Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are becoming popular for remote area power

generation applications due to advances in renewable energy technologies and subsequent rise in
prices of petroleum products. A hybrid energy system usually consists of two or more renewable
energy sources used together to provide increased system efficiency as well as greater balance in
energy supply.
Systems combining wind and solar energy have been made possible by recent technological
developments. They are integrated easily into most homes and are often linked with a batterybackup system that provides security in case of energy crisis.
The solar wind hybrid systems are used where the load is relatively small. In commercial and
industrial sectors, the systems are used (for example) in rural offices or small tourist hotels where
power shortage is chronic. It can be used in schools especially in rural and urban fringe areas. It
can be used for military (charging of communication units) as well as in railways (track
signaling).
It can be used in high end residential apartments and villas for specific needs. Amitabh
Bachchans villa in Pune has a solar wind hybrid system for powering the garage doors!

Technology
The solar panel and the wind turbine works in tandem to charge a battery via a controller. The
wind turbine could be a vertical axis wind turbine or a horizontal axis wind turbine (wind mills
of megawatt level capacities are always horizontal axis). In a typical hybrid system the battery is
first charged by the Solar, then by Wind and if necessary, by grid. You should discuss with your
solution provider the vertical and the horizontal axis wind turbine choice based on the wind
speeds prevailing in your region.

Combining renewable resources has numerous positive benefits for homeowners. Principal
among them are:
A.) Increased and consistent energy production
B.) Less required space per installation

A natural, negative correlation exists between sun and wind-power generation: when one is high,
the other tends to be low. The most obvious difference is between day and night. However, on a
larger scale, seasonal changes are equally important. Shorter days and higher average wind
speeds limit solar production during winter months, while longer days and ample sunshine work
in its favor in the summer. These factors take on greater weight when a battery-backup system is
in place. In this type of system, the energy stored in the batteries needs to be replenished more
often than what is achievable with a solar-only system. This is especially true in locations with
extreme seasonal variance. Likewise, homeowners benefit by producing surplus energy, which
not only keeps energy bills at zero, but can often be sold back to the grid for a net profit!

The second advantage relates to the physical space required for renewable energy systems - the
"energy density footprint" in industry lingo. For many homeowners, the footprint is a major
concern. While going green is a great goal, many homeowners have either limited space to install
their system or simply do not want a renewable energy system to overshadow their home or take
up a large area of their property. For solar panel arrays, necessary area increases nearly
proportionally with power output. For example, a two-kilowatt solar system requires twice the
space of a one-kilowatt system. For wind energy, however, the space required increases only
marginally. The tower base is the only required space at ground level. Even accounting for the
entire turbines shadow, a standard four-kilowatt turbine requires about 25% as much space as an
equivalent solar system. Where space is limited, such differences can make or break the decision
to install, and in far too many instances this information is not readily available.
Taken together, hybrid wind/solar systems can strike the balance many customers are looking for
between cost, energy production, and space.

Solar electric fence charger

An electric fence is a barrier that uses electric shocks to deter animals or people from
crossing a boundary. The voltage of the shock may have effects ranging from discomfort to
death. Most electric fences are used today for agricultural fencing and other forms of animal
control, although it is frequently used to enhance the security of sensitive areas, such as military
installations, prisons, and other security sensitive places; places exist where lethal voltages are
used.
Electric fences are designed to create an electrical circuit when touched by a person or
animal. A component called a power energizer converts power into a brief high voltage pulse.
One terminal of the power energizer releases an electrical pulse along a connected bare wire
about once per second. Another terminal is connected to a metal rod implanted in the earth,
called a ground or earth rod. A person or animal touching both the wire and the earth during a
pulse will complete an electrical circuit and will conduct the pulse, causing an electric shock.
The effects of the shock depend upon the voltage, the energy of the pulse, the degree of contact
between the recipient and the fence and ground and the route of the current through the body; it
can range from barely noticeable to uncomfortable, painful or even lethal.
Non-lethal fence
Non-lethal electric fences are used to prevent trespass by both private and government-sector
bodies. These include housing communities, commercial factories or warehouses, prisons,
military bases, and government buildings. Livestock-type electric fences are occasionally
employed to discourage suicide attempts on tall structures, and to reduce the incidence of graffiti
and other petty crime.

USES
Recent innovations include electrical fence monitoring for intruder detection as opposed to
providing an electric shock to discourage entry. It can be used in addition to or as substitute for a
host of other fence monitoring systems.
Buried electric fences (also called "invisible fences") are sometimes used to contain dogs or
livestock. The buried wire radiates a weak radio signal, which is detected by a collar worn by the
animal. The collar emits a warning noise near the wire, but if this is ignored, produces a mild
shock. Humans and other animals are unaware of the buried line. In a similar system, the collar
uses GPS signals to determine proximity to a predetermined "virtual fence" without a physical
installation

Interference and unwanted effects

Electric fences have the theoretical potential to radiate a significant amount of energy, acting like
an antenna or aerial. Poorly maintained electric fences (with insufficient grounding or bad
design) can interfere with, and significantly degrade, the performance of nearby telephone and
data connections, along with radio and television reception. It is also strictly recommended to
remain a safety distance to electric fences under rain or other wet conditions.

Intelligent Automatic Plant Irrigation System

Irrigation is the Artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the
growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and re-vegetation of disturbed soils in
dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other
uses in crop production, which include protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growth
in grain fields] and preventing soil consolidation. In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct
rainfall is referred to as rain-fed or dry-land farming.
Irrigation systems are also used for dust suppression, disposal of sewage, and in mining.
Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of
surface and sub-surface water from a given area.
It is a simple project more useful in watering plants automatically without any human
interference. We may call it as Automatic plant irrigation system. We know that people do not
pour the water on to the plants in their gardens when they go to vacation or often forget to water
plants. As a result, there is a chance to get the plants damaged. This project is an excellent
solution for such kind of problems.
As you all know that our country is an agricultural country. Now a day it is backsliding
due to the lack of knowledge as will as financial problem in every field there is a success, like
textile, telecommunication, petroleum etc. but agricultural is backsliding. so we want to bring
into your knowledge and some importances need our project. AUTOMATIC PLANT
IRRIGATION is beneficial for the farmer, provides the controlled and automatic system for the
plant growth.
For ex-: A human being enjoys many thing of nature but he can not live without water,
similarly a plant also needs a good fertilizer and a good soil for there growth but they are also
unable to survive without water. Some time climatic condition can not fulfill the need of the
plant, at that time our project is necessary for the plant to receive the water as per there need. In
summer the climatic condition is very high at that time plant requires more water so this small
processor based unit is used to control the watering system.

Application
1) This project will use to provide a system to save the power.
2) It also provides the automatic system which will sense the dry of the industrial device were
water cooling system is required.
3) It can be used for water level checking.
4) It is used in farming and as well as garden.

Advantages
1) Low Cost
2) Less power consumption
3) Compact
4) Applicable to industries as well as domestic uses

Advantage of Wind Solar Hybrid

Both Solar & Wind power are used in remote areas for charging a battery and delivery of
grid quality electricity through large capacity sine wave inverters. In areas where wind speeds are
above 5.4 m/s, our 1 Kw wind turbine will deliver more than 5Kwh of energy everyday as
against maximum 4 Kwh delivered by 1 Kw solar panel. Our 3.2 KW Whisper 500 wind turbine
delivers 16 KWH of energy per day at 5.4 m/s annual wind speed average. When the wind speed
is above 6.3 m/s average, our 1 Kw wind turbine delivers 8 Kwh of energy/day. Wind turbines
are less expensive than solar panels of the same capacity. Therefore, in places where wind speeds
are above 5 m/s it is advisable to use a combination of wind and solar power for optimum
investment & maximum output. It is also to be noted that wind power and solar power
complement each other. During monsoon months solar power generation is reduced to a large
extent due to cloudy skies, during the same period, the wind speeds are much higher than rest of
the year. During monsoon, wind turbines generate extra power to compensate for the loss of solar
power.

Increased and consistent energy production

Less required space per installation

REFERENCES
[1] S.K. Kim, J.H Jeon, C.H. Cho, J.B. Ahn, and S.H. Kwon, Dynamic Modeling and Control of
a Grid-Connected Hybrid Generation System with Versatile Power Transfer, IEEE Transactions
on IndustrialElectronics, vol. 55, pp. 1677-1688, April 2008.
[2] D. Das, R. Esmaili, L. Xu, D. Nichols, An Optimal Design of a Grid Connected Hybrid
Wind/Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell System for Distributed Energy Production, in Proc. IEEE
Industrial Electronics Conference, pp. 2499-2504, Nov. 2005.
[3] N. A. Ahmed, M. Miyatake, and A. K. Al-Othman, Power fluctuations suppression of standalone hybrid generation combining solar photovoltaic/wind turbine and fuel cell systems, in
Proc. Of Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 49, pp. 2711-2719, October 2008.
[4] S. Jain, and V. Agarwal, An Integrated Hybrid Power Supply for Distributed Generation
Applications Fed by Nonconventional Energy Sources, IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, vol. 23, June 2008.
[5] Y.M. Chen, Y.C. Liu, S.C. Hung, and C.S. Cheng, Multi-Input Inverter for Grid-Connected
Hybrid PV/Wind Power System, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 22, May 2007.