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Abstract: The method for design and analysis of a buoyancy riser tensioner system TRTS) was put
forwa:d in this paper, taking E ee standing hybrid riser's top buoyancy k as an example. The design
procedure was discussed and was also i11ustrated in a flowchart , after a short decription of the global
arrangement, structure configuration, and lction of different types ofbuoyancy nks T). The objective
of is paper is to describe a way of developing a BT with minimal hydro force , maximal net li and no
redundancy of compartments. The method of determining the main dimensions of the BT, namely the length
and e outer dia:meter, was outlined. A series of investigations was conducted for a West Aica FSHR. BT
design, and the effect of the ratio of the length to the outer diameter (L1D) on the hydrodynamics and the
weight of the BT was discussed. The methodology of designing the internal structure of the BT was presented.
le effects of the number of compartments and dimension of the inner stem on the BT weight and strength
were compared. The relationship between inner structure and the number one index of the BT as well as the
riser's top tension factor ('F) were i11ustrated for normal operating conditions and conditions with one or
more compartments (or ner stem) da:maged. A design instance was given in is paper, when L1D is e
BT weight and the drag force are compromised. When the BT is divided into 10 compartments , the riser TTF
wi11 reach the maximum value, and the ratio ofthe stem OD to shell OD is about 0.3. A global strength analysis
meod of e BT and the main load case max was also inc1uded in the paper, togeer with the local strength
analysis ofthe buoyancy tank's pad-eye assembly.
Keywords: buoyancy tank T); buoyancy tank riser tensioner system (BTRTS); top tension factor (TTF);
strength analysis
Article ID: 1671-9433(2012)03-0351-10
1 Introduction
A buoyancy tank riser tensioner system (BTRTS) is wide1y
applied in offshore drilling and oil production to supply
tension to the riser, thus improving e performance of the
riser system. Typical applications are seen in a top tension
riser (TTR) ee standing hybrid riser (FSHR) , and also the
Atlanta drilling system. Thi s paper will focus on the design
and analysis method of a BTRTS , which is usually called a
buoyancy tank for short. An FSI which is becoming
increasingly more accepted within the offshore oil and gas
induy is chosen as the study object to investigate the
basic design procedure and analysis contents. Design and
analysis methods of other types of buoyancy tanks are
basically identical but with minor differences.
This paper focuses on the method for determining the main
dimensions of an FSHR buoyancy tank (BT) and the inner
conformation, together with the analysis content and the
main load case matrix. A way to develop a BT with rninimal
hydro force , maxirnal net lift, and no redundancy of
companents is inoduced. An example of design and
Received date: 20 II -03-22
Foundation item: Supported by tbe National Natural Science Foundation of
China (Grant No.5I009033)
*Corresponding author EmaiI: lu.chia@gmail. com
Harbin Engineering University and Springer-Verlag 8erlin Heidelberg 2012
consists
of the
following
352
Dign
353
TTF=~
LHJ.l1;;1
Wn ,__
W~..> - W,
oe + r'W~...
Coat + "Fluid
., Disol
I
where
Wn~.
isplacement
W~__.
W~n..
TRA'
w,..____.
"Jwnoer'
Wn,__.
"Pio
wight
W~__..
w;
of the BT
354
code;
2) Generate the BT design basis document (DBD) , which
lays the foundation for all the upcoming engineering tasks.
This DBD will be reviewed and approved prior to
commencing further engineering design;
3) Conduct a sensitivity study of the effect of L/D on the
drag force and the weight to determine th optimized BT
extemal fon;
4) Based on the known data ofthe riser system, calculate the
satisfactory main dimension of the BT, which can ensure the
riser top tension factor;
5) In terms of the detemrined main dimension, perform the
weight and strength sensitivity research to confirm the inner
confonation namely the departments and the inner stem;
6) Check whether the designed buoyancy tank satisfies the
function , fabrication , transportation, installation, feasibility,
and also e economical efficiency requirements;
7) Should one of the above indexes failed, and the failure is
unacceptable, redesign e BT until the design result is
satisfactory.
On finishing the preliminary design, the detailed design is to
be conducted. During the detailed design phase, the real wall
thickness, pad-eyes, air vent, and pipe work should be
determined carefully. The flowchart in Fig. 5 shows a
proposed preliminary design procedure of the buoyancy tank,
together with the sketch map.
BC Extemal Fonn
Dign
RangeofLlD
Tow factors are considered when determining the ratio of
the BT length to diameter:
Effect of LID on drag force;
Effect of LID on the BT weight.
A buoyancy tank is a large cylindrical structure exposed to
wave and current. The drag force can be calculated using
Morison equation:
2 VCDPlulu3i
=CD lulu.L=CDP lulu.D&
l
..
.. (4V )3
where
&
2YCDPluWE
(4V )3
Then the relationship between the drag force and L/D can be
wnttn as
=&3
Skc[ch
BC inner Confonnation
B~~
~"h~ ~ ~
Optimized BC
variation end
355
BTweight
If the main dimensions are determined, the inner
confonnation will be the main element that influences the
BT weight. An assumption that the wall thickness of all
sucture is 20 mm is still valid. Wh en studying the variation
of the weight, it is recommended that the structure elements
be included as completely as possible. Weight of pad-eyes
and gussets can be considered as a known parameter, and the
value can be taken according to previous project expnences.
For a buoyancy tank whos main dimensions have been
determined, the main varying weight comes om the
buleads stiffeners, and stem pipe. An experienced
coefficient of 30% should be used, thus taking the effect of
ballasting equipment and pipe work on the whole BT weight
into account, and also enabling the following TTF analysis
to be more precise.
Riser TTF
The bottom companent is ballasted when the buoyancy
tank is in place. Should one or more compartments or the
stem pipe be damaged, and the ballasting water not be able
to be pumped out immediately, the BT will lose part of its
buoyancy, thus lowering the riser TTF. Low TTF could
induce the whole riser system to be forced into a poor
response condition, even to induce the riser to collapse. So ,
it is necessary to optimize the compartments and the Stem
Pipe to maintain enough top tension even in the damaged
condition.
Fig. 6 Main dimension determination owchart
The following conditions should be checked in relation to
the riser top tension factor:
356
Zhuang Kang,
~orrnalin-place;
BTstrength
For buoyancy tanks with different innr conforrnation , the
ability to resist the outer load differs , The objective of
studying the effect of inner conforrnation on the BT strength
is to find the optimized number of compaments and the
dimension of Stem Pipe that works bes t. The finite element
method (FEA) method can be used, and the in-place and the
lifting condition should be treated.
el al. Design and Analysis ofpical Buoyancy Tank Riser Tensioner 'slems
Local analysis
The buoyancy tank is a complicated structure with local
details. To ensure the ength check covers the local
structural details, local FEA models must be developed for
finite e1 ement analysis purposes. This pad-eye's local model
inc1udes the following details:
Main piece;
Diaphragm;
Diaphragm stiffener;
Transition piece of cenal stem pipe;
Cheek plate;
Pin.
The pin is used to transmit the uplift load to the pad-eye hole.
In the FEA model, the pin is set to be a rigid body, and one
Stress check
API-RP-2A, recommended practice for planning,
designing, and constructing fixed offshore platforrns working sess design, 2002.
le
load cases and the applied loads for the analysis are
sUflllllarized in Table 1.
Plate buckling
femporary
Item
Global analysis
le
Lift
Normal
operatmg
Accident
f1 0ating on
water surface
Mass of structure
(G)
Atmospheric
pressure (G)
Hydrostatic
pressure (G)
Intemal air/gas
pressure (G)
Froude Kry lov
forces (E)
Drag forces (E)
Added mass (E)
Inertia forces (E)
Crane lift loads
(Q)
4
4
4
4
Notes
(G) Loads that wi11 not vy in magnitude, position or direction during
the period are considered.
(Q) Variable loads that may vary in magnitude , position or direction
during the period are considered, and ey are related to operations and
normal use of the buoyancy tank.
(E) Environmental loads at may v in magnitude , position or
direction during the period are considered , and they e related to
operations and normal use of buoyancy cans. Accidental loads are
related to abnormal operations or technical failure.
A general description of the loads and how they
mode1 is given in the following.
applied
to
Gravity
Considering that there is no vent pipe and other bal1ast
equipment in the FEA model, the gravity acceleration g can
no longer reflect the real load ndition so a modification
factor 17 must be taken. Bal1asting and pressurizing systems
and valves may be 30% ofthe steel Tank weight, therefore,
357
le
= =1.429
1-30%
gSC-iace
= g
Component
gSC-lift =g17YD
Buoyancy
The buoyancy lift-force provided by the individual buoyancy
compartment has been applied to the respective bulkhead. The
buoyancy lift force acting on the bulkhead is based on the
differential pressure seen over the bulkhead.
Pressure on stem pipe
If le complents are flooded , these companents w ilI be
fi l1ed with seawater and the surface of th outside stem in
these comparlents w il1 be subjected to hydrostatic pressure.
Ifthe complents are gassed up, the surfac of the outside
stem pipe in these compents wi l1 be subjected different
gas pressure which equaIs the hydrostatic pressure at the
seawater level of each lower end of the complent vent
plpes
Stempipe
Outershell
Bulkheads
Bulkhead
stiffeners
Top
pad-eye
Bottom
pad-eye
Mises
stress
J
J
J
Burst
Shell
buckling
J
J
J
J
Overall
grid
buckling
Hot
spot
J
J
J
J
J
P1ate
buck1ing
J
J
PhYdrO
Parameter
Value/t
170.79
3 1. 81
45
20
Pressure on shell
In any compartment, the pressure acting on the surface of the
inside shel1 is the same as the pressure acting on the surface of
the outside stem pipe.le extemal pressure acting on the
358
.11F
4.5
4.0
.-
16 l:l ulk.
3.5
2.5
LmJ 20
2 q8b
4
1. 5
1. 0
10
o ~?
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
0.5
1.7
l4
D..11F
Dign
1. 6
.9 1. 5
Pararneter
BT lengthlm
Value
BTOD/m
Weight of displaced water/t
5.65
643
Weight ofBT/t
192.7
StemOD/m
1. 74
No. of compartments
10
1. 724
25
1.461
1.1 97
1.3 07
1. 010
1.4
1.3
E 12
1.1
1. 0
0.9
dlD=O.IO
d/D=0.25
-d/l0.40
8 10 12 14
No. of compartments
16
18
20
dJD=0.15--dl[)--().20
- d lD= 0.30
--dID=0.45
d/D=O.35
l";l~~;i!" ; c.l!;l""J";.r;;;r;l;J:.tJ
F???????
- - d /D=0.50
Intact
1. 8
1. 7
1.6
One C. damaged
.8 1. 5
u
1.4
.~
1.3
"
1.2
~
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Ralio ofstem OD 10 shell OD
0.5
-- 12
-'-11
Fig. 11 TTF variation with stem dimensions under different
load cases (for 10-12 compartments)
--- 10
359
6 Conclusions
'he
An
References
Zhuang Kang, et al. Design and Analysis ofTypical Buoyancy Tank Riser Tensioner 'stems
360
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