 7.2.
The ultimate moment of resistance of flanged sections in which the neutral axis falls
outside the flange is computed by combining the moment of resistance of the web and flange
portions and considering the stress blocks shown in Fig.7.8.
PROBLEM-3
A pretensioned prestressed concrete beam having a rectangular section. 150 mm wide
and 350 mm deep, has an effective cover of 50 mm. If fck = 40 N/mm2 , and the areaof
prestressing steel Ap = 461 mm2, fp = 1600 N/mm2, and the area of prestressing steel Ap = 461
mm2, calculate the ultimate flexural strength of the section using IS: 1343 code provisions.
Solutions.
Given date : fck = 40 N/mm2
b = 150 mm
fp = 1600 N/mm2
Ap = 461 mm
d = 300 mm
The effective reinforcement ratio is given by
fpAp
fckbd
1600 x 461
= 0.40
40 x 150 x 300
From Table 7.1, the corresponding values of
fpu
0.87 fp
= 0.9 and xu
= 0.783
fpu = (0.87 x 0.9 x 1600) = 1253 N/mm2

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xu = (0.783 x 300) = 234.9 mm
Mu = fpuAp (d 0.42 xu)
= 1253 x 461 (300 0.42 x 234.9)
= 116 x 106 N mm = 116 kN m.
PROBLEM-4
A pretension, T-section has a flange which is 300 mm wide 200mm thick. The rib is 150
mm wide by 350 mm deep. The effective depth of the cross section is 500 mm. Given Ap = 200
mm2, fck = 50 N/mm2, estimate the ultimate moment capacity of the T-section using the Indian
standard code regulations.
Solution.
Given data : fck = 50 N/mm2
b = 300 mm
fp = 1600 N/mm2
d = 500 mm
Ap = 200 mm2
Assuming that the neutral axis falls within the flange, the value of b = 300 mm for
computations of effective reinforcement ratio.
fpAp
fckbd
1600 x 200
= 0.04
50 x 300 x500
From Table 7.1, the corresponding values of the ratios are
fpu
= 1.0 and
0.87fp
xu
= 0.09
fpu = (0.87 x1600) = 1392 N/mm2

Xu = (0.09 x500) = 45mm
The assumption that the neutral axis falls within the flange is correct, Hence the ultimate
flexural strength of the section is
Mu= fpuAp(d-0.42xu)
= (1392 x200) (500-0.42 x 45)
= (134 x106) Nmm =134 kN m.
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PROBLEM-5
A pretensioned, T-section has a flange 1200mm wide and 1500 mm thick. The width
and depth of the rib are 300 and 1500 mm respectively. The high-tensile steel has an area of
4700mm2 and is located at an effective depth of 1600mm. If the characteristic cube strength of
the concrete and the tensile strength of steel are 40 and 1600 N/mm2, repectively, calculate the
flexural strength of the T-section
Solution.
Given data:
Ap=4700mm2
Fck=40 N/mm
B=1200 mm
d=1600 mm
2
Dt=150 mm
bw=300 mm
Ap=(Apw+Apf)
Apf =0.45 fck(b- bw)
Df
fp
=(0.45 x 40) (1200-300)
=1518 mm2
150
1600
Apw =(4700-1518)=3182 mm2

Also
Apwfp
3182
Bwdfck
300 x1600 x40
fpu
=1.00
1600
=0.265
/ fpu = (0.87 x1600) =1392 N/mm2
0.87 fp
Xu
0.56
/ Xu=(0.56 x 1600) =896 mm
d
Mu = fpu Apw (d-0.42 xu ) + 0.45 fck ( b-bw) D t(d 0.5 Dt)
= (1392 x3182) (1600-0.42 x 896) + 0.45 x40 x 900 x150 (1600-75)
= [(5420 x106) + (3705 x 106)]
= (9125 x 106) Nmm = 9125 K Nm
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PROBLEM-7
A Post tensioned prestressed concrete tee beam having a flange width of 1200 mm
flange thickness of 200 mm. thickness of being 00 mm is prestressed by 2000mm 2 of high
tensile steel located at an effective depth of 1600 mm. if fck = 40 N / mm2 and fp = 1600
assuming span / depth radio as 20 and fpe = 1000 N /mm2
Solution.
b
= 1200 mm
bw = 300mm,
Df
= 200mm ,
( L / d ) = 20
fck
= 40 N / mm2 , fp = 1600 N / mm2
Ap
= 2000 mm2
d = 1600mm
fpe
= 1000 N/ mm2
Assuming the neutral axis to fall within the flange , we have the radio of
Ap fpe
bd fck
2000 x 1000
= 0.26
1200 x 1600 x 40
From table 7.2, corresponding to radio [ L / d ] = 20 , by interpolation we have the radio.

[ fpu / fpe ] = 1.34
And [ xu / d ] = 0.10
/ fpu = [ 1.34 X 1000 ] = 134o N / mm2

/ xu = ( 0.1 X 1600 ) = 1600mm2 < Dr = 200mm
Hence the neutral axis falls within the flange.

The ultimate flexural strength of the unbounded beam is computed as
Mu = Apfpu [ d 0.42 xu ] = [ 2000 X 1340 ] [1600 0.42 X 160 ]
= ( 4107 X 106 ) Nmm = 4107 kNm.
PROBLEM-8
A pretensioned beam of rectangular section 400 mm wide and 600 mm overall
depth is stressed by 1700 mm2 of high tensile steel wires located 100 mm from the sofift of
the section. If the characteristics cube strength of concrete is 50 N / mm2 and tensile strength
of prestressing steel is 1600 N / mm2 , estimate the flexural strength of the section using the
British cord recommendations. Assume the effective prestress after all losses as 960 N / mm2
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Solution : Given data :
= 1700 mm2
Fpu = 1600 N/ mm2
= 400mm
Fpe = 960 N / mm2
= 500mm
Fpu
Aps
The radio ,
fpe
fpu
Radio
960
= 50 N / mm2
= 0.6
1600
fpe Aps
1600 x 1700
fcu bd
50 x 400 x 500 = 0.272
From table
fpb
= 0.865
0.87 fpu
fpu
= ( 0.865 X 0.87 X 1600 )

2
= 1204 N / mm
X
= 0.515
D
x
= (0.1515 X 500) = 257.5 mm
dn
=0.45 x = 115.87mm
Mu
= Fpb Aps ( d d n )
= ( 1204 X 1700 ) ( 500 115 .87)
= ( 786 X 106 ) N mm = 786 kNm.
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PROBLEM-9
A prestressed concrete beam of effective span 16m is of rectangular section
400mm wide by 1200 mm deep. The tendons consist of 3300 mm2 of stands of
2
characteristics strength 1700 n / mm2 with an effective prestress of 910 N / mm the

stands are located 870 mm from the top face of the beam . if Fcu =60 N / mm2 , estimate
the flexural strengths of the section as per British code provisions for the following
cases.
a) bonded tendons
b) unbonded tendons
solution : Given data :
fpu
= 1700 mm2
L = 16m
fcu
= 60 N / mm2
b = 400 m
Aps
= 3300mm
fpe
= 910 N / mm2
( L / d ) = 18.39
For bonded tendons, the radio

fpu Aps
1700 X 3300
fcu bd
= 0.27
60 x 400 X 870
And
fpe
910
fpu
= 0.54
1700
From table 7.3. by interpolation
fpb
= 0.86 and
0.87 fpu
= 0.50
d
2
Hence ,
fpb = ( 0.86 X 0.87 X 1700 ) = 1272 N / mm
And
= ( 0.50 X 870 ) = 435 mm
Mu = Fpb Aps ( d 0.45x)

= ( 1272 X 3300 )(870 045 X 435 ) Nmm = 2830 kNm
For unbonded tendons,

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fpb= fbe + 7000 1- 1.7
fpuAps
fcubd
(L/d)
= 910 + 7000 [1 -1.7 (0.27)] =1116 N/mm2

18.39
x= 2.47
=2.47
fpuAps
fpb
fcubd
fpu
0.27 1116
870
1700
=380.8 mm
Hence,
Mu =fpb Aps (d 0.45 x )
=(1116 X 3300) (870-0.45 X380.8) Nmm =2573 KNm
PROBLEM-10
A post-tensioned ,prestressed concrete girder is of T-section with
an effective flange width and depth of 1500 mm and 250 mm , respectively
.Thickness of the web is 200 mm. The area of prestressing steel is 5000 mm2 ,
located at an effective depth of 1600 mm. Given fpu =1600 N / mm2
fcu =
40 N/mm2 and fpe = 960 N/mm2 ,estimate the ultimate moment or resistance of
the T-Section .Assume the effective span of the girder as 32m
Solution
Given date :
Aps= 5000 mm2
b=1500 mm
Fcu = 40 N/ mm2
bw=200 mm
Fpu=1600 N/mm2
Dt=250 mm
Fpe=960 N/mm2
d =1600 mm
L=32 m
L
d
= 32
= 20
1.6
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fpe
0.6
fpu
Thus
Aps
=Apw
+ Apt
Apf
=0.45 fck
(b-bw)
Df
fpu
=(0.45 X 40 ) (1500 -200)
250
=3656 mm2
1600
= (5000 - 3656 )=1344 mm2
Apw
and
fpuApw
= 1600 X 1344
fcubwd
=0.168
40 X200 X1600
From Table 7.3, by interpolation

fpb
= 0.95
0.87 fpu
fpb =(0.95 X0.87 X1600) =1322 N/mm2
X
= 0.35
d
x=(0.35 X1600) =560 mm
Mu=fpbApw (d -0.45x) + 0.45 fcu (b bw) Dt (d-0.45 Dt)
=[ (1322 X1344) (1600 -0.45 X560) + 0.45 X40 (1500-200)
X 250 (1600-0.5 X250) ]
=(11,023 X106) Nmm =11,023 kNm
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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
SUBJ. CODDE AND NAME: CE 1402 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
FACULTY NAME: C.D.M.Kaliraj
CLASS &SEC :IV yr CIVIL
Academic year: 2014-15
Semester :VI
UNIT 3
Part A
1. Sketch the loop reinforcement, hair-pin bars in end blocks.(NOV-DEC 2009)
2. Sketch the correct arrangement of sheet cage in anchorage zone.(NOV-DEC 2009)
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3. Define two stage constructions.(NOV-DEC 2012)
One-stage construction: Construct and initialize the object in one stage, all with
the constructor.
Two-stage construction: Construct and initialize the object in two separate stages.
The constructor creates the object and an initialization function initializes it.
4. Write any two general failures of prestressed concrete tanks.(NOV-DEC 2012)
deformation of the pre-cast concrete units during construction

Manufacturing inaccuracies led to out of tolerance units being delivered to the site
under investigation and may have affected the ability to achieve a good seal.
5. Mention the importance of shrinkage in composite construction?(NOV-DEC
2010)
The time dependent behavior of composite prestressed concrete beams
depends upon the presence of differential shrinkage and creep of the concretes of
web and deck, in addition to other parameters, such as relaxation of steel, presence
of untensioned steel, and compression steel etc.
Part B
1. The end block of a post-tensioned PSC beam, 300 x 300 mm is subjected to a
concentric anchorage force of 832.8 kN by a Freyssinet anchorage of area 11720
2
mm . Design and detail the anchorage reinforcement for the end block.(NOVDEC 2009)
2
2ypo = (/4xd )
(1/2)
= (11720)
(1/2)
108.25mm 2yo = 300/2 = 150mm

Ypo/yo = 0.72
Fc = P/A = 832.8/(300x300) = 9.25N/mm
2
2
Fv(max) =fc(0.98 0.825 ypo/yo) = 9.25(0.98 0.825x0.72) = 3.57N/mm

Fbst = p(0.48 0.4 ypo/yo) = 832.8(0.48-0.4x0.72) = 159.89kN
3
Ast = Fbst/0.87fy = (159.89x10 )/(0.87x260) = 706.85mm
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2. Explain the different types of joints between the walls and floor slab of prestressed
concrete tanks.(NOV-D EC 2009)
3. Explain the effect of va rying the ratio of depth anchorage to the de pth of end
block on the distribution of b ursting tension. (8) (NOV-DEC 2012)
Bursting tensile forces
a) The bursting tensile forces in the end blocks, or regions of bonded posttensioned members, sh ould be assessed on the basis of the tendo n jacking load.
For unbonded member s, the bursting tensile forces should be assessed on the
basis of the tendon jacking load or the load in the tendon at the limit st ate of
collapse, whichever is greater ( see Appendix B ).
The bursting tensile force, Fbst existing in an individual square e nd block loaded
by a symmetrically pla ced square anchorage or bearing plate, may be derived
from the equation below:
b) The force Fbst will be distributed in a region extending from 0.1 yo to yo from
the loaded face of the end block. Reinforcement provided to sust ain the bursting
tensile force may be assumed to be acting at its design stren gth (0.87 times
characteristic strength of reinforcement) except that the stress shou ld be limited to
a value corresponding to a strain of 0.001 when the concrete cover to the
reinforcement is less than 50 mm.
c) In rectangular end blocks, the bursting tensile forces in th e two principal
directions should be as sessed on the basis of 18.6.2.2. When circular anchorage or
bearing plates are use d, the side of the equivalent square area s hould be used.
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Where groups of anchorages or bearing plates occur, the end blocks should be
divided into a series of symmetrically loaded prisms and each prism treated in the
above manner. For designing end blocks having a cross-section different in shape
from that of the general cross-section of the beam, reference should be made to
specialist literature.
d) Compliance with the requirements of (a), (b) and (c) will generally ensure that
bursting tensile forces along the load axis are provided for. Alternative methods of
design which make allowance for the tensile strength of the concrete may be used,
in which case reference should be made to specialist literature.
e) Consideration should also be given to the spalling tensile stresses that occur in
end blocks where the anchorage or bearing plates are highly eccentric; these reach
a maximum at the loaded face.
4. (i) Explain the general features of prestressed concrete tanks. (8)
(ii) Explain the junctions of tank wall and base slab with neat sketch. (8) (NOVDEC 2012)
Joint in the concrete introduced for convenience in construction at which
special measures are taken to achieve subsequent continuity without provision for
further relative movement, is called a construction joint. A typical application is
between successive lifts in a reservoir.
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The position and arrangement of all construction joints should be predetermined

by the engineer. Consideration should be given to limiting the number of such
joints and to keeping them free from possibility of percolations in a similar
manner to contraction joints.
A gap temporarily left between the concrete of adjoining parts of a structure which
after a suitable interval and before the structure is put into use, is filled with mortar
or concrete either completely ( Fig. 5A) or as provided below, with the inclusion
of suitable jointing materials ( Fig. 5B and SC). In the former case the width of the
gap should be sufficient to allow the sides to be prepared before filling.
Where measures are taken for example, by the inclusion of suitable jointing
materials to maintain the water tightness of the concrete subsequent to the filling
of the joint, this type of joint may be regarded as being equivalent to a contraction
joint ( partial or complete ) as defined above.
5. (a) What are the different types of joints used between the slab of prestressed
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concrete tanks.
Joints shall be categorized as below:
a) Movetnent Joints - There are three categories of movement joints:
contraction joint - A movement joint with a deliberate discontinuity but no initial
gap between the concrete on either side of the joint, the joint being intended to
accommodate contraction of the concrete ( see Fig. 1 ).
A distinction should be made between a complete contraction joint (see Fig. 1A )
in which both concrete and reinforcing steel are interrupted, and a partial
contraction joint (. see Fig. 1B ) in which only the concrete is interrupted, the
reinforcing steel running through.
Expansion joint - A movement joint with complete discontinuity in both
reinforcement and concrete and intended to accommodate either expansion or
contraction of the structure (see Pig. 2).
In general, such a joint requires the provision of an initial gap between the
adjoining parts of a structure which by closing or opening accommodates the
expansion or contraction of the structure. Design of the joint so as to incorporate
sliding surfaces, is not, however, precluded and may sometimes be advantageous.
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b) Construction Joint-A joint in the concrete introduced for convenience in

construction at which special measures are taken to achieve subsequent continuity
without provision for further relative movement, is called a construction joint. A
typical application is between successive lifts in a reservoir.
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The position and arrangement of all construction joints should be predetermined

by the engineer. Consideration should be given to limiting the number of such
joints and to keeping them free from possibility of percolations in a similar
manner to contraction joints.
c) Temporary Open Joints - A gap temporarily left between the concrete of
adjoining parts of a structure which after a suitable interval and before the
structure is put into use, is filled with mortar or concrete either completely ( Fig.
5A) or as provided below, with the inclusion of suitable jointing materials ( Fig.
5B and SC). In the former case the width of the gap should be sufficient to allow
the sides to be prepared before filling.
Where measures are taken for example, by the inclusion of suitable jointing
materials to maintain the water tightness of the concrete subsequent to the filling
of the joint, this type of joint may be regarded as being equivalent to a contraction
joint ( partial or complete ) as defined above.
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(b) Design the circular tank (only procedure).(NOV-DEC 2010) .(NOV-DEC
2010)
in the construction of concrete structures for the storage of liquids, the
imperviousness of concrete is an important basic requirement. Hence, the design
of such construction is based on avoidance of cracking in the concrete. The
structures are prestressed to avoid tension in the concrete. In addition, prestressed
concrete tanks require low maintenance. The resistance to seismic forces is also
satisfactory.
Prestressed concrete tanks are used in water treatment and distribution systems,
waste water collection and treatment system and storm water management. Other
applications are liquefied natural gas (LNG) containment structures, large
industrial process tanks and bulk storage tanks. The construction of the tanks is in
the following sequence. First, the concrete core is cast and cured. The surface is
prepared by sand or hydro blasting. Next, the circumferential prestressing is
applied by strand wrapping machine. Shotcrete is applied to provide a coat of
concrete over the prestressing strands.
Analysis
The analysis of liquid storage tanks can be done by IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, or by
the finite element method. The Code provides coefficients for bending moment,
shear and hoop tension (for cylindrical tanks), which were developed from the
theory of plates and shells. In Part 4, both rectangular and cylindrical tanks are
covered. Since circular prestressing is applicable to cylindrical tanks, only this
type of tank is covered in this module.
The following types of boundary conditions are considered in the analysis of the
cylindrical wall.
a) For base: fixed or hinged
b) For top: free or hinged or framed.
For base
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Fixed: When the wall is built continuous with its footing, then the base can be
considered to be fixed as the first approximation.
Hinged: If the sub grade is susceptible to settlement, then a hinged base is a
conservative assumption. Since the actual rotational restraint from the footing is
somewhere in between fixed and hinged, a hinged base can be assumed.
The base can be made sliding with appropriate polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waterstops for liquid tightness.
For top
Free: The top of the wall is considered free when there is no restraint in expansion.
Hinged: When the top is connected to the roof slab by dowels for shear transfer,
the boundary condition can be considered to be hinged.
Framed: When the top of the wall and the roof slab are made continuous with
moment transfer, the top is considered to be framed. The hydrostatic pressure on
the wall increases linearly from the top to the bottom of the liquid of maximum
possible depth. If the vapour pressure in the free board is negligible, then the
pressure at the top is zero. Else, it is added to the pressure of the liquid throughout
the depth. The forces generated in the tank due to circumferential prestress are
opposite in nature to that due to hydrostatic pressure. If the tank is built
underground, then the earth pressure needs to be considered. The hoop tension in
the wall, generated due to a triangular hydrostatic pressure is given as follows.
The hoop tension in the wall, generated due to a triangular hydrostatic pressure is
given as follows.
T = CT w H Ri (9-6.15)
The bending moment in the vertical direction is given as
follows. M = CM w H3 (9-6.16)
The shear at the base is given by the following
expression. V = CV w H2 (9-6.17)
In the previous equations, the notations used are as
follows. CT = coefficient for hoop tension
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CM = coefficient for bending
moment CV = coefficient for shear
w = unit weight of liquid
H = height of the liquid
Ri = inner radius of the wall.
The values of the coefficients are tabulated in IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, for various
values of H2/Dt, at different depths of the liquid. D and t represent the inner
diameter and the thickness of the wall, respectively. The typical variations of CT
and CM with depth, for two sets of boundary conditions are illustrated.
The roof can be made of a dome supported at the edges on the cylindrical wall.
Else, the roof can be a flat slab supported on columns along with the edges.
IS:3370 - 1967, Part 4, provides coefficients for the analysis of the floor and roof
slabs.
Design
IS:3370 - 1967, Part 3, provides design requirements for prestressed tanks. A few
of them are mentioned.
1) The computed stress in the concrete and steel, during transfer, handling and
construction, and under working loads, should be within the permissible values as
specified in IS:1343 - 1980.
2) The liquid retaining face should be checked against cracking with a load factor
of 1.2. CL/WL 1.2 (9-6.18)
Here,
CL = stress under cracking load
WL = stress under working load.
Values of limiting tensile strength of concrete for estimating the cracking load
are Specified in the Code.
3) The ultimate load at failure should not be less than twice the working load.
4) When the tank is full, there should be compression in the concrete at all points
of at least 0.7 N/mm2. When the tank is empty, there should not be tensile stress
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greater than 1.0 N/mm2. Thus, the tank should be analysed both for the full and
empty conditions.
5) There should be provisions to allow for elastic distortion of the structure during
prestressing. Any restraint that may lead to the reduction of the prestressing force,
should be considered.
6. (a) What are the design considerations of prestressed concrete poles? (4)
The pre stressed concrete pole for power transmission line are generally designed
as member with uniform prestress since they are subjected to bending moment of
equal magnitude in opposite directions. The poles are generally designed for
following critical load conditions,
1. Bending due to wind load on the cable and on the exposed face.
2. Combined bending and torsion due to eccentric snapping of wire.
3. Maximum torsion due to skew snapping of wires.
4. Bending due to failure of all the wires on one side of the pole.
5. Handling and erection stresses.
(b) What are the advantages of partially prestressed concrete poles?
Resistance to corrosion in humid and temperature climate and to erosion in
desert areas.
Freeze thaw resistance in cold region.
Easy handling due to less weight than other poles
Fire resisting, particularly grassing and pushing fire near ground line.
Easily installed in drilled holes in ground with or without concrete fill.
Lighter because of reduced cross section when compared with reinforced
concrete poles.
Clean and neat in appearance and requiring negligible maintenance for a
number of years, thus ideal suited for urban installation.
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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
SUBJ. CODDE AND NAME: CE 1402 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
FACULTY NAME: C.D.M.Kaliraj
CLASS &SEC :IV yr CIVIL
Academic year: 2014-15
Semester :VI
UNIT 4
Part A
1. Sketch the arrangement of Tendons & anchorages in circular prestressing of
concrete pipe.(NOV-DEC 2009)
2. Give the advantages of precast prestressed units.(NOV-DEC 2009)
The C/S is more efficiently utilized when compared with a RC section
Effective saving in use of materials.
Improves the ability of material for energy absorption under impact load.
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The economy of PSC is well established for long span structures.
There is considerable saving on the quantity of materials used in it.
3. How do you compute the shrinkage and resultant stresses in composite member?
(NOV-DEC 2012)
4. Distinguish between propped and unpropped construction methods. (NOV-DEC
2012)
Here,
A = area of the precast web
c = distance of edge from CGC of precast web
/
c = distance of edge from CGC of composite section

e = eccentricity of CGS
I = moment of inertia of the precast web
/
I = moment of inertia of the composite section.

5. What is circular prestressing?(NOV-DEC 2010)
The term refers to prestressing in round members such as tanks and pipes.
Liquid retaining structures such as circular pipes,tanks and pressure vessels are
admirably suited for circular prestressing.
6. What are the advantages of prestressed concrete sleepers?(NOV-DEC 2010)
It is economical.
Full cross-section of member is utilized.
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Increases durability.
Reduces corrosion of steel.
Increase in shear capacity.
Larger spans can be constructed.
It allows rapid construction.
Part B
1. A precast pre-tensioned beam of rectangular section has a breadth of 100 mm and
a depth of 200 mm. The beam with an effective span of 5 m is prestressed by
tendons with their centroid coinciding with the bottom kern. The initial force in
the tendons is 150 kN. The loss of prestress may be assumed to be 157%. The
beam is incorporated in a composite T-beam by casting a top flange of breath 400
mm and t = 400 mm. If a composite beam supports a live load of 1 kN/m.
Calculate the resultant stresses developed in precast & in-situ cast concrete.
(NOV-DEC 2009)
Stress in pre tensioned
beam: A = 20000mm
Z = (100x200 )/6 = 666.67x10 mm
Self weight of pre tensioned beam = 0.1x0.2x24 =

2
0.48kN/m Self weight moment = (0.48x5 )/8 = 1.5kNm

6
Stress at top & bottom = (1.5x10 /666.67x10 ) = 2.25N/mm
Stress in cast insitu slab:

A = 16000mm
2
2
3
Z = (400x40 )/6 = 10.6x10 mm
Self weight of pre tensioned beam = 0.4x0.04x24 =

2
3.84kN/m Self weight moment = (0.348x5 )/8 = 1.2kNm

6
Stress at top & bottom = (1.2x10 /10.6x10 ) = 1.13N/mm
Stress in composite member
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3
Ixx = (400x40 )/12 - (300x200 )/12 = 1.9x10 mm

9
Zt= (1.9x10 )/233.3 = 8.14x10 mm

9
Zb = (1.9x10 )/366.7 = 5.18x10 mm

2
Live load moment = (1x5 )/8 = 2.08kNm

6
Stress at top = (2.08x10 /8.14x10 ) = 0.25N/mm

6
2
2
Stress at bottom = (2.08x10 /5.18x10 ) = 0.45N/mm
2. A composite T-girder of span 5 m is made up of a pre-tensioned rib, 100 mm wide

by 200 mm depth, with an in situ cast slab, 400 mm wide and 40 mm thick. The
rib is prestressed by a straight cable having an eccentricity of 33.33 mm and
carrying initial force of, 150 kN. The loss of prestress is 15%. Check the
composite T-beam for the limit state of deflection if its supports an imposed load
of 3.2 kN/m for (i) unpropped(ii) propped. Assume modulus of Elasticity of 35
2
kN/mm for both precast & in situ cast elements.(NOV-DEC 2009)

Properties
of
precast
beam A = 20000 mm
prestressed
g = 0.1x0.2x24 = 0.48 kN/m

3
I = (100x200 )/12 = 66.66x10 mm

Properties of composite section
A = 16000 mm
g = 0.04x0.4x24 = 0.384
kN/m yb = 146mm
yt = 94mm
6
I = 226x10 mm
Deflection of prestressed beam

2
ap = (pel )/(8EI) = -6.69mm(upward)

Deflection of composite beam due to self
4
weight ag+q = (5wl )/(384EI)

q = 8kN/m
g = (0.48 + 0.384) = 0.864kN/m
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w = (g+q) = 0.864+8 = 8.864kN/m
ag+q = 9.12mm
Long term deflection
aRL = (1+)( ap + ag+q) = (1+1.6)(0.85(-6.69)+9.12) =
8.99mm Permissible limit according to IS 1343,
Span/250 = 5000/250 = 20mm.
Hence the actual deflection is within the Permissible limit
3. i) Explain the types of composite construction with neat sketch. (8)
(ii) Explain the precast prestressed concrete stresses at serviceability limit state.
(8)(NOV-DEC 2012)
Limit State of Serviceability : Deflection The deflection of a structure or part
thereof shall not adversely affect the appearance or efficiency of the structure or
finishes or partitions. The deflection shall generally be limited to the following:
a) The final deflection, due to all loads including the effects of temperature, creep
and shrinkage and measured from the as-cast level of the supports of floors, roofs
and all other horizontal members, should not normally exceed span/250.
b) The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage
occurring after erection of partitions and the application of finishes should not
normally exceed span/350 or 20 mm whichever is less.
c) If finishes are to be applied to prestressed concrete members, the total upward
deflection should not exceed span/300, unless uniformity of camber between
adjacent units can be ensured.
Limit State of Serviceability : Cracking Cracking of concrete shall not affect
the appearance or durability of the structure. The criteria of limit state of cracking
for the three types of prestressed concrete members shall be as follows:
a) For type 1, no tensile stresses.
b) For type 2, tensile stresses are allowed but no visible cracking.
c) For type 3, cracking is allowed, but should not affect the
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appearance or durability of the structure; the acceptable limits of cracking would
vary with the type of structure and environment and will vary between wide limits
and the prediction of absolute maximum width is not possible.
4. (a) What are shear connectors? Explain the different types of shear connectors in
detail.
(b) A PSC beam of cross section 150 mm x 300 mm is SS over a 6pan of 8m and
is prestressed by means of symmetric parabolic cables @ a distance of 76 mm
from the soffit @ mid span and 125 mm @ top @ support section. If the force in
the cable ie 350 KN. Calculate deflection @ midspan the beam is supporting its
own weight The point load which must be applied at midspan to restore the beam
to the level of its support. (8)(NOV-DEC 2010)
5. A composite T-section is made up of a pretension rib 100 mm wide and 200 mm
deep and a cast in situ slab 400 mm wide and 40 mm thick baring a modulus of
2
elasticity of 28 kN/mm . lf the differential shrinkage is 100x10 units. Determine

the shrinkage stresses developed in the precast and cast in situ units. (16)(NOVDEC 2010)
Properties of composite section
A = 36000 mm
Yt
((400x40x20)+(200x100x140))/36000
86.66mm Yb = 153.33mm
Ixx
=
6
(400x240 )/12
4
(300x200 )/12
=
2
260x10 mm Zt= (260x10 )/86.67 = 3x10 mm

6
Zb = (260x10 )/153.33 = 1.7x10 mm

6
Zj = (260x10 )/40 = 6.5x10 mm
-6
Uniform tensile stress in cast insitu slab = ecs.Ec = 100x10 x28x10 = 2.8
2
N/mm Pre stressing force = ecs.Ec.A = 2.8x16000 = 44.8kN
Eccentricity of force =86.67-20 = 66.67mm
3
Moment = 44.8x10 x66.67 = 2.99x10 Nmm

2
Direct compressive stress = 44.8/36000 = 1.24 N/mm
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Bending stress:
6
Stress at top = (2.99x10 /3x10 ) = 0.9N/mm

6
Stress at bottom = (2.99x10 /1.7x10 ) = 1.75N/mm

6
Stress at junction = (2.99x10 / 6.5x10 ) = 0.46N/mm
2
2
Shrinkage stresses:
a. In PSC beam
2
At top = 1.24+0.46 = 1.7 N/mm
At bottom = 1.24 1.75 = -0.55 N/mm

b. In insitu slab
At top = 1.24+0.99-2.8 = -0.57 N/mm
2
2
At bottom = 1.24 +0.36 -2.8 = -1.2 N/mm

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TYPES OF FLEXURAL FAILURE

Fracture of steel in tension

is used, the minimum

taken together , should be sufficient so that when the concrete in the

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Failure of under-reinforced sections

Failure of over-reinforced sections

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su = (0.0033 + 0.0061) = 0.0094

Corresponding force in the wire = 8.4 kN

(0.57 x 40 x 100 x 60)

(0.57 x 40 x 100 x 43)

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Total compressive force =

(0.57 x 40 x 100 x 60)

(120 0.45 x 60)

SIMPLIFIED CODE PROCEDURES

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The effective reinforcement ratio is given by

From Table 7.1, the corresponding values of

fpu = (0.87 x 0.9 x 1600) = 1253 N/mm2

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