NSN 3G Radio Planning Day2 v1 3

3G Radio
Network Planning
Fundamentals
- Day 2 -
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Agenda Day 2
Radio Resource Management
Pre-Launch Optimisation
Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
RAN Sharing
Multilayer Planning
NOKIA

- Objectives At the end of this module you will be able to...
NOKIA
List all RRM entities and explain their function

Explain the interworking between Load Control,
Admission Control and Packet Scheduler
Describe the different handover possibilities
List the two most important soft handover
parameters
Describe the difference between noncontrollable and controllable traffic
Explain why LA, RA, SA and URA area planning
is needed
Explain the cell search/synchronisation
procedure of the UE
Explain how scrambling code planning affects
cell search performance
Explain the concept of group planning

UMTS Traffic Classes
CS domain
Conversational
PS domain
Streaming
RT traffic
Interactive
Background
NRT traffic
Conversational class is meant for traffic which is very delay

sensitive while background class is the most delay insensitive
traffic class.
Conversational and streaming classes are mainly intended to
be used to carry real time traffic flows.
Interactive class and Background are mainly meant to be used
by traditional Internet applications like WWW, Email, Telnet,
FTP and News
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RAN Data Rates
AMR speech
Rate (kbps)
12.20
10.20
7.95
7.40
33.6
32
28.8
6.70
5.90
5.15
4.75
Transparent CS data
Rate (kbps)
64
Extensive multicall capability
Non-transparent CS data
Rate (kbps)
57.6
28.8
14.4
PS data
Rate (kbps) 512*
* RAN2
DL
** RAN2
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384
320
256
144**
128
64
32
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Maximum user data rate 384 kbps (512kbps DL in RAN2)

Overview
Radio Resource Management (RRM) is responsible for efficient utilization
of the air interface resources
RRM is needed to maximize the radio performance
Guarantee Quality of Service (BLER, BER, delay)
Maintain the planned coverage for each service
Ensure planned capacity with low blocking
optimise the use of capacity
RRM can be divided into
Power control
Handover control
Admission Control
Power Control
Load Control
Load
C
ontrol
Admission control
Iub
Load control (Congestion control)
Power Control
Packet scheduling
BTS
DRNC
Resource Manager
Iur
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Load Control
Handover Control
Power Control
Iu
MS
Iub
BTS
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SRNC

Logical Model
LC
PS
AC Admission Control
RM
LC Load Control
AC
Network based functions
PS Packet Scheduler
RM Resource Manager
PC Power Control
PC
HC HO Control
HC
Connection based functions
NOKIA

Overview of RRM Algorithms
Power control (PC) maintains radio link level quality by
adjusting the uplink and downlink powers.
The quality requirements are tried to get with minimum transmission

powers to achieve low interference in radio access network. The basic
functions of WCDMA power control are:
Open loop power control (RACH, FACH)
Fast closed loop power control (DCH, DSCH)
Outer loop power control
Handover Control (HC) controls the active state mobility of

UE in RAN.
NOKIA
HC maintains the radio link quality and minimises the radio network
interference by optimum cell selection in handovers. The Handover
Control (HC) of the Radio Access Network (RAN) supports the following
handover procedures:
Intra-frequency soft/softer handover
Intra-frequency hard handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-system (GSM) handover

Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request to
establish a Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is admitted in the
Radio Access Network (RAN) or not.
Admission control is used to maintain stability and to achieve high

traffic capacity of RAN. The AC algorithm is executed when radio
access bearer is setup or the bearer is modified. The AC measures
take place as well with all kind of handovers.
Load Control (LC) continuously

information of cells controlled by RNC
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updates
the
load
Load Control and provides this information to the AC and PS for radio
resource controlling purposes. In overload situations, the LC performs
the recovering actions by using the functionalities of AC, PS and HC.

Packet scheduler (PS) schedules radio resources for NRT
radio access bearers both in uplink and downlink direction.
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The traffic load of cell determines the scheduled transmission capacity.

The information of load caused by NRT bearers is determined by PS.
It can be said that PS controls the NRT load when system is not in
overload.
PS also allocates and changes the bitrates of NRT bearers. PS controls
both dedicated and shared channels.

Wideband Power Based RRM
Nokia RRM has the following principles for the operation of network based
algorithms, admission control, packet scheduler and load control:
RRM is operating cell basis, i.e. operations are done for a single cell
without taking neighbouring cells account.
System load is measured based on total averaged power/ interference
in a cell. In uplink it is the total received wideband interference power
(PrxTotal) and in downlink it is the total transmitted power (PtxTotal).
AC, PS and LC operations are based these two measurements.
AC, PS and LC operations are done separately for uplink and downlink.
Uplink
Downlink
Node B Measurement
Total received wideband

power PrxTotal
Total transmitted
wideband power PtxTotal
RRM in RNC
Keep load at PrxTraget

(max)
Keep load at PrxTraget

(max)
RRM has the ability to manage cell loading based on the total average
uplink/downlink power, which has the affect of eliminating the cell shrinkage
occurring due to variations in neighbour cell interference levels.
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Power Control
The target of the power control (PC) is to achieve the minimum signal-tointerference ratio (SIR) that is required for the sufficient quality of the connection
Power control provides protection against large changes in shadowing, immediate
response for fast changes in signal levels and interference levels (SIR). Power
control is also needed to cope with the near far problem
PC entity fulfils the radio link power related adjustment by the following basic
procedures:
Uplink open loop PC algorithm and random access procedure
PC for downlink common physical channels
Fast closed loop PC
Outer loop PC
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Power Control Loops
Fast Closed loop PC measures the Interference level
Outer loop PC maintains the set quality
Immediate response
to fading and fast
changes in signal
and interference
levels
Fast Closed
Loop PC
SRNC
Iub
DL Outer
Loop PC
UE
Node B
Quality loop: Maintains

the specified error rate
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UL Outer
Loop PC
RNC

Power Control Loops
UL Open loop power control for initial power setting of the UE
UE performs the initial transmission power calculation with the help of received info from RNC
path loss between Node B and UE
uplink interference level (measured by Node B)
required received C/I
With Random Access Channel (RACH) power ramping is done with preambles
Preamble: In the beginning mobile sends low power and increases it until Node B is able to
detect it
After the initial transmission and the synchronisation procedure the fast closed loop PC starts.
L1 ACK / AICH
Downlink / BS
Not detected
P2
P1
RACH
Uplink / MS
Preamble
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Preamble
Message part

Power Control Loops
Fast Closed loop power control (UL/DL)
Closed loop PC mechanism aims to maintain a SIR target value specified
by outer loop PC. The SIR is measured on pilot bits of the dedicated control
channel and a corresponding transmit power control (TPC) command is
sent on the reverse link.
In UL closed loop PC, the BTS measures the SIR on pilot bits of the UL
DPCCH and transmits the corresponding Transmit Power Control (TPC)
value on DL DCH. The UE decodes the TPC value and responds
accordingly
In DL closed loop PC UE measures the SIR value on pilots bits of the DL
DPCH and transmits the corresponding TPC command on UL DPCCH.
In Nokia RAN 1.5 the DL closed loop PC will be such that a TPC command
will be generated by the UE for every time slot in a radio frame.
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Power Control Loops
Outer loop power control
The outer loop PC adjusts the SIR target used by the closed loop PC. The
SIR target is independently adjusted for each connection based on the
estimated quality of the connection. The initial value is provided by
admission control functionality in the RNC.
The SIR target value is to be set so that the usage of radio resources is
most effective, the power is set to minimum possible, still ensuring that the
quality of the connection is good enough.
In uplink outer loop PC the RNC monitors the link quality and adjusts the
new SIR target accordingly for the fast closed loop PC.
UE takes care of the downlink outer loop PC. Downlink outer loop PC sets
the SIR target for the downlink fast closed loop PC according to quality
estimates of the received channel.
Downlink outer loop PC functions are mainly located in the UE, but some
control parameters, e.g. BLER target, are set by the RNC.
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Power Control Loops
TPC commands
if SIR > (SIR)set then "down"
else "up"
P1
TPC commands
P2
UE adjusts
power according
to TPC commands
UE1
UE1 and UE2 are transmitting on the same frequency

=> equalizing transmitter powers is critical ("near-far" problem)
Optimum situation: P1 = P2 at the Node B at all times
Node B
UE2
Different path attenuations are compensated by using

power control.
Open loop power control: UE adjusts its initial transmitter
power according to received signal level
Closed loop power control: Node B commands UE
to increase or decrease its transmission power at 1.5 kHz
It is based on received signal to interference ratio (SIR)
estimates in Node B.
Closed loop power control also follows the fast fading pattern
at low and medium speeds (< 50 km/h)
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Uplink Outer Loop Power Control
required (SIR)set for 1 % FER
outer loop TPC maintains link

quality
optimises capacity / range
is the "link adaptation" method in

WCDMA
during soft handover: comes after
soft handover frame selection
MS stands still
time
if FER increase then

(SIR)set "up"
else (SIR)set "down"
CN
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RNC
outer loop
control
(SIR)set adjustment
command
frame reliability info
if SIR > (SIR)set then "down"

else "up"

Common Channel Power Planning
BTS power allocation rule:

For Pilot CPCIH 10 %,
For other common channels, 10 %
For dedicated channels, the rest
Ec/Ior=fraction of the power of the channel of interest

from the total BS power.
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Power Control & Diversity
At low UE speed, power control compensates the fading : fairly

constant receive power and Tx power with high variations
With diversity the variations in Tx power is less
At UE speed >100km/h fast power control cannot follow the

fast fading, therefore diversity helps keep receive power level
more or less constant
In the UL Tx affects adjacent cell interference and Rx power
affects interference within the cell.
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Handovers
Soft/Softer handover
In Soft HO MS is simultaneously connected to multiple cells
In softer HO MS is simultaneously connected to multiple cell within same Node B
Mobile Evaluated Handover (MEHO)
Intra-frequency handover
Hard handover
Intra-Frequency hard handover
Arises when inter-RNC SHO is impossible
Decision procedure is the same as SHO
MEHO and RNC controlled HO
Causes temporary disconnection of the user
Inter-Frequency handover (RAN1.5)
Can be intra-BS hard handover, intra-RNC hard handover, inter-RNC hard handover
Network Evaluated Handover (NEHO)
Decision algorithm located in RNC
Handovers both for RT and NRT Services
Inter-System handover (RAN1.5)
Handovers for CS voice and CS data (NEHO)
Network initiated cell Re-selection for PS (RT or NRT) data to GSM/GPRS
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Soft Handover
Softer-Soft HO
Soft-Soft HO
Softer HO
Soft HO
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Nokia Soft Handover Algorithm
MS Ec/N0
1. The CPICH Ec/N0 exceeds

Strongest pilot in active set Addition Window. The mobile station
starts Addition Time timer
Strongest pilot in active set

MS Ec/N0 value
Addition Window
Drop Window
1.
2.
3.
Addition Time
Neighbour
Set
Neighbor Set
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4.
Drop Time
Active Set
time
Neighbour
Set
Neighbor Set
2. The CPICH Ec/N0 has been

continuously higher than Strongest
pilot in active set Addition Window,
RNC add the neighbour to Active set
after the Addition Time timer expires.
3. The CPICH Ec/N0 is smaller than
Strongest pilot in active set - Drop
Window. The mobile station starts
Drop Time timer
4. The CPICH Ec/N0 has been
continuously smaller than Strongest
pilot in active set Drop Window,
RNC drops the cell from the active
set to the neighbour set after the
Drop Time timer expires.

Load Control
The purpose of load control is to optimise the capacity of a cell
and prevent overload situation.
Load control consists of Admission Control (AC) and Packet
Scheduler (PS) algorithms, and Load Control (LC) which
updates the load status of the cell based on resource
measurements and estimations provided by AC and PS.
Load change
info
Load status
LC
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NRT load
AC
PS

Load Control
Since the main criteria in a WCDMA system for the radio
resources is the interference, the load of the cell under the
RNC is measured periodically based on
uplink interference level
downlink transmission power levels
In uplink, the basic measured quantity indicating load is the
total received power of a Node B, PrxTotal
In downlink, the basic measured quantity indicating load is the
total transmitted power of a Node B, PtxTotal
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Radio Interface Load in Uplink
PrxTarget (dB) defines the optimal operating point of the cell
interference power, up to which the AC of the RNC can
operate.
Noise rise as a function of fractional load
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18
16
Noise rise [dB]
14
12
10
8
6
OVERLOAD AREA
MARGINAL LOAD AREA
FEASIBLE LOAD AREA
PrxTarget [dB] + PrxOffset [dB]

PrxTarget [dB]
2
0
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Noise floor
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Fractional load
0.7
0.8
0.9

Radio Interface Load in DL
In the downlink, the own cell load factor can be defined as the
ratio of the measured transmission power, PtxTotal, to the
maximum transmission power of cell
PtxTotal
[dBm]
Ptx _ total
Load in DL
Ptx _ BTS max

Cell maximum [dBm]
OVER LOAD AREA
PtxTarget [dBm]+PtxOffset [dB]

MARGINAL LOAD AREA
PtxTarget [dBm]
FEASIBLE LOAD AREA
[0...1]
0
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Load

Admission Control
Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request to establish a Radio Access
Bearer (RAB) is admitted in the RAN or not.
AC is used to maintain stability and to achieve high traffic capacity of RAN. The AC
algorithm is executed when radio access bearer is setup or the bearer is modified.
The AC measures take place as well with all kind of handovers.
The AC algorithm estimates the load increase, which the establishment of the
bearer would cause in the radio network. Both uplink and downlink direction is
estimated separately.
The inter-cell interference effect is estimated. Bearer is not admitted if the predicted
load exceeds particular thresholds either in uplink or downlink.
In decision procedure AC will use the load information produced by the Load Control
(LC) and packet scheduler (PS) functionalities of RRM.
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Admission Control
The traffic can be divided into two groups
Real Time (RT) or non-controllable
Non-Real Time (NRT) or controllable
THUS some portion of capacity must be reserved for the RT

traffic for mobility purposes all the time. The proportion
between RT and NRT traffic varies all the time.
Overload area
Overload Margin
Power
Load Target
Measured load caused

by noncontrollable load
Time
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Estimated capacity for

NRT traffic.

Admission Control
Since it is not enough to divide the load to RT and NRT one must take into account the
interference coming from surrounding cells.
Traffic is divided into controllable and non-controllable traffic.
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Non-controllable traffic =
RT users +
other-cell users +
noise +
other NRT users which
operate minimum bit rate
Controllable traffic=
NRT users

Admission Control
power
PrxOffset / PtxOffset
PrxTarget / PtxTarget
PrxTotal / PtxTotal
PrxNrt / PtxNrt
PrxNc / PtxNc
controllable power
non-controllable power
time
ADMISSION DECISION: A RAB request is accepted if the estimated noncontrollable uplink and downlink load, measured in total received interference
power and transmitted carrier power, keeps below the planned load target and
the current total load below the overload threshold, defined by target and
offset parameters.
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Packet Scheduler
Packet scheduler is a general feature, which takes care of scheduling radio
resources for NRT radio access bearers for both UL and DL
Admission control (AC) and packet scheduler (PS) both participate to the handling
of NRT radio bearers
Packet scheduler allocates appropriate radio resources for the duration of a packet
call, i.e. active data transmission.
Admission control handles
bit rate
NRT RAB allocat ed, packet service session

RACH/FACH, DSCH or DCH
allocation
Packet call
Short inactive
periods during
packet call
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time
Packet scheduler handles

Resource Manager
The main function of RM is to allocate logical radio resources of NodeB according to
the channel request by the RRC layer for each radio connection
The RM is located in the RNC and it works in close co-operation with the AC and the
PS
The actual input for resource allocation comes from the AC /PS and RM informs the
PS about the resource situation
The RM is able to switch codes and code types for different reasons such as soft
handover and defragmentation of code tree.
Manages the Node B logical resources

Node B reports the available logical HW resources
Maintains the code tree,
Allocates the DL channelization codes, UL scrambling code, UL channelization
code type
Allocates UTRAN Registration Area(URA) specific Radio Network Temporary

Identifier(RNTI) allocated for each connection and reallocated when updating URA
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Resource Manager
Spreading = channelization and scrambling operations (producing the
signal at the chip rate, i.e. spreads the signal to the wideband)
Downlink: Scrambling code separates the cells and channelization code

separates connection
The length of the channelization code is the spreading factor
All physical channels are spread with channelization codes, Cm(n) and
subsequently by the scrambling code, CFSCR
The code order, m and the code number, n designates each and every
channellization code in the layered orthogonal code sequences.
widespread data
user data
chanellizationscrambling
code
code
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DL Primary Scrambling Code
DL Scrambling code Info is needed for Synchronization between UE and
Node B for cell search & identification procedure during
call set up
handover
Cell search procedure in UE & in frame synchronization
Most Important
step !
search step 1: slot synchronization to a cell

search step 2: frame synchronization & code group identification
search step 2: scrambling code identification
Each cell has it's own Scrambling code (like BCCH is GSM) which need to
be planned (like frequency planning in GSM)
Total 512 scrambling codes are available (0511), they are in 64 groups,
each group having 8 codes
Codes could be allocated from same group of from different groups in the
planning area
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Primary Scrambling Code
Here is how Primary Scrambling codes are seen for Planning
Engineer (i=0511)
Codes
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Code
Group 1
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0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
2
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
63
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511

DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule
Scrambling code should be selected in optimum way because
It has affect to the cell search algorithm (time)
The call setup/HO performance depends on the reliability of the search
procedure in cell search step 2 and 3
There must be large enough separation (minimum reuse) between two cells
using the same scrambling code (like frequency reuse in GSM)
Recommended minimum reuse is 64
Scrambling code Planning Rule

Minimize the number of used code groups
Maximize the number of codes per group
The rule is valid in all neighbour sets in all environments
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DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule
Scrambling code planning is independent for each carrier layer
=> same codes could be used
Cell search time increases when the number of neighbours is
high like in Urban area
The size of the neighbour sets should be large enough to
include all useful candidates but as small as possible to
maintain fast synchronization process
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DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule - Example
PriScrCode
Area with 12 Node

B(1+1+1) sites
Assign the codes such that
codes form geographic
cluster of cells.
Two code groups enough
up to 15 neighbours
UE
Cluster of cells
having 2 code
groups
IntraFreqNcell
ScrCode
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Registration and Service Areas - Overview
Four Registration areas are known in UMTS
Location area (LA) in core network CS domain

Routing area (RA) in core network PS domain
UTRAN registration area (URA) in UTRAN (not visible to the core
network)
Cell as the smallest entity in the UTRAN (not visible to the core network)
Service Area (SA)
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Used to inform the core network about the location of a UE location

based services
UTRAN does not make use of SA

Location Area (LA)
LA is used for location information in the CS domain of the core network
Each cell in the network is assigned a single location area code (LAC)
No overlap between location areas.
A LA consists of a set of cells with a size of at minimum one cell and at
maximum an MSC/VLR area.
A RNC may include many LAs or a LA may span over many RNC areas
When crossing the border of an LA in idle mode, the UE has to perform a
location (LA) update procedure.
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Routing Area (RA)
The RA is used for paging in PS domain of the core network
Each cell in the network is assigned a single location area code (RAC)
No overlap between routing areas.
A RA has to be a subset of a LA and cannot span upon more than one LA.
A RA has a size of at minimum one cell and at maximum a SGSN area.
When crossing the border of a RA, the UE has to perform a routing area
(RA) update procedure.
A RNC may include many RAs or a RA may span over many RNC areas.
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UTRAN Registration Area (URA)
URA area is used inside UTRAN, but not at CN level
Each cell in the network is assigned at least one URA identifier (URAid)
Overlapping URAs are possible
Overlapping URAs reduces the number of URA updates for a given UE
URA consist of number of cells belonging to either one or several RNCs

URA is used to avoid high amount of cell updates for high mobility UEs.
RNC commands the UE to change from CELL_PCH state to URA_PCH
state
only URA updates instead of cell updates
URA update is a RRC procedure
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Cell
A cell is the smallest entity in the UTRAN, it is not known in the core
network
A cell update takes place if the UE leaves the cell border while it is in
CELL_FACH, CELL_DCH or CELL_PCH state.
Cell update is a RRC procedure
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Service Area (SA)
The SA identifies an area consisting of one or more cells beloning to the
same LA
The Service Area Identifier is composed of the PLMN Identifier, the
Location Area Code (LAC) and the Service Area Code (SAC).
Service Area is used for location based services
In RAN1.5 the max accuracy is the cell level
In RAN2.1 the accuracy is better -inside the cell
In RAN2.0 there is the Service Area Broadcast feature which enables
information providers to submit short messages for broadcasting to a
specified Service Area within the PLMN.
These messages could be used for informing about e.g. PLMN news,
emergencies, traffic reports, road accidents, delayed trains, weather
reports, theatre programmes, telephone numbers or tariffs
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Impact of Registration Areas on Common Channel
Traffic
LA, RA or URA size affects the amount of traffic on PCH in (paging) and on
RACH and FACH (area updates)
With increasing sizes of LA, RA or URA, traffic on the PCH will increase.
The bigger the registration area, the higher the probability that extra
PCH traffic is produced in a cell and the higher the PCH traffic is in that
cell.
With increasing sizes of LA, RA and URA, the traffic on RACH and FACH
will decrease.
The bigger the registration area, the lower the probability for a specific
UE to cross an area border and therefore traffic caused by LA, RA or
URA updates decreases.
The planning task is to define the registration area such, that FACH, RACH
and PCH traffic is kept low while the battery liftime of the UEs is kept high.
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Agenda Day 2
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
RAN Sharing
Multilayer Planning
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List the actions which are done during prelaunch optimisation
List the tools which are used during prelaunch optimisation
List at least three parameters which could

be tuned during pre-launch optimisation
Explain the three golden rules for prelaunch optimisation
Pre-launch Optimisation
Introduction
Pre-launch Optimisation means actions to meet the defined
coverage and quality criteria
Drive tests are done to test
Coverage for different data rate services

Pilot channel coverage
Soft handover areas and probabilities
Quality (BLER)
Key Performance Indicators (KPI) are defined to measure the

criteria
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Cell total data throughput

Call setup success rates for different services
Call drop rates
Soft Handover performance
Pre-launch Optimisation
Process
WCDMA RAN
Network Management
Nokia NetActTM for 3G
Field Tool Server
configuration
KPIs, counters
Configuration
KPIs,
measurements
air-interface
RAN Optimisation
pre-defined procedures
semi / full automated
Start
WindowAdd
WindrowDrop
Change 1 stepsize Change 1 stepsize
No
CompThreshold
Change 1 stepsize
NMS: Collect
network
performance data
Evaluate KPI
'HO Overhead'.
OK ?
Yes
Evaluate all
network KPIs.
OK ?
Yes
End
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DropTimer
Change 1 stepsize
No
Go to relevant
optimisation
flow-chart
Field Tool
Tools
Drive test tools for Coverage verification
Agilent scanner
Nemo Technologies TOM
Ericsson TEMS
Post Processing tool for rollout verification, planning validation,

infrastructure verification and network optimisation
Actix Analyzer v. 4.1 and NetAct
Network Configuration tool for Performance Info (PI, KPI)
Network Element Management Unit (Nemu)
Network protocol analyzer for troubleshooting
NetHawk
Uplink and Downlink loading tools

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Additional
terminals (if
available) used
to increase
network load.
Hardblocking
will be used to
limit required
number of
terminals
Initial Drive Testing Configuration
RNC
BTS
Iu-CS
( ATM )
STM-1
Iub
(ATM)
STM-1
Iu-PS
(IP)
Nethawk analyser
A WCDMA scanner (Agilent, Nemo
Technologies TOM or Ericsson TEMS) can be
used for (passive) idle mode downlink
measurements:
CPICH Ec/Io
Active set (neighbor list measurements)
Location information
When used together with a UE (no
monitoring) and the protocol analyzer, it can
(analysing messaging in Iub interface) be
used to assess the UE behavior
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Postprocessing (Actix and/or

a customised tool) tool to
correlate the data from
network and terminal side by
using the timestamp
Extract radio parameters which are

exchanged over the RRC protocol:
Uplink SIR target, Downlink BLER
target, UL CRC OK/NOK etc.
NBAP
Radio link Measurement report
Dedicated RRC messages
Load Generation
Because the load situation in the network in the beginning is small, load
generation is needed to simulate the situation in loaded network
In uplink there is a possibility to generate noise simply by adding noise to
the UL branch to test coverage
by using the UEs which increases the the load in the cell (noise like
interference)
Use X simultaneous Y kbits/s RT services to achieve the load
In downlink it is more challenging and also important since a smaller or
larger part of the interference is orthogonal and it is less thermal noise like.
Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator (OCNS) is a mechanism used to
simulate the users or control signals on the other orthogonal channels of
a downlink link
OCNS is a feature candidate in RAN2.1
53
NOKIA
Soft Handover Optimisation Example
There are few parameters that
have a great influence for the
Soft Handover of the network
+ Soft HO
Overhead
too high
Too wide soft HO

area
unnecessary soft
HO branch
addition
- DL Troughput
Too small soft HO

area
UL macrodiversity
gain decrease
- UL Troughput
frequent HOs
+ signalling
overhead
Addition
Window
too low
Add Window
Drop Window
Maximum Active Set Size
Drop Time
Transmission power of the CPICH channel
Replacement Window
54
NOKIA
Optimising Soft Handover Areas
Before
After
Active set
size
Microscopic
analysis
on area of 1
km2
and 39 sites
SHOO [%]
KPI improvement
55
40
Purpose: Increase network

performance
35
Target: Soft Handover Overhead at

optimal point
30
30
Method: adjust window_add and

window_drop parameters
25
Result: Optimal parameter value

found
20
NOKIA
Degraded performance
Selected
optimal
parameter
value
0
3
4
Simulation Phase
Semi-optimal
5
Optimisation Based on Statistics
Optimisation is mainly based on Nokia NetAct reports
Field measurements are used to get additional information from the
pinpointed problem spots
Useful for optimisation
To locate the problem spots geographically and by network elements
To prioritise actions needed with the help of KPIs
To identify reasons for non-performance by giving information on
various statistical indicators and network history
Basis for area-wide performance improvement
Area wide parameter tuning based on long-term statistics and trends
Alarms of future problems in fast-growing traffic areas
Prior notice to be able to react in time and to be prepared for network
expansions
56
NOKIA
Dynamic Simulations for Higher Visibility
Static simulations
Snapshot
Algorithms
Traffic
Performance
analysing
Propagation
Mobility
57
NOKIA
Simplified and limited

algorithms, e.g no power
control
No traffic model
Statistics collected from
snapshots
Ray-tracing propagation
model with vector map
Static
Dynamic simulations
Movie
Real network
Reality
Realistic Nokia
algorithms; also future
algorithms
Current software
versions in use
Realistic traffic model;

projection of traffic
growth
Statistics collected
over time period from
detailed call
simulations
Ray-tracing
propagation model
with vector map
Moving randomly or
along roads with
random speed
Traffic is low in
network launch
Statistics collected
from network
management
system
Multipath
propagation
Moving in three
dimensions
Optimisation Example
Initial network plan consisted of total 59 cells, of which 24 were
in micro layer and 35 were in macro layer
In the first optimisation round antenna tilts and bearings were
tuned in macro cells
The sites were already optimised for GSM
Number of served users increased
outdoor users about 2.5%
indoor users about 2.6%
mixed case about 3.1%
Change of other to own cell interference i (average)
outdoor: from 0.43 to 0.44
indoor: from 0.47 to 0.43
mixed: from 0.43 to 0.44
58
NOKIA
Macro: Little i in the beginning
59
NOKIA
Macro: Little i after Optimisation
60
NOKIA
Capacity increase after Optimisation
Total number of users is 2500 both in macro and micro layers
Indoor case means that 14 dB attenuation has been used
compared to outdoor
Mixed case means that 30 % mobiles are inside
Increase is more than 10 % as shown below
Biggest outage reason is the max achieved Node B power
Macro layer
users
61
NOKIA
Micro layer
optimised
users
change
users
optimised
users
change
Outdoor
1931
2206
+14%
1486
1689
+12%
Indoor
1872
2079
+11%
1559
1755
+11%
mixed
1943
2211
+13%
1485
1713
+13%
3 Golden
rules
Under
stand
Detect
Optimisation Principles
Avoid unnecessary
overlapping
Problem
Overlapping of cells,
no clear dominance
Make sure there is

coverage
Put cells close to users
Cell sizes do not match

to user distribution
No coverage
Problem
indicator
in Planning
Tool
- High i
- Low capacity
- High soft handover
overhead
- Outage due to BTS

power or uplink load
- Other cell do not
collect traffic
- Outage due to UE power

- Outage due to DL link
power
Problem
indicator
in network
- High noise rise while

low throughput in UL
- High soft handover
overhead
- Blocking in some cells

- Other cells do not
collect traffic
- Dropped calls
- Bad quality
- Low bit rates for packets
Solutions
- Antenna downtilt
- De-Splitting => 2 cells
- Remove sites
- SHO parameters?
- Antenna tilting
- CPICH adjustment
- More sites
- Higher link power in DL
Results??
- 10-20% higher capacity
- 10-20% higher capacity

- Cells collect traffic
more equally
Solve
Check
62
NOKIA
Agenda Day 2

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
RAN Sharing
Multilayer Planning
63
NOKIA

64
NOKIA
Name all Nokia Node Bs with their

maximum configuration
Explain the signal flow through a Node B
Locate the Node B units in a cabinet
Describe different HW configuration

possibilities for a Node B
List all antenna system components

Overview
Complete Nokia WCDMA BTS Family for every need
Nokia UltraSiteTM WCDMA BTS for all indoor and outdoor environments
Nokia MetroSiteTM WCDMA BTS for "siteless" installations
Triple-mode Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS for joint GSM and WCDMA networks
Nokia
MetroSite
WCDMA
BTS
65
NOKIA
Nokia UltraSite
WCDMA BTS
Optima
Nokia UltraSite
WCDMA BTS
Optima Compact
Indoor
Outdoor
Nokia UltraSite
WCDMA BTS
Supreme
Indoor
Outdoor
Triple-mode
Nokia UltraSite
EDGE BTS
Indoor
Outdoor

UltraSite Optima Compact
Small high capacity WCDMA BTS with integrated battery back-up
freedom in single cabinet configurations
6 WCDMA carriers and IBBU OR 12 WCDMA carriers
3 or even 6 sector configurations supported with single cabinet
3 sectors with IBBU OR 6 sectors
Widest service area
excellent RF performance
output power 10/20/40 W
optimized for Nokia Smart Radio Concept
2+2+2 with SRC UL/DL supported with one cabinet without
IBBU
Single cabinet solution for quick roof-top installations
unobtrusive in roof-top installations due to low cabinet height
cabinet height 1300 mm
minimum floor space when battery back-up is needed
footprint less than 1m2 (790 x 1200 mm)
outdoor cabinet
66
NOKIA
Outdoor
1300 x 1200 x 790
mm
-33C ... +50 C
IP55

UltraSite Optima Compact with RF Extension
67
NOKIA
Rectifiers:
3 xOptima
BATA 3.9Compact
kW
UltraSite
with IBBU Extension
DC
Power Distribution Unit

(PDU)
Common Control Unit
(CCUA)
LTE space: 3 x HU
Batteries: 90 Ah (@ 48 V
68
NOKIA

UltraSite Optima Indoor
Widest service area
cost optimized solution for network roll-out
Highest possible capacity for every bandwidth
designed to fully occupy 10 MHz band

2+2+2 supported with 1 cabinet
Fits to every site
69
minimized site requirements due to compact size

indoor cabinet 1100 x 600 x 600 mm (H x W x D)
cabinet for indoor installations
NOKIA
Indoor
1100 x 600 x 600 mm
-5C ... +50 C
IP20

UltraSite Supreme
High-capacity multimedia BTS
supports 6 sectored solutions

up to 12 WCDMA carriers per cabinet
cabinet chaining for extreme configurations
optimal for operators with 15 MHz band or more
chaining of 4 cabinets supported
1 cabinet supports up to 4+4+4 with 20W

configurations
Widest service area
full support for Nokia Smart Radio Concept
2+2+2 with SRC UL/DL supported with one cabinet
Minimized footprint
70
smallest foot print per WCDMA carrier
cabinets for indoor and outdoor installations
indoor cabinet footprint 600 x 600 mm for 12 WCDMA

Outdoor
carriers
1940 x 770 x 790
outdoor cabinet footprint 770 x 790 mm for 12 WCDMA Indoor
1800
x
600
x
600
mm
mm
carriers
NOKIA
-5C ... +50 C

IP20
-33C ... +50 C

IP55

MetroSite WCDMA
"Siteless" WCDMA BTS appropriate for many different applications
cost-effective road-side coverage
in-fill coverage
indoor services
targeted coverage and capacity for hot spots
multi-layer networks
Revolutionary all-in-one solution
smallest 2 carrier WCDMA BTS
everything integrated in a single cabinet
base station, integrated transmission, integrated antenna and

short-term mains failure protection
common cabinet for indoor and outdoor installations
Macro BTS RF performance in micro BTS size

as good RX sensitivity as in Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS
output power 8 W
71
NOKIA
996 x 270 x 392 mm

-33C ... +50 C
IP55

UltraSite EDGE/WCDMA
14
Configurations
1+1+1, 8W
2+2+2, 4W
13
BTS capacity
max. 10 Mbit/s per cabinet
1
KEY:
1 Wideband Transceiver unit (WTR)
2 Wideband Power Amplifier unit (WMP)
3 Wideband Input Combiner unit (WIC)
4 Wideband Antenna Filter unit (WAF)
5 Wideband Suming and Multiplexing unit (WSM)
6 Wideband Application Manager unit (WAM)
7 Wideband Signal Processor unit (WSP)
8 Wideband Power Supply unit (WPS)
9 Wideband System Clock unit (WSC)
10 ATM Multiplexer unit (AXU)
11 Interface unit (IFU)
12 Wideband Fan Module (WFA)
13 Transmission unit (VXxx)
14 Bias Tee unit (BPxx)
Other features
6 GSM/EDGE TRXs and
6 7
2
1
WCDMA carriers or 12
8 11
2
GSM/EDGE TRXs in single
3
10
cabinet
9
4 4 4
12
tri- sectored solutions
2-port uplink diversity as standard
Indoor
Outdoor
AC or DC power feed
1800 x 600 x 570 mm 1940 x 770 x 750 mm
-5C ... +50 C
-33C ... +50 C
IP20
IP55
2
72
NOKIA

Unit Positions in UltraSite Supreme
WEA (1pc)
WAF (6pcs)
External Alarm
Unit
Antenna Filter
WPA (6pcs)
Power Amplifier
WTR (6pcs)
Transmitter &
Receiver
WIC
(3pcs)
Input
WSC
Combiner
WSM (3pcs)
Summing &
Multiplexing
WSP
(18pcs)
Signal
WAM (6pcs)
Processor
Application
Manager
(2pcs)
System
IFU (5pcs)
Clock
Interface
Unit
AXU (1pc)
ATM Cross-connect
Unit
WPS
(3pcs)
Power Suppy
73
NOKIA

Optima and Optima Compact Configurations
Optima
Configuration
Number of
cabinets
Output power
per carrier
1 carrier omni
3 sector 1
carrier (1+1+1)
2+2+2
2+2+2
1
1
20W
20W
384
384
768
768
20W
20W
1
1
20W
10W
384
384
768
768
40W
20W
Optima
Compact
Configuration
Number of
cabinets
Output power
per carrier
1 carrier omni
1+1+1
1+1+1+1+1+1
2+2+2
4+4+4*
2+2+2+2+2+2*
1
1
1
1
1
1
20W
20W
20W
20W
20W
20W
*Available in Release 2
74
NOKIA
Max. HW channel
Max. HW channel
capacity / HW Rel.1 capacity / HW Rel.2
Max. HW channel
Max. HW channel
capacity / HW Rel.1 capacity / HW Rel.2
384
384
384
384
384
384
768
768
768
768
768
768
WPA version
WPA version
20W
20W
20W
20/40W
40W
40W

Supreme and Triple-Mode Configurations
Supreme
Configuration
1 carrier omni
1+1+1
1+1+1
1+1+1+1+1+1
2+2+2
4+4+4*
2+2+2+2+2+2*
4+4+4+4+4+4*
Triple- Mode
Configuration
1+1+1
2 + 2 + 2*
Number of Output power Max. HW channel

Max. HW channel
cabinets
per carrier capacity / HW Rel.1 capacity / HW Rel.2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
NOKIA
576
576
576
576
576
576
576
1152
1152
1152
1152
1152
1152
1152
1152
2304
Number of Output power Max. HW channel

Max. HW channel
cabinets
per carrier capacity / HW Rel.1 capacity / HW Rel.2
1
8W
160
320
1
4W
160
320
*Available in Release 2
75
20W
20W
40W
20W
20W
20W
20W
20W
WPA version
20W
20W
20/40W
20W
20/40W
40W
40W
40W

Signal Flow
Power Amplifier
Linear amplification of 1
to 4 carriers
Tx
Rx
Bi-directional
CLK
RF
ATM Cross Connect

ATM Switching from/to
other BS/RNC
Signal Processor
RAKE Receiver, (De-)
Spreading, Channel
coding, ...
Interface Unit
Termination point for
transmission
BB
from/to adj.
WSM
from/to 2./3. WAM
WPA
WIC
AXU
WTR
WSM
Tx/Rx
WAF
W
S
P
W
S
P
IFU
W
S
P
Iub
Rx Div
to WTR of 2. carrier
from WTR of 2.
carrier
from/to WTR of 2.
carrier
WAM
from/to adj.
WSM
Summing & Muliplexing

Summing Tx-Samples
from WSP. Distributing
Rx-Samples from WTR to
all WSP
Antenna Filter
Filters, amplifies and
devides the Rx-signal
76
NOKIA
Input Combiner
2-way combiner & 2way devider
Transmitter & Receiver

Modulation/Demodulation,
Tx power control, Rx
power measurements
WSC
CLK to WSM/
WTR
CLK from/to other

cabinet(s)
System Clock
Baseband reference
clocks. Synchronises
with Iub
Application Manager
ATM termination point
Contol functions for BS

1+1+1 (20/carrier) without SRC
WPA
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
WSM
WAF
W
S
P
W
S
P
W
S
P
W
A
M
WIC
RF section will
change for
SRC
configurations
WPA
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
WAF
WSM
W
S
P
W
S
P
W
S
P
W
A
M
WSM
W
S
P
W
S
P
W
S
P
W
A
M
WIC
WPA
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
WAF
77
NOKIA
AXU
WIC
IFU
Iub

Uplink SRC 1 Carrier 20W
Ant1
WPA
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
Rx Main
Rx Div1
Carrier 1
WAF
WIC
Ant2
Rx Div2
Rx Div3
WAF
78
NOKIA
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
Uplink & Downlink SRC 1 Carrier, 20W/Branch

Tx1
Ant1
WPA
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
Rx Main
Rx Div1
WAF
Ant2
Carrier 1
WPA
Tx2
Rx Div2
Rx Div3
WAF
79
NOKIA
WIC
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
Uplink & Downlink SRC 2 Carriers, 20W/Branch

WPA
Txsum
Tx
Rx
Rx
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
WAF
WIC
80
NOKIA
Carrier 2
Note:
WPA
WAF
Carrier 1
Requires Release 2
Units
Txsum
Tx
Rx
Rx
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
Carrier 1
Carrier 2

Upgrade Path
Add
LPA
Add
LPA
Increased
power
2+2+2
2x20 W R
100 Erl O
C
2nd carrier
2+2+2
2x10 W R
O
80 Erl
C
2 carriers/BTS
10W/carrier
40 Erl/carrier
Add
3 TRXs
Increased
power
1+1+1
R
40 W
O
60 Erl C
1st carrier
1+1+1
20 W
50 Erl
R
O
C
roll-out phase
1 carrier/BTS
50 Erl/carrier
81
NOKIA
2 carriers/BTS
20W/carrier
50 Erl/carrier
Add
1 LPA
Add
carrier/BTS1 LPA
1
40W/carrier
60 Erl/carrier
Add
3 LPAs
carriers/
2
sector
2+2+2
6x10 W
240 Erl
C
E
C
2 carriers/
sector
2+2+2
6x20 W C
300 Erl E
C
2 carriers/sect 2 carriers/sect
10W/carrier 20W/carrier
40 Erl/carrier 50 Erl/carrier
1 carrier/sector
1+1+1
3x20 W
150 Erl
C
E
C
1 carrier/sect
20W/carrier
50 Erl/carrier
Add
3 TRXs

Nokia SRC Capacity Growth Path
2nd carrier
4-way diversity for maximum cell coverage
downlink diversity for enhanced capacity

DL diversity
4-way UL div
+3 dB
coverage
gain
- 20%
capacity
1+1+1
20W
150Erl
without SRC
50 Erl/carrier
82
NOKIA
+60%
capacity
gain
+75%
capacity
gain
1+1+1
20W
120Erl
6 TRXs or
3 dual-TRXs
3 LPAs
40 Erl/carrier
1+1+1
2 x 20W
210Erl
3 dual-TRXs
6 LPAs
70 Erl/carrier
2+2+2
2 x 20W
336Erl
6 dual-TRXs
6 LPAs
56 Erl/carrier

Antenna System - Overview
The WCDMA UltraSite Antenna System contains the
follwing components
83
NOKIA
Antennas
WCDMA Masthead Amplifiers (MHA)
Bias-T, supplies WCDMA MHA with DC power through
feeder cable, provides lightning protection (can also be used
w/o MHA)
EMP Protector, lightning protection, only needed if no BiasT is used
Diplexers, combining/dividing two bands such as WCDMA
and GSM to a common feeder line
Triplexers, combining/dividing three bands such as WCDMA
GSM1800 and GSM900 to a common feeder line
Feeder and Jumper cables, Grounding kits

Antenna System WCDMA Panels
WCDMA Broadband Antennas

Antenna Type
CS72761.01 XPol
CS72761.02 XPol
CS72761.05 Xpol
CS72761.07 XPol
CS72761.08 XPol
CS72761.09 XPol
Dimensions
F-Panel
F-Panel
F-Panel
F-Panel
F-Panel
F-Panel
342/155/69 mm
1302/155/69 mm
1302/155/69 mm
1942/155/69 mm
1302/155/69 mm
662/155/69 mm
Weight
(kg)
2.0
6.0
7.5
10.0
7.5
3.5
Frequency Range
(MHz)
1710-2170
1710-2170
1710-2170
1710-2170
1710-2170
1710-2170
Gain
(dBi)
12.5
18.5
17
19.5
18
15.5
Beam
Width
65
65
88
65
65
65
Weight
(kg)
12.0
Frequency Range
(MHz)
1900-2170
Gain
(dBi)
21
Beam
Width
30
Downtilt
2
2
0..8
0..6
0..8
0..10
WCDMA Narrowbeam Antennas

Antenna Type
CS727762.01 XPol F-Panel
Dimensions
1302/299/69 mm
Downtilt
0..8
WCDMA Dual Broadband Antennas (WCDMA/GSM1800 or SRC)

Weight Frequency Range
Gain
Beam
Antenna Type
Dimensions
Downtilt
(kg)
(MHz)
(dBi)
Width
CS72764.01 XXPol F-Panel
1302/299/69 mm
12.0
1710-2170
18.5/18.5 65/65 0..8/0..8
CS72764.02 XXPol F-Panel
1302/299/69 mm
12.0
1710-2170
17/17 85/85 0..8/0..8
WCDMA Omni Antennas
Antenna Type
CS727760 Omni
84
NOKIA
Dimensions
1570/148/112 mm
Weight
(kg)
5.0
Frequency Range
(MHz)
1920-2170
Gain
(dBi)
11
Beam
Width
360
Downtilt
--

Antenna System - Mast Head Amplifier
Technical Data Sheet:
Passive Intermodulation Products

PIM level in RX band
-119 dBm / 200 kHz
-37 dBm / 200 kHz
PIM level in TX band
Rated Power at Ports
ANT port
in-band 5 dBm
out-of-band 20 dBm
BTS port
avg 46 dBm in-band
peak 62 dBm in-band
Critical Input RX filter rejections
GSM1800, 1805-1880
65 dB
71 dB
UMTS TX, 2110-2170
Critical TX filter rejections
65 dB
UMTS RX, 1920-1980
Alarm Setting Conditions
Alarm current range
200 - 300 mA
100 msec
Switch time
85
NOKIA
Gain, RX band
Nominal gain of 12 dB
+/- 0.5 dB room
Ripple
+/- 0.9 dB all temps
0.6 dB
Insertion Loss
0 dB within 20 MHz of
Response, other freqs
passband
MHA Input Dynamic Range
3rd-order intercept
10 dBm
1dB compression
-5 dBm
Noise Figure
2 dB
Return Loss, ANT and BTS ports

RX band
16 dB
TX band
18 dB
Group delay distortion
20 ns over 5 MHZ
DC Power supplied
7.0 - 8.6V, UltraSite/MetroSite
Voltage
11 - 13 V , CoSited BTS
Nominal current
190 mA
Max. current
350 mA
Bypass Mode
Insertion Loss
3 dB
Return Loss
12 dB

Antenna System - Diplexers / Triplexers
Unit types
Nokia Triplexer Unit
Nokia GSM 900 / WCDMA Diplexer Unit
Nokia GSM 1800 / WCDMA Diplexer Unit
Selectable DC pass function in each unit
Technical Data Sheet:
RF Performance
Insertion Loss,
Port - Common
Isolation, port to
port
Return Loss, any
port
WCDMA BTS
GSM 1800 BTS

86
NOKIA
50 dB
>18 dB
Passive Intermodulation
GSM RX band
-116 dBm
Nokia Triplexer
GSM 900 BTS
0.3 dB
Rated Power at Ports

GSM
120 W avg
1.44 kW peak
UMTS
55 W avg
2.15 kW peak

Antenna System Bias-T
RF Performance
Insertion loss
0.3 dB
Return loss
18 dB
Rated power
55 W avg, 2.2 kW peak
Alarm Signal
VSWR alarm
7 dB nominal
threshold
+/- 2 dB tolerance
no alarm: 0 V, 50 mA max
Logic
alarmed : 3.3V, 0 mA
Response time
0.5 sec
no RF power, high VSWR (no
Alarm indicates:
DC power implied)
DC and Signal
Voltage drop
0.5 V
Rated power
7.5 - 9.1V, 350 mA max
DC supply via:
RJ-45 from BTS
Ins loss @ 1 MHz
3 dB
87
NOKIA
Function
Provides DC power for MHA
through feeder line
Lightning protection
Features
Fault monitoring of MHA and
Antenna line
Fowards alarms to WAF
Low insertion loss (<0.3dB)
Can be installed on mast or in any
WCDMA UltraSite cabinet

Antenna System - Feeders
Diameter Weight
Feeder Type
(inch)
(kg/m)
CS72251
CS72252
CS72254
88
NOKIA
1/2
7/8
1 5/8
0.35
0.55
1.45
Min. Bending
Radius (mm)
Single
80
120
250
Repeated
160
250
500
Attenuation
@2170MHz (dB/100m)
11.9
6.52
4.05

Upgrades to Current GSM Antennas
150 mm
1300 mm
Current :
space
diversity
150 mm
Upgrade :
space +
polarization
diversity
Space diversity improves
performance 0.5..1.0 dB
compared to single
radome.
The gain of 2.5 dB
assumes single radome.
Current :
polarization
diversity
89
NOKIA
Upgrade:
2 x polarization
diversity within
one radome
260 mm

SRC Antenna Solutions
2 pcs X-pol
antennas per
sector up to 3
m apart form
each other
90
NOKIA
2 pcs X-pol
antennas per
sector installed
next to each
others
One SRC
antenna per
sector. The
number of
antennas does
not increase.
Agenda Day 2
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
RAN Sharing
Multilayer Planning
91
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
92
NOKIA
Describe what can cause interference in

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Describe the different antenna system

sharing solutions
Describe the meaning of coupling loss and

isolation criteria in shared antennas
List the aspects having influence to the

overall network quality
Explain the impact of site & antenna

location to the network quality
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Co-Siting Example: UltraSite & Citytalk
GSM
2+2+2
Site Space for 3 cabinets
Base Station Equipment:
Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Suppreme with 6 Carriers,

Nokia Citytalk BTS with 6 TRXs.
Transmission Equipment:
Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave Radio
Separate Antennalines and Shared

Antennas:
3 pcs GSM/WCDMA Dual Band X-pol antennas 65 deg

Optional: Mast Head Amplifiers for one or both networks
Nokia UltraSite Support:
7.8 kW rectifier capacity with N+1 redundancy

up to 180 Ah battery capacity
Backup time 1 hour
Site Environmental Data:
Footprint (Width mm x Depth mm)

Indoor: 1800 mm x 620 mm
Outdoor: 2310 mm x 1110mm
Weight: Indoor 1030 kg, Outdoor 1290 kg
93
NOKIA
GSM 2+2+2
WCDMA 2+2+2
(10 W)
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
94
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
GSM
2+2+2
Site Space for 4 cabinets
Base Station Equipment:
2 pcs Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Supreme with 12 carriers in each,

Citytalk GSM BTS with 6 TRXs.
Transmission Equipment:
Nokia UltraHopper Microwave Radio
Separate Antennalines and Shared Antennas:

3 pcs GSM/WCDMA Dual Band X-pol 65 deg/33 deg,
3 pcs WCDMA X-pol 33 deg antennas
Optional: Mast Head Amplifiers for one or both networks
UltraSite Support:
14.3 kW rectifier capacity with N+1 redundancy

up to 180 Ah battery capacity
Backup time 1 hour
Site Environmental Data:
Footprint (Width mm x Depth mm)

Indoor: 2400 mm x 620 mm
Outdoor: 3080 mm x 1110mm
Weight: Indoor 1320 kg, Outdoor 1650 kg
95
NOKIA
GSM 2+2+2
W 4+4+4+4+4+4
(10 W)
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Interference from Other System
GSM spurious emissions and intermodulation results of GSM
1800 interfere WCDMA receiver sensitivity
WCDMA spurious emissions interfere GSM receiver sensitivity
GSM transmitter blocks WCDMA receiver
WCDMA transmitter blocks GSM receiver
GSM
1800 UL
1710-1785
MHz
96
NOKIA
GSM
1800 DL
1805-1880
MHz
40
MHz
UMTS
UL
UMTS
DL
1920-1980
MHz
2110-2170
MHz
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Interference from Other System
Two main reasons to isolate GSM and WCDMA
Blocking
Sensitivity
Thermal noise floor of the

WCDMA band is -108 dBm => in
theory -108 dBm - (-80 dBm) = 28
dB isolation needed between
GSM1800 and WCDMA
NEW spec: -96 dBm / 0.1 MHz

-105.5
-106
Noise Power (dBm)
GSM1800 BTS can have up to 96 dBm / 0.1 MHz = -80 dBm / 4

MHz (relation to 3,84 Mchips)
spurious emissions at the
antenna connector1
-106.5
-107
-107.5
-108
30
1More
97
NOKIA
information: TS 25.104 and GSM 05.05

40
50
60
70
Antenna Isolation (dB)
80
90
100
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Harmonic distortion
Harmonic distortion can be a problem in the case of co-siting of
GSM900 and WCDMA.
GSM900 DL frequencies are 935 - 960 MHz and second
harmonics may fall into the WCDMA TDD band and into the
lower end of the FDD band.
2nd harmonics
fGSM = 950 - 960 MHz
GSM900
935 - 960 MHz
...
2nd harmonics
can be filtered
out at the output
of GSM900
BTS.
WCDMAWCDMA FDD
TDD 1920 - 1980
98
NOKIA
1900 -1920
MHz
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
IM Distortion from GSM1800 DL to WCDMA UL
GSM1800 IM3 (3 means
third order) products are
hitting into the WCDMA
FDD UL RX band if
1862.6 f2 1879.8 MHz
fIM3 = 2f2 - f1
1805.2 f1 1839.6 MHz

f1
f2
X dBc fIM3
GSM1800
UL
1710 - 1785 MHz
99
NOKIA
GSM1800
DL
For active elements IM

products levels are higher
than IM products produced
by passive components
Typical IM3 suppression
values for power amplifiers
are -30 -50 dBc
depending on frequency
spacing and offset
Typical values for passive
elements are
-100 -160 dBc
WCDMA
UL
1805 - 1880 MHz 40 MHz 1920 - 1980 MHz
WCDMA
DL
2110 - 2170 MHz
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Spurious Emissions from GSM to WCDMA
Horizontal separation between
antennas
By proper antenna placement 50dB
isolation reachable
No deterioration in performance if
GSM BTS compliant with -96dBm
GSM BTS
100
NOKIA
WCDMA BS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Nokia's diplexer/triplexer combines
GSM/WCDMA to one feeder cable
Multiband Antenna
Diplexer/Triplexer isolation > 50dB

No deterioration in performance if
GSM BTS compliant with -96dBm
Nokia Diplexer/ Triplexer
GSM BTS
101
NOKIA
WCDMA BS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Multipanel Antenna in use
Antenna isolation >30dB
General GSM requirements

fulfilled if GSM BTS compliant
with -96dBm
GSM BTS
102
NOKIA
Multiband Antenna
WCDMA BS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Worst case scenario
Multiband Antenna
>30dB isolation
assumption
GSM BTS spurious

emissions comply "old
spec." -30dBm
Addiotional filter needed
Non-compliant GSM BTS

103
NOKIA
WCDMA BS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Separate Antenna Lines
Typical Requirement for Minimum Coupling Loss between GSM and WCDMA antenna
Nokia equipment
30 dB
Other
50 dB
Without Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers With Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers
Antennas
for GSM
Nokia MHAs
for GSM
Antennas
for WCDMA
Nokia MHAs for

WCDMA
GSM BTS WCDMA BTS

Nokia Bias-Ts
104
NOKIA
GSM BTS
NokiaBias-Ts
WCDMA BTS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Shared Antenna Lines with Separate Antennas
Typical Isolation Requirement for diplexers used with:
Nokia equipment
30 dB
Other
50 dB
Without Nokia Mast Head AmplifiersWith Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers

GSM Antenna WCDMA Antenna
GSM Antenna WCDMA Antenna
Nokia MHAs for GSM
Nokia GSM / WCDMA

Diplexer Units
GSM BTS
105
NOKIA
Nokia WCDMA MHAs

Nokia Outdoor
Bias-Ts
Separate DC feed
for new Nokia MHAs
Nokia GSM/WCDMA
Diplexer Units with
Selectable DC pass
Nokia Bias-Ts
WCDMA BTS
GSM BTS
WCDMA BTS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Shared Antenna Lines with Shared Antennas
Without Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers With Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers
GSM/WCDMA Dual Band
X-polarized antenna with
4 antenna connectors
(Separate Elements for both
GSM/WCDMA Dual Band

X-polarized antenna with
2 antenna connectors
(1800/WCDMA wideband element
Systems))
or
built in diplexer function)
GSM/WCDMA
Diplexer Units inside
GSM BTS cabinet
GSM BTS
106
NOKIA
WCDMA BTS
Nokia
Outdo
or
BiasTs
Nokia GSM/WCDMA
Diplexer Units with
Selectable DC pass
Nokia
Bias-Ts
GSM BTS
Separate DC feed
for new Nokia MHAs
WCDMA BTS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Antenna Isolation Measurement Example:
Horizontal
Antenna A
(fixed)
GSM1800
Antenna B
UMTS
Front View
horizontal
separation
distance
Side View
direction of radiation
1000mm
2000mm
400mm
650mm
Figure 5. Sketch of measurement configuration

107
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Antenna Isolation Measurement Example:
Horizontal
GSM1800 65 deg to UMTS 65 deg
Horizontal co-polar measurements
75.00
Isolation (dB)
70.00
1900MHz
1950MHz
1980MHz
65.00
60.00
55.00
50dB marker
50.00
45.00
Distance (m)
108
NOKIA
1.
..
9.
00
8.
00
7.
00
6.
00
5.
00
4.
00
3.
00
2.
00
1.
00
0.
00
40.00
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Antenna isolation measurements II: Vertical
Antenna B
UMTS
Antenna A
GSM1800
(fixed)
10m
Figure 11. Sketch of measurement configuration

109
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Antenna isolation measurements II: Vertical
GSM1800 115 deg to UMTS 65 deg
Noise Floor
85.00
Noise Floor
Isolation (dB)
80.00
75.00
1900MHz
1950MHz
1980MHz
70.00
65.00
60.00
55.00
Distance (m)
110
NOKIA
1.
50
1.
25
1.
00
0.
75
0.
50
0.
25
0.
00
50.00
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Planning Rules in Co-siting
Isolation requirement
With Nokia equipment 30 dB
Without Nokia equipment 50 dB
GSM- WCDMA co-siting is possible if antenna isolation

requirement is fulfilled
By proper antenna placement
111
NOKIA
minimum Horizontal distance (~0.3 m)

minimum Vertical distance (0.25 m)
Di- or triplexer is needed in case feeder and antenna is

shared between different systems
Tighter filtering is needed in Antenna line of Non-compliant
GSM BTS to avoid the TX power interference to WCDMA
Rx
Careful frequency planning in GSM won't cause interference
to WCDMA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment
Network Assessment
Assessment means the evaluation existing 2G sites & antenna

system and possible interference situation for 2G/3G Co-siting
112
NOKIA
Network Planning & Site Acquisition
Design
Civil
Works
Imp
Integrate.
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Network Quality
Requested Network Quality
as guaranteed KPI values =
Equipment Quality +
Network Implementation Quality +
Network Planning Quality
Network
Planning
Quality
Network Implementation Quality
Equipment Quality
Network Quality does NOT

depend only from network planning
113
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Dominance & little i
128 kbps
170
43 dBm
MS TX power
21 dBm
Ec/Io
-16.5 dB
BTS Eb/No
1.5
MS Eb/No
5.5
Other to own cell 0.2, 0.4, 0.6,

interference ratio i
0.8
Orthogonality
0.6
Channel profile
MS speed
ITU Vehicular
A, 3 km/h
3 km/h
MS/BTS NF
8 dB / 4 dB
Antenna gain
16 dBi
Maximum propagation loss (dB)
BTS TX power
165
160
NOKIA
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.8
155
150
145
140
500
1000
DL throughput in kbps
114
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
D
C
B
Doubling of the "little i" will cause

throughput to decrease to 70% of the
1500
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Question
Which one of the sites is suitable for 3G ?
115
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Answer
Low other to own cell interference can
be achieved by planning clear
dominance areas:
The cell coverage (and overlap) must be

properly controlled. The cell should
cover only what it is supposed to cover
Low(er) antenna heights and down tilt of

the antennas
Use buildings and other environmental

structures to isolate cells coverage
Use indoor solutions to take advantage of

the building penetration loss
Avoid sites "seeing" the buildings in

horizon especially over the water or
otherwise open area (due to huge
interference)
116
NOKIA
< 300 m
> 3 km
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Impact of tilting
Cell B - downhill gradient
Cell A - uphill gradient
Connnected to
over 15 neighbours
!
significantly
greater catchment
area
Too high visibility

across the network
117
Has low capacity due to

huge inter-cell
interference and SHO
overhead
NOKIA
relatively
limited
catchment area
The obvious solution is to

increase the antenna downtilt
to restrict the cell footprint to
a more reasonable area
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Check List
Basic rules
(1) Make sure

there is coverage
(2) Avoid unnecessary

overlapping of cells
(3) Locate cells

close to users
(4) Make cell sizes

match user distribution
118
NOKIA
Problem indication
if rule is not applied
Solutions
Dropped calls
Bad quality
Low bit rates
Do not use this site
Not clear dominance area

High inter-cell interference
Low capacity
1. Use Antenna tilting

2. Put Antennas lower
3. Do not use the site
Users at the cell edge

high inter-cell interference
high soft handover overhead
Blocking in some cells,
others do not collect traffic
1. Use Different site


2. Do not use the Site
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Co-siting Optimisation Example
WCDMA 1900 Network
Identified places for optimisation
Urban area: high other-cell interference
Rural area: a few sites collecting a lot of interference
Optimisation approaches
Antenna down tilting
Antenna lowering
119
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Co-siting Optimisation Example - Rural Area
27 sites, 49 cells
Omni, 2-sector and 3-sector
sites
Varying antenna heights
Area 15 km x 15 km
On average 8 km2 per site
Terrain: hilly with waters
120
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Co-siting Optimisation Example - Urban Area
16 sites, 48 cells
All 3-sector sites
similar height
Area 10 km x 12 km
On average 7 km2 per site
Terrain: flat without waters
121
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
5 Degree Downtilt Everywhere - Capacity
Down tilting everywhere improved capacity in urban area by
13%, but reduced slightly capacity in the rural area
The urban area benefited from down tilting because of high
overlapping of the cells before optimisation (=high i)
Optimization Effect
Before Optim
After Optim
Number of Users
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Rural
122
NOKIA
Urban
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
5 Degree Downtilt Everywhere - Coverage
Coverage probability got lower in urban area after downtilting
Optimisation
2 branch Rx diversity
Indoor coverage
Outdoor coverage
(+20 dB loss)
Rural
after
before
after
Speech 12.2 kbps 95%
89%
40%
37%
Data 64 kbps
85%
77%
22%
22%
Data 144 kbps
78%
68%
15%
16%
before
after
before
after
Speech 12.2 kbps99.9%
99.9%
74%
61%
Data 64 kbps
99.8%
98.6%
46%
38%
Data 144 kbps
99.1%
96.2%
33%
29%
Urban
before
Coverage %
reduced after
downtilting
123
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Optimisation Affects Neighbouring Sites
Those sites which
suffered are close to the
optimised sites
Also the surrounding

sites should be
considered in the
optimisation
performance
decreased
optimised
site
124
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Little i After Optimisation Urban Area

Urban Area Distb'n Other to Own (i) (Tilted)
Urban Area Distb'n Other to Own (i) (Initial)

Other to Own (i)
20 W
16
14
12
12
10
10
# of cells
# of cells
14
Other to Own (i)

20 W
16
8
6
8
6
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2 1.4
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.4
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.2
After optimisation the little i is more uniform in all cells, i.e. the
performance of the worst cells has clearly improved
Average little i 1.3 0.78
125
NOKIA
2.4
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Number of Users After Optimisation Urban Area

Urban Area Distribution of Mobiles (Tilted)
Urban Area Distribution of Mobiles (Initial)

16
users per cell
14
14
12
12
10
10
# of cells
# of cells
16
8
6
6
4
2
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
MSs
users per cell
Worst
cells
clearly
improved
0
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
MSs
After optimisation the number of users per cell is more uniform in

all cells, i.e. the performance of the worst cells has clearly
improved
Average number of users 36 41 (i.e. capacity increase ~13%)
126
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Soft Handover Overhead After Optimisation
Soft Hand-Off Overhead and Probability (Original)
Soft Hand-Off Overhead and Probability (Optim)

Rural
45%
Urban
40%
45%
Rural
40%
35%
35%
30%
30%
25%
25%
20%
20%
15%
15%
10%
10%
5%
5%
Urban
0%
0%
SHOProb.
Soft(+er)HOverhead
SHOverhead
AreaProb%
SHOProb.
Soft(+er)HOverhead
SHOverhead
AreaProb%
Soft handover overhead is reduced after optimisation in urban

area since the cell overlapping (=little i) is reduced
Soft handover probability reduced 30% 26%

Soft handover overhead reduced 39% 33%
127
NOKIA
Agenda Day 2
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
RAN Sharing
Multilayer Planning
128
NOKIA
RAN Sharing
129
NOKIA
Explain the meaning of RAN sharing and

its key benefits
Explain what network elements are

possible to be shared in RAN
Describe the most important network

planning issues to be taken into account in
RAN sharing
RAN Sharing
Overview
Network sharing, i.e. one network operator provides the entire network
for certain area's with the other acting as a MVNO (Mobile Virtual
Network Operator).
No impact on the radio network dimensioning
Geographical network sharing, i.e. one operator south, one north

Site sharing, i.e. sharing new or existing sites including antennas, site
support systems and potentially transmission
RAN sharing (Multioperator RAN), i.e. sharing the entire RAN in a
specific area where the amount of traffic is predicted to be low, so that it
does not make economically sense to build independent networks
130
NOKIA
RAN Sharing
From Site Sharing to RAN Sharing
Scope of sharing:
Sharing of RNCs and BTSs:
Initial coverage with low service

demand
Low-traffic areas
Places with limited BTS sites, e.g.
subways
Fewer sites with larger
configurations when
Environmental impact counts
RNC
Site environment
BTS Equipment space (cabinet)
SiteSupportSystem
Transmission
Antenna and feeders (optional)
Cost savings in
Civil works
Equipment (feeders, antennas,
BBU)
Annual rents
Site acquisition( hunting,
permissions etc)
Operational costs
Transmission (and transmission
management)
131
NOKIA
Up to 4 operators with own:
Core networks
Services
Network Management System
Dedicated RAN from any vendor in
non-shared areas
RAN Sharing
Concept
Operator 1
CS CN
MNC 1
Operator 1
PS CN
Shared RNC
Frequency 1
MNC 1
Shared BTS
Operator 2
Frequency 2
CS CN
Operator 2
PS CN
MNC 2
MNC 2
3) dedicated BTS for each operator
OSS of
one operator
or Multi-RAN OSS
1) cabinet, BB, WAF, WPA shared

dedicated WTR
Reqired: Frequencies within 20MHz band!
132
NOKIA
2) cabinet and BB shared

dedicated WAF,WPA, WTR
RAN Sharing
Concept
1. Sharing whole BTS including WPA:
ANT1/1
ANT2/1
D
P
X
WPA
WAF 28/50 W
WTR
TX
RX
RX
Operator specific
WTR
TX
RX
RX
Common Antennasystem
WAF and WPA
NOTE: Frequencies need

to be within 20 MHz band
2. Cabinet and BB shared:

ANT1/1
D
P
X
WAF
ANT2/1
D
P
X
Common Antennasystem
(feeders, antennas, MHAs)
133
NOKIA
WPA
28/50 W
WPA
28/50 W
WTR
TX
RX
RX
WTR
TX
RX
RX
Operator specific
WTR, WPA and
WAF
- no frequency restriction
- higher outputpower per carrier
- with Rel.2 units up to 4+4+4/20W
per carrier
RAN Sharing
How Operators can work with shared RAN ?
Each Operator has own
PLMN -id
Carrier Frequency
RRM parameters & traffic Monitoring
Neighbour cell lists (own Inter-System HO decisions)
Operators may add independently BTS where they
want to provide better coverage or more capacity
Due to own Frequencies and PLMN-id.
Operator specific cell is possible
Mobile Stations (MS) can show appropriate operator logo
Global roaming easy
No extra support features from MSs needed,
works with 3GPP R99 WCDMA MSs
Needs SW-update to Nokia WCDMA RAN
134
NOKIA
Agenda Day 2
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
RAN Sharing
Multilayer Planning
135
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
136
NOKIA
Explain the meaning of WCDMA/GSM

interworking
Explain the reasons for multilayer usage

and how it is done
Describe the 3G network evolution from

cell layer point of view
Explain when compressed mode is

needed and what drawback it has
Explain on what criteria cell-reselection

and handover strategies are based on
Multilayer Planning
Interworking in RAN 1.5
Interworking means Handover functionality between GSM and WCDMA or
between WCDMA carriers
Handover from GSM to WCDMA or from WCDMA to GSM is intersystem hard handover
Handover between WCDMA carriers is inter-frequency hard handover
(intra-BTS, intra-RNC, inter-RNC handover)
Interworking is possible also in idle mode when making cell re-selection
Handover reasons are mainly based on
coverage in WCDMA and load in GSM
Compressed mode is used in WCDMA for
inter-frequency or inter-system neighbour
measurements before handover decision
Service downgrade/upgrade might be needed
during inter-system handover
137
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Handover Types in RAN 1.5
Operator 1
Operator 2
3G HLR/AUC
E-interface
MSC/VLR
3G
3G MSC
3G HLR/AUC
MGW
A-interface
2G MSC/VLR
Iu (cs)-interface
GSM BSS
MGW
GSM BSS
Intrasystem,
Inter-MSC,
Inter-PLMN
Intersystem,
Intra-MSC,
Intra-PLMN
Intrasystem,
Intra-MSC,
Intra-PLMN
UMTS RAN
138
NOKIA
UMTS RAN
MSC/VLR
2G
UMTS RAN
Intrasystem,
Inter-MSC,
UMTS RAN
Intra-PLMN
Intersystem,
Inter-MSC,
Inter-PLMN
2G HLR/AUC
GSM BSS
Multilayer Planning
Introduction
Multilayer Network means
the use of microcellular
network to give more
capacity needed in traffic hot
spots
Macro layer is mainly used
for coverage and fast moving
mobiles
Micro layer is used to
provide capacity for traffic
hot spots
139
Typically different
frequencies are used for
different layers
Other layers frequency
can be reused in some
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Capacity in Macro vs. Micro Environments
Packet data throughput, calculated with CDMA capacity

formulas
Assumptions
Micro cell:
Macro cell
Micro cell
Downlink
orthogonality
0.6
0.95
Other-to-own cell
interference ratio i
0.65
0.2
1.5 dB
1.5 dB
Uplink loading
60%
60%
Downlink Eb/N0
5.5 dB
8.0 dB
80%
80%
Uplink Eb/N0
Downlink loading
Results
Macro cell
Micro cell
Uplink
1040 kbps
1430 kbps
Downlink
660 kbps
1440 kbps
higher orthogonality
Micro: higher
isolation between cells
These figures without

transmit diversity
Downlink capacity is more sensitive to the environment

because of orthogonal codes (other cell interference affects
more downlink)
140
Micro cells provide a higher capacity due to less multipath

NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Multilayer Antennas
The general rule is that microcellular antenna placement provides better
(very high) capacity but lower coverage
The key question is : When this should be done?
The capacity is high because the cells are well isolated and the DL is quite
orthogonal
The coverage is low because the very same buildings that isolate the cells
from each other also isolate the mobiles from the Node B in larger cells
The factors affecting the decision include at least
Traffic density
Max required bitrate in the UL direction
Inter-cell interference with different antenna positions
Propagation loss with different antenna positions
Site acquisition costs
Etc.
141
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Solution 1
Most simple usage of two carriers.
In an area which is covered by a
continuous cell layer and the capacity
requirement exceeds the available
capacity the most simple solution is to
add a second carrier to the cells, colocated with the first carrier.
WCDMA f1, fWCDMA
f1, fWCDMA
f1 , f2
2
2
This process can be continued further
to additional carriers.
Compressed mode raises the
interference.
The traffic between the carriers could
be balanced by directed RRC
connection setup in the call setup
phase and by inter-frequency
handovers.
142
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Solution 2
Micro cell layer in the middle of surrounding
macro cells using the same carrier as the
macro cells.
This way of mixing different cell types is fully
applicable but it requires that clear dominance
areas for micro and macro layers.
WCDMA f1
WCDMA f1
This is a microcell solutions for covering holes
In long run going to smaller cell sizes cannot be
W f1 W f1W f1
avoided in hot-spot areas, and a micro cellular
solution has the benefit that inter-cell
interference is minimised, leading to increasing
cell throughput and user bit-rates.
143
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Solution 3
Different frequencies are used for
different layers (Hierachical Cell
Structure HCS)
From the network planning point of
view this solution is easier to deploy
than the previous since overlapping is
possible.
The macro layer can collect traffic
from micro layer's dominance area
whereas in solution 2 macro cells and
micro cells collect traffic within their
own dominance areas.
This is the microcell solutions for
capacity reasons
144
NOKIA
WCDMA f1
W f2
WCDMA f1
W f2 W f2 W f2
Multilayer Planning
Solution 4
In addition to solution 3 the
GSM/GPRS macrolayer is added to
HCS
Dual mode UEs can change to

GSM/GPRS where no WCDMA
coverage exists, this enables to
provide seamless 3G services without
seamless WCDMA coverage
Allows traffic balancing between
GSM/GRPS and WCDMA
Compressed mode raises the
interference. BSIC decoding is time
consuming
This is the solution if WCDMA/GSM
interworking is required
145
NOKIA
GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS
WCDMA f1
WCDMA f1
W f2 W f2 W f2 W f2
Multilayer Planning
RAN1.5 Handover functionality
GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
Load reason IS-HO

from GSM(BSS10.5)
GSM/GPRS
Coverage reason IS-HO

W
W
Coverage reason IF-HO
GSM handover
Based on RSSI measurements of all cells in neighbour list

Controlled by HO algorithms in BSC
Based on pilot Ec/No measurements of all cells in neighbour lists on the

same frequency
Mobile Evaluated handover (MEHO) controlled by SHO parameters
Based on measurement results in serving cell
WCDMA soft handover
WCDMA IF & IS handover
146
Coverage (CPICH RSCP or CPICH Ec/No)

UL DCH quality,UL DCH Power, DL DPCH power
Network evaluated handover (NEHO) controlled by IF and IS HO

parameters
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
WCDMA Compressed Mode
Compressed mode is the method to create idle periods (=gap) in the
transmission in order to perform Inter-Frequency or Inter-System
measurements during the gap
Measurement gap
Normal frame
Compressed
mode
Normal frame
Because same data amount is sent during shorter time it has the following
affect to the cell
Reduced UL coverage
Reduces DL capacity
Reduced Quality
147
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Cell Re-selection between layers
Cell selection & re-selection can be done
without HCS operation

with HCS operation
Normally cell re-selection is done to cell having better coverage, but with
HCS operation the cell re-selection is also possible to the weaker cell or to
the GSM (in case they have higher priority)
Both quality and level should be good enough in the neighbour cell before
cell re-selection
Neighbour cells with different priorities could be prioritised by using offset
during penalty time
Cells having same priorities (or HCS not used) are ranked and cell reselection is done to the best cell
Traffic balancing with directed RRC connection setup is possible in
WCDMA
148
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Usage of Hierarchical Cells
Use HCS parameters => mobile camps to micro cell
whenever it is available
HCS parameters not supported in dedicated mode
Macro
Hot spot
area
f1
f2
f2 f2 f2
f2
Start call in micro cell
because of HCS priorities
149
NOKIA
f1
f1
Fast moving MSsfeature can also

be used to push
UE to Macro Layer
to avoid frequent
cell re-selection
Micros
f1
f1
Coverage reason handover

from micro to macro
Multilayer Planning
Fast Moving Mobiles in Micro Cells
Fast moving mobiles can be handed over from micro frequency
to macro frequency
High mobility is detected based on the frequency of active set
updates
WCDMA macro f1
X
Micro f2
Micro f2
Fast moving mobile
150
NOKIA
Micro f2
Micro f2
Too frequent active set updates

within micro frequency initiate
inter-frequency handover to
macro frequency
Multilayer Planning
Cell Re-selection Rules
During cell re-selection it is possible to camp on GSM or
WCDMA depening how parameters are set in serving and
neighbouring cell
Camping on GSM is recommended:

Continious GSM coverage
3G ->2G handover amount is reduced or it is not at all
supported
Camping on WCDMA is recommended:
Continious 3G coverage, utilize fully 3G network
For dual mode Mobiles
2G ->3G handover is not supported
Initial Nokia implementation strategy is to push all dual
mode MS to WCDMA
151
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Inter-System Handover Rules
5 Handover Triggering reasons is possible from WCDMA
CPICH Ec/No, CPICH RSCP, UL quality & Power, DL Power
GSM neighbours are measured only in Compressed mode, not

all the time
UE needs more power for neighbour measurements during
compressed mode -> measurements should start early enough
BSIC decoding time need to be taken into account; the ISHO

procedure could take more time in case many GSM
neighbours are measured as neighbours
Handover from GSM to WCDMA is done only if GSM load is
high enough
152
NOKIA

NSN 3G Radio Planning Day2 v1 3

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NSN 3G Radio Planning Day2 v1 3

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3G Radio

Radio Resource Management

List all RRM entities and explain their function

Radio Resource Management

Conversational class is meant for traffic which is very delay

Radio Resource Management

Extensive multicall capability

Maximum user data rate 384 kbps (512kbps DL in RAN2)

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

The quality requirements are tried to get with minimum transmission

Handover Control (HC) controls the active state mobility of

Radio Resource Management

Admission control is used to maintain stability and to achieve high

Load Control (LC) continuously

Radio Resource Management

The traffic load of cell determines the scheduled transmission capacity.

Radio Resource Management

Total received wideband

Keep load at PrxTraget

Keep load at PrxTraget

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Quality loop: Maintains

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

UE1 and UE2 are transmitting on the same frequency

Different path attenuations are compensated by using

Radio Resource Management

outer loop TPC maintains link

is the "link adaptation" method in

if FER increase then

if SIR > (SIR)set then "down"

Radio Resource Management

BTS power allocation rule:

Ec/Ior=fraction of the power of the channel of interest

Radio Resource Management

At low UE speed, power control compensates the fading : fairly

At UE speed >100km/h fast power control cannot follow the

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

1. The CPICH Ec/N0 exceeds

Strongest pilot in active set

2. The CPICH Ec/N0 has been

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Noise rise [dB]

PrxTarget [dB] + PrxOffset [dB]

Radio Resource Management

Ptx _ BTS max

OVER LOAD AREA

PtxTarget [dBm]+PtxOffset [dB]

FEASIBLE LOAD AREA

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

THUS some portion of capacity must be reserved for the RT

Measured load caused

Estimated capacity for

Radio Resource Management