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BENGKEL KECEMERLANGAN AKADEMIK 2015

Combined Science 5129

PRACTICAL ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY
DANGERS OF ELECTRICITY
SAFE USE OF ELECTRICITY IN THE HOME

LEARNING OUTCOMES

WHAT IS ELECTRICITY ?
Electricity is a form of energy.
It is an energy created when electrons move
continuously through a conductor.

Electrical
Lighting

USES OF
ELECTRICITY
Electrical
Heating

Generating
Movement

ELECTRICAL LIGHTING
Electrical Energy to Light Energy

Compact
Fluorescent Bulb

Filament
Bulb

Fluorescent Bulb

Electricity is used to provide light in


homes.

L.E.D Bulb

ELECTRICAL HEATING
Electrical Energy to Thermal Energy

Cooker

Oven

Iron

Kettle

Room Heater

Electricity is used to
provide heat for
cooking, ironing and
heating in homes.

ELECTRIC MOTOR
Electrical Energy to Kinetic Energy

Fan

Drill

Washing Machine
Blender

Food Mixer

Electricity is used to
provide useful
mechanical
movement in homes.

WHAT CAN YOU


DO TO FIND OUT
HOW MUCH
ELECTRICAL
ENERGY YOURE
USING AT HOME

ELECTICAL ENERGY & POWER AT HOME


1

Check the LABELS on the electrical appliance and write


down its POWER RATINGS
The power ratings (also known as Power or Wattage) is in Watts (W)
The power ratings can also be calculated by the formula
POWER = CURRENT x VOLTAGE

Keep track of the LENGTH OF TIME the electrical


appliance is in use.
Remember to convert your time duration into seconds (s).

Use the formula ENERGY = POWER x TIME


The unit of Electrical Energy is the Joule

CALCULATING
ELECTICAL ENERGY & POWER
1

Check the LABELS on the electrical appliance


and write down its POWER RATINGS

The power ratings (also known as Power or Wattage) is in Watts (W)

CALCULATING
ELECTICAL ENERGY & POWER
1

Check the LABELS on the electrical appliance


and write down its POWER RATINGS
But sometimes only
CURRENT and VOLTAGE is
written on the
appliances label!

Make sure that


the CURRENT is in Ampere
&
VOLTAGE is in Volt

The power ratings can also be calculated by the formula


POWER = CURRENT x VOLTAGE

CALCULATING
ELECTICAL ENERGY & POWER
2

Keep track of the LENGTH OF TIME the


electrical appliance is in use.

Remember to convert your time duration into seconds (s).

CALCULATING
ELECTICAL ENERGY & POWER
3

Use the formula ENERGY = POWER x TIME

The unit of Electrical Energy is the Joule

Make sure that


the POWER is in Watt
&
TIME is in Seconds

ELECTRICAL ENERGY & POWER


FORMULAE LIST
POWER

CURRENT

POWER

ENERGY

CURRENT

=
X

VOLTAGE

ENERGY
TIME
VOLTAGE

TIME

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME

Electricity can be dangerous if it is not handled


properly and safely.

ELECTROCUTION

ELECTRICAL FIRE

DEATH

ELECTRICAL DANGERS
IN THE HOME

WHAT ?

DAMAGED INSULATION

WHY ?
Exposed live wire.
HOW ?
Accidentally
touching the live wire
can cause electric
shocks.
Short-circuit

leads to
overheating and fire.

ELECTRICAL DANGERS
IN THE HOME

WHAT ?

OVERHEATING OF CABLES

WHY ?
Overheating and
electrical fire.
HOW ?
Coiled and tangled
long extension leads.
Overloading

socket.

a mains

ELECTRICAL DANGERS
IN THE HOME

WHAT ?

DAMPED CONDITIONS

WHY ?
Water will conduct
current.
HOW ?
Using electrical
appliances in
damp conditions
will increase risk of
electrocution.

KNOW
YOUR
ELECTRICAL
SAFETY
SYMBOLS

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME

What are the safety precautions present in our homes ?

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME

FUSE & CIRCUIT BREAKERS

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME

FUSE
CIRCUIT BREAKERS

The function of a fuse and circuit breaker is to limit the


amount of current entering a circuit.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME
FUSE
Symbols of A Fuse

A fuse will overheat and melts if the current entering


the circuit is too high (exceed the fuse ratings).

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME

FUSE RATINGS
The fuse ratings is the maximum current that can pass
through without melting the fuse.

The fuse ratings commonly available are:


1A fuse, 2A fuse, 3A fuse, 5A fuse, 10A fuse and
13A fuse.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME

FUSE RATINGS
The correct fuse ratings for any electrical appliance
can be determined by using the formula:

CURRENT

POWER
VOLTAGE

Select the nearest higher fuse ratings to be used


in the electrical appliance.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME

FUSE & FUSE RATINGS


WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THE ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE IF WE PUT
THE WRONG FUSE INTO THE PLUG ?
TOO LARGE FUSE
RATINGS USED

The appliance may overheat


and be damaged as the fuse
allows too much current to
enter.

CORRECT FUSE
RATINGS USED

The appliance work normally


as the fuse allows the correct
amount of current to enter.

TOO SMALL FUSE


RATINGS USED

The appliance will not work as


the fuse allows too little
current to enter.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME

EARTH CONNECTION

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME

EARTH CONNECTION
Wiring that connects the metal body of any electrical
appliances to the ground and stops it from becoming
live.
Symbol for Earth
Connection

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME

DOUBLE INSULATION
Some appliances do not have an earth connection.
These appliances plugs have only two pins.
Double Insulation Symbol

The outer case is made of plastic instead of metal, and


acts as an extra layer of insulation around the wires.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME

COLOUR-CODED WIRING

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME

COLOUR-CODED WIRING
Live Wire

Brown colour.
Current enters the mains circuit.
Has voltage of 240 V.

Neutral Wire Blue colour.


Current leaves the mains circuit.
Kept at 0 V.

Earth Wire Green/yellow stripes.


A safety connection.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME

THREE-PIN PLUG & ITS WIRING


All electrical appliances are connected to the
mains supply through a plug.

A three-pin plug needs to be wired correctly and fitted


with the correct fuse in order to provide a safe
connection to the mains supply.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME

THREE-PIN PLUG WIRING


The earth wire is connected to
the top pin (earth pin).

The neutral wire is


connected to the
left pin.

The live wire is


connected to the
right pin (fuse pin).

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME

SWITCH

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME
SWITCH
Symbols of A Switch
Open Switch

Closed Switch

The function of switches are to turn electrical


appliances on or off.
It can be used as a safety device to cut off the flow of
current, in case of an electrocution accident.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
IN THE HOME

LOCATION OF FUSE & SWITCH IN AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT


Fuses and
switches are
usually
inserted along
the live wires
of
a circuit.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 1
5129/12/M/J/14 Q34

A light bulb is marked 120 V, 60 W.


How much energy does the bulb dissipate in one minute?

5129/12/O/N/13 Q36

A small heater operates at 12V, 2 A.


How much energy is used in 5 minutes?

5129/12/O/N/12 Q4

A cell will deliver 3000 J of energy to a 2 W electric motor before


the cell is exhausted. How long will the motor run?

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 2
5129/12/O/N/11 Q11

The diagram shows an unsafe use of an extension cable.


What is the electrical hazard?

the danger of burning out the appliances

the danger of melting the fuse

the danger of overheating the cable

the danger of the appliances not being earthed

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 3
5129/22/O/N/13 Q13

Some hairdryers do not have an earth wire. They are double insulated.
(a) Explain the meaning of double insulation.

(b) Explain the importance of


(i) the hairdryer having a plastic case and not a metal case.
(ii) not handling the hairdryer with wet hands.

(c) Complete the sentence below about energy changes in a hairdryer.


Electrical energy is changed into .. energy and . energy.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 4
5129/22/O/N/11 Q10

An electric heater has a label attached to it, as shown in Fig.10.1.

(a) Use the information from Fig.10.1 to calculate the current in the
electric heater when it is working normally.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 4
5129/22/O/N/11 Q10

(b) Another electric heater has a metal case. It has been wired
incorrectly because the live wire is touching the metal case.
The live wire is fitted with a fuse and the heater has an earth
connection. Explain how a person is protected from an electric
shock when the heater is switched on.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 5
5129/22/M/J/13 Q11

Fig.11.1 shows a lighting circuit.

(a) Switch A is left open and switches B and C are closed.


State which lamp or lamps, if any, will light.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 5
5129/22/M/J/13 Q11

Fig.11.1 shows a lighting circuit.

(b) The circuit contains a fuse. The fuse has a rating of 3 A.


Explain what is meant by the fuse rating.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 5
5129/22/M/J/13 Q11

Fig.11.1 shows a lighting circuit.

(c) When all the switches are closed to light both lamps, the current in
lamp P is 0.25 A and the current in lamp Q is 0.35 A
(ii) The p.d across lamp P when lit is 240 V and the current in it is 0.25 A.
Calculate the power of lamp P.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 6
5129/01/M/J/11 Q1

Fig.1.1 shows a mains plug.


(a)Name:
(i)the wire labelled A
(ii) the component labelled B
(b) State the colour of the neutral wire.

PRACTISE QUESTIONS
Complete the following questions in pairs.
5129/12/O/N/14 Q32
5129/12/O/N/14 Q39

Remember to raise your hands if you need help with


the questions.

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