of prebulged metal rupture disks under norm

subject to relatively rapid creep stress failure

they may fail without warning at normal ope
Higher operating pressures (up to 90 % of th
Less fatigue due to pulsating and cyclic oper
the disk were installed with the pressure act
used in liquid full service. However, if an ass
consulted, liquid service can be considered.
manufacturer for recommended replacemen
Impervious graphite rupture disks offer near
metal type (other than graphite disks tend to
flange bolt loads or thermal strains in the pip
Rupture disks that tend to fragment, such as
pressure-relief valves.
CautionWhen rupture disks are removed fo
the disks can easily be damaged and can fai
maintenance interval will minimize the chan
Figure 18Combination of Reverse-buckling
1
2
Key
1 excess flow valve (optional)
2 bleed valve (may be car-sealed open)
Copyright American Petroleum Institute
Provided by IHS under license with API Licen
No reproduction or networking permitted wit
--```,``,,```,`,,,``,`````,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--INSPECTION OF PRESSURE-RELIEVING DEVIC
An appropriate replacement period should b
following factors should be considered:
type of disk,
materials,
operating ratio (operation pressure/set po
temperature conditions,
service conditions.
See ISO 4126-6, Annex B, for further guidanc
5 Causes of Improper Performance
5.1 Corrosion
5.1.1 Most corrosion mechanisms are presen
many of the difficulties encountered with pre
parts, deposits of corrosive residue that inter
the material of the relieving device. Figure 1
addition to internal parts, exposed studs are
5.1.2 Corrosion may be slowed or mitigated
maintenance is also a consideration since a

which can contribute to the corrosion of its m

protection against corrosion in some service
5.1.3 In certain applications, a rupture disk d
provide added corrosion protection of the va
5.1.4 In many instances, valves with differing
of corrosion. The use of an O-ring seat in a p
eliminate corrosion in the valve's working pa
under stress due to degradation caused by t
spring and the bonnet cavity of the valve fro
5.2 Damaged Seating Surfaces
5.2.1 To prevent leakage of the loading fluid,
[0.0000348 in. (0.0008838 mm)] must be m
valves (see API 527). Imperfections in these
5.2.2 There are many causes of damaged va
a) Corrosion.
b) Foreign particles introduced into the valve
welding spatter or slag, corrosive deposits, c
tightness in most pressure-relief valves. The
or while the valve is in service.
Copyright American Petroleum Institute
Provided by IHS under license with API Licen
No reproduction or networking permitted wit
--```,``,,```,`,,,``,`````,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--26 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 576
c) Improper or lengthy piping to the valve in
pressure under the seat may become great e
established, the built-up pressure drop in the
falls and allows the valve to close. A cycle of
valve seating surfaces to severe hammering
Figure 27 and Figure 28 show seating surface
d) Careless handling during maintenance, su
e) Leakage past the seating surfaces of a va
by causing erosion (wire drawing) or corrosio
improper maintenance or installation such a
support, or complete lack of support of disch
alignment of the spindle, improper fitting of
spring washers and their respective bearing
should be checked visually for straightness.
assembly during the life of the

of prebulged metal rupture disks under norm

subject to relatively rapid creep stress failure
they may fail without warning at normal ope

Higher operating pressures (up to 90 % of th

Less fatigue due to pulsating and cyclic oper
the disk were installed with the pressure act
used in liquid full service. However, if an ass
consulted, liquid service can be considered.
manufacturer for recommended replacemen
Impervious graphite rupture disks offer near
metal type (other than graphite disks tend to
flange bolt loads or thermal strains in the pip
Rupture disks that tend to fragment, such as
pressure-relief valves.
CautionWhen rupture disks are removed fo
the disks can easily be damaged and can fai
maintenance interval will minimize the chan
Figure 18Combination of Reverse-buckling
1
2
Key
1 excess flow valve (optional)
2 bleed valve (may be car-sealed open)
Copyright American Petroleum Institute
Provided by IHS under license with API Licen
No reproduction or networking permitted wit
--```,``,,```,`,,,``,`````,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--INSPECTION OF PRESSURE-RELIEVING DEVIC
An appropriate replacement period should b
following factors should be considered:
type of disk,
materials,
operating ratio (operation pressure/set po
temperature conditions,
service conditions.
See ISO 4126-6, Annex B, for further guidanc
5 Causes of Improper Performance
5.1 Corrosion
5.1.1 Most corrosion mechanisms are presen
many of the difficulties encountered with pre
parts, deposits of corrosive residue that inter
the material of the relieving device. Figure 1
addition to internal parts, exposed studs are
5.1.2 Corrosion may be slowed or mitigated
maintenance is also a consideration since a
which can contribute to the corrosion of its m
protection against corrosion in some service
5.1.3 In certain applications, a rupture disk d
provide added corrosion protection of the va
5.1.4 In many instances, valves with differing
of corrosion. The use of an O-ring seat in a p

eliminate corrosion in the valve's working pa

under stress due to degradation caused by t
spring and the bonnet cavity of the valve fro
5.2 Damaged Seating Surfaces
5.2.1 To prevent leakage of the loading fluid,
[0.0000348 in. (0.0008838 mm)] must be m
valves (see API 527). Imperfections in these
5.2.2 There are many causes of damaged va
a) Corrosion.
b) Foreign particles introduced into the valve
welding spatter or slag, corrosive deposits, c
tightness in most pressure-relief valves. The
or while the valve is in service.
Copyright American Petroleum Institute
Provided by IHS under license with API Licen
No reproduction or networking permitted wit
--```,``,,```,`,,,``,`````,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--26 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 576
c) Improper or lengthy piping to the valve in
pressure under the seat may become great e
established, the built-up pressure drop in the
falls and allows the valve to close. A cycle of
valve seating surfaces to severe hammering
Figure 27 and Figure 28 show seating surface
d) Careless handling during maintenance, su
e) Leakage past the seating surfaces of a va
by causing erosion (wire drawing) or corrosio
improper maintenance or installation such a
support, or complete lack of support of disch
alignment of the spindle, improper fitting of
spring washers and their respective bearing
should be checked visually for straightness.
assembly during the life of the

of prebulged metal rupture disks under norm

subject to relatively rapid creep stress failure
they may fail without warning at normal ope
Higher operating pressures (up to 90 % of th
Less fatigue due to pulsating and cyclic oper
the disk were installed with the pressure act
used in liquid full service. However, if an ass
consulted, liquid service can be considered.
manufacturer for recommended replacemen
Impervious graphite rupture disks offer near
metal type (other than graphite disks tend to
flange bolt loads or thermal strains in the pip
Rupture disks that tend to fragment, such as
pressure-relief valves.
CautionWhen rupture disks are removed fo
the disks can easily be damaged and can fai
maintenance interval will minimize the chan
Figure 18Combination of Reverse-buckling
1
2
Key
1 excess flow valve (optional)
2 bleed valve (may be car-sealed open)
Copyright American Petroleum Institute
Provided by IHS under license with API Licen
No reproduction or networking permitted wit
--```,``,,```,`,,,``,`````,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--INSPECTION OF PRESSURE-RELIEVING DEVIC
An appropriate replacement period should b
following factors should be considered:
type of disk,
materials,
operating ratio (operation pressure/set po
temperature conditions,
service conditions.
See ISO 4126-6, Annex B, for further guidanc
5 Causes of Improper Performance
5.1 Corrosion
5.1.1 Most corrosion mechanisms are presen
many of the difficulties encountered with pre
parts, deposits of corrosive residue that inter
the material of the relieving device. Figure 1
addition to internal parts, exposed studs are
5.1.2 Corrosion may be slowed or mitigated
maintenance is also a consideration since a
which can contribute to the corrosion of its m
protection against corrosion in some service
5.1.3 In certain applications, a rupture disk d

provide added corrosion protection of the va

5.1.4 In many instances, valves with differing
of corrosion. The use of an O-ring seat in a p
eliminate corrosion in the valve's working pa
under stress due to degradation caused by t
spring and the bonnet cavity of the valve fro
5.2 Damaged Seating Surfaces
5.2.1 To prevent leakage of the loading fluid,
[0.0000348 in. (0.0008838 mm)] must be m
valves (see API 527). Imperfections in these
5.2.2 There are many causes of damaged va
a) Corrosion.
b) Foreign particles introduced into the valve
welding spatter or slag, corrosive deposits, c
tightness in most pressure-relief valves. The
or while the valve is in service.
Copyright American Petroleum Institute
Provided by IHS under license with API Licen
No reproduction or networking permitted wit
--```,``,,```,`,,,``,`````,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--26 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 576
c) Improper or lengthy piping to the valve in
pressure under the seat may become great e
established, the built-up pressure drop in the
falls and allows the valve to close. A cycle of
valve seating surfaces to severe hammering
Figure 27 and Figure 28 show seating surface
d) Careless handling during maintenance, su
e) Leakage past the seating surfaces of a va
by causing erosion (wire drawing) or corrosio
improper maintenance or installation such a
support, or complete lack of support of disch
alignment of the spindle, improper fitting of
spring washers and their respective bearing
should be checked visually for straightness.
assembly during the life of the

of prebulged metal rupture disks under norm

subject to relatively rapid creep stress failure
they may fail without warning at normal ope
Higher operating pressures (up to 90 % of th
Less fatigue due to pulsating and cyclic oper
the disk were installed with the pressure act
used in liquid full service. However, if an ass
consulted, liquid service can be considered.
manufacturer for recommended replacemen
Impervious graphite rupture disks offer near
metal type (other than graphite disks tend to
flange bolt loads or thermal strains in the pip
Rupture disks that tend to fragment, such as
pressure-relief valves.
CautionWhen rupture disks are removed fo
the disks can easily be damaged and can fai
maintenance interval will minimize the chan
Figure 18Combination of Reverse-buckling
1
2
Key
1 excess flow valve (optional)
2 bleed valve (may be car-sealed open)
Copyright American Petroleum Institute
Provided by IHS under license with API Licen
No reproduction or networking permitted wit
--```,``,,```,`,,,``,`````,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--INSPECTION OF PRESSURE-RELIEVING DEVIC
An appropriate replacement period should b
following factors should be considered:
type of disk,
materials,
operating ratio (operation pressure/set po
temperature conditions,
service conditions.
See ISO 4126-6, Annex B, for further guidanc
5 Causes of Improper Performance
5.1 Corrosion
5.1.1 Most corrosion mechanisms are presen
many of the difficulties encountered with pre
parts, deposits of corrosive residue that inter
the material of the relieving device. Figure 1
addition to internal parts, exposed studs are
5.1.2 Corrosion may be slowed or mitigated
maintenance is also a consideration since a

which can contribute to the corrosion of its m

protection against corrosion in some service
5.1.3 In certain applications, a rupture disk d
provide added corrosion protection of the va
5.1.4 In many instances, valves with differing
of corrosion. The use of an O-ring seat in a p
eliminate corrosion in the valve's working pa
under stress due to degradation caused by t
spring and the bonnet cavity of the valve fro
5.2 Damaged Seating Surfaces
5.2.1 To prevent leakage of the loading fluid,
[0.0000348 in. (0.0008838 mm)] must be m
valves (see API 527). Imperfections in these
5.2.2 There are many causes of damaged va
a) Corrosion.
b) Foreign particles introduced into the valve
welding spatter or slag, corrosive deposits, c
tightness in most pressure-relief valves. The
or while the valve is in service.
Copyright American Petroleum Institute
Provided by IHS under license with API Licen
No reproduction or networking permitted wit
--```,``,,```,`,,,``,`````,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--26 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 576
c) Improper or lengthy piping to the valve in
pressure under the seat may become great e
established, the built-up pressure drop in the
falls and allows the valve to close. A cycle of
valve seating surfaces to severe hammering
Figure 27 and Figure 28 show seating surface
d) Careless handling during maintenance, su
e) Leakage past the seating surfaces of a va
by causing erosion (wire drawing) or corrosio
improper maintenance or installation such a
support, or complete lack of support of disch
alignment of the spindle, improper fitting of
spring washers and their respective bearing
should be checked visually for straightness.
assembly during the life of the

of prebulged metal rupture disks under norm

subject to relatively rapid creep stress failure
they may fail without warning at normal ope
Higher operating pressures (up to 90 % of th
Less fatigue due to pulsating and cyclic oper
the disk were installed with the pressure act
used in liquid full service. However, if an ass
consulted, liquid service can be considered.
manufacturer for recommended replacemen
Impervious graphite rupture disks offer near
metal type (other than graphite disks tend to
flange bolt loads or thermal strains in the pip
Rupture disks that tend to fragment, such as
pressure-relief valves.
CautionWhen rupture disks are removed fo
the disks can easily be damaged and can fai
maintenance interval will minimize the chan
Figure 18Combination of Reverse-buckling
1
2
Key
1 excess flow valve (optional)
2 bleed valve (may be car-sealed open)
Copyright American Petroleum Institute
Provided by IHS under license with API Licen
No reproduction or networking permitted wit
--```,``,,```,`,,,``,`````,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--INSPECTION OF PRESSURE-RELIEVING DEVIC
An appropriate replacement period should b
following factors should be considered:
type of disk,
materials,
operating ratio (operation pressure/set po
temperature conditions,
service conditions.
See ISO 4126-6, Annex B, for further guidanc
5 Causes of Improper Performance
5.1 Corrosion
5.1.1 Most corrosion mechanisms are presen
many of the difficulties encountered with pre
parts, deposits of corrosive residue that inter
the material of the relieving device. Figure 1
addition to internal parts, exposed studs are
5.1.2 Corrosion may be slowed or mitigated
maintenance is also a consideration since a
which can contribute to the corrosion of its m
protection against corrosion in some service
5.1.3 In certain applications, a rupture disk d

provide added corrosion protection of the va

5.1.4 In many instances, valves with differing
of corrosion. The use of an O-ring seat in a p
eliminate corrosion in the valve's working pa
under stress due to degradation caused by t
spring and the bonnet cavity of the valve fro
5.2 Damaged Seating Surfaces
5.2.1 To prevent leakage of the loading fluid,
[0.0000348 in. (0.0008838 mm)] must be m
valves (see API 527). Imperfections in these
5.2.2 There are many causes of damaged va
a) Corrosion.
b) Foreign particles introduced into the valve
welding spatter or slag, corrosive deposits, c
tightness in most pressure-relief valves. The
or while the valve is in service.
Copyright American Petroleum Institute
Provided by IHS under license with API Licen
No reproduction or networking permitted wit
--```,``,,```,`,,,``,`````,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--26 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 576
c) Improper or lengthy piping to the valve in
pressure under the seat may become great e
established, the built-up pressure drop in the
falls and allows the valve to close. A cycle of
valve seating surfaces to severe hammering
Figure 27 and Figure 28 show seating surface
d) Careless handling during maintenance, su
e) Leakage past the seating surfaces of a va
by causing erosion (wire drawing) or corrosio
improper maintenance or installation such a
support, or complete lack of support of disch
alignment of the spindle, improper fitting of
spring washers and their respective bearing
should be checked visually for straightness.
assembly during the life of the

ture disks under normal operating conditions is usually one year. They are
pid creep stress failure, especially at high operating temperatures. If not replaced periodically,
warning at normal operating pressures.
ures (up to 90 % of the marked bursting pressure) are possible with the reverse-buckling disk.
sating and cyclic operating pressure results in a longer service life than would be expected if
with the pressure acting against the concave side. Most reverse-buckling disks should not be
ce. However, if an assured gas pocket rests against the disk and the disk manufacturer is
e can be considered. With finite lives, these disks should be replaced periodically. Consult the
mmended replacement times.
pture disks offer nearly the same advantages and disadvantages as the reverse-buckling,
graphite disks tend to fragment). However, with impervious graphite rupture disks, uneven
rmal strains in the piping may crack the disk.
d to fragment, such as conventional and graphite disks, should not be installed beneath

e disks are removed for inspection or when an accompanying relief valve is serviced,
damaged and can fail prematurely if reused. Replacement of disks at every
will minimize the chance of damage and premature failure.
n of Reverse-buckling Disk Assembly and Safety-relief Valve

car-sealed open)
troleum Institute
license with API Licensee=Foster Wheeler /5956413001, User=Mishra, Gautam
working permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/23/2012 04:26:11 MDT
,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--URE-RELIEVING DEVICES 25
ment period should be established before a rupture disk device is put into service. The
d be considered:

ration pressure/set point),

B, for further guidance on establishing the appropriate replacement period.

erformance

echanisms are present in refinery and chemical plant services. Corrosion is a basic cause of
encountered with pressure-relief devices. Corrosion often appears as: pitted or broken valve
sive residue that interfere with the operation of the moving parts, or a general deterioration of
eving device. Figure 19 through Figure 25 illustrate the effects of corrosion on relief devices. In
ts, exposed studs are vulnerable to environmental corrosion attack.
slowed or mitigated by the selection of more suitable devices or device materials. Proper
consideration since a leaking valve allows fluids to circulate in the upper parts of the valve,

o the corrosion of its movable parts. Protective coatings as shown in Figure 26 may offer
osion in some services.
tions, a rupture disk device installed on the inlet or outlet of a pressure-relief valve can
n protection of the valve internals.
s, valves with differing materials of construction can impede or altogether mitigate the effects
f an O-ring seat in a pressure-relief valve may stop leakage past the seating surface and
he valve's working parts (see Figure 3). However, O-ring elastomers may have a limited life
gradation caused by temperature, aging, or swelling. A bellows seal can be used to protect the
cavity of the valve from the corrosive loading fluid (see Figure 5).

ge of the loading fluid, an optical precision on the order of three light beads/bands
838 mm)] must be maintained in the flatness of seating surfaces on metal-seated pressurerelief
mperfections in these seating surfaces may contribute to improper valve action in service.
auses of damaged valve seats in refinery or chemical plant service, including the following.

oduced into the valve inlet and pass through the valve when it opens, such as mill scale,
, corrosive deposits, coke, or dirt. The particles may damage the seat contact required for
ure-relief valves. The damage can occur either in the shop during maintenance of the valve

troleum Institute
license with API Licensee=Foster Wheeler /5956413001, User=Mishra, Gautam
working permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/23/2012 04:26:11 MDT
,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--PRACTICE 576
piping to the valve inlet or obstructions in the line. These can cause a valve to chatter. The
t may become great enough to open the valve. However, as soon as the flow is
p pressure drop in the connecting piping may be so great that the pressure under the seat
ve to close. A cycle of opening and closing may develop, become rapid, and subject the
to severe hammering, which damages the seating surfaces, sometimes beyond repair.
8 show seating surfaces damaged by chattering and frequent fluctuations of pressure.
uring maintenance, such as bumping, dropping, jarring, or scratching of the valve parts.
ating surfaces of a valve after it has been installed. This leakage contributes to seat damage
e drawing) or corrosion of the seating surface and thus aggravating itself. It may be due to
or installation such as misalignment of the parts, piping strains resulting from improper
ck of support of discharge piping. Other common causes of this leakage are improper
e, improper fitting of the springs to the spring washers, and improper bearing between the
eir respective bearing contacts or between the spindle and disk or disk holder. Spindles
ally for straightness. Springs and spring washers should be kept together as a spring

ture disks under normal operating conditions is usually one year. They are
pid creep stress failure, especially at high operating temperatures. If not replaced periodically,
warning at normal operating pressures.

ures (up to 90 % of the marked bursting pressure) are possible with the reverse-buckling disk.
sating and cyclic operating pressure results in a longer service life than would be expected if
with the pressure acting against the concave side. Most reverse-buckling disks should not be
ce. However, if an assured gas pocket rests against the disk and the disk manufacturer is
e can be considered. With finite lives, these disks should be replaced periodically. Consult the
mmended replacement times.
pture disks offer nearly the same advantages and disadvantages as the reverse-buckling,
graphite disks tend to fragment). However, with impervious graphite rupture disks, uneven
rmal strains in the piping may crack the disk.
d to fragment, such as conventional and graphite disks, should not be installed beneath

e disks are removed for inspection or when an accompanying relief valve is serviced,
damaged and can fail prematurely if reused. Replacement of disks at every
will minimize the chance of damage and premature failure.
n of Reverse-buckling Disk Assembly and Safety-relief Valve

car-sealed open)
troleum Institute
license with API Licensee=Foster Wheeler /5956413001, User=Mishra, Gautam
working permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/23/2012 04:26:11 MDT
,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--URE-RELIEVING DEVICES 25
ment period should be established before a rupture disk device is put into service. The
d be considered:

ration pressure/set point),

B, for further guidance on establishing the appropriate replacement period.

erformance

echanisms are present in refinery and chemical plant services. Corrosion is a basic cause of
encountered with pressure-relief devices. Corrosion often appears as: pitted or broken valve
sive residue that interfere with the operation of the moving parts, or a general deterioration of
eving device. Figure 19 through Figure 25 illustrate the effects of corrosion on relief devices. In
ts, exposed studs are vulnerable to environmental corrosion attack.
slowed or mitigated by the selection of more suitable devices or device materials. Proper
consideration since a leaking valve allows fluids to circulate in the upper parts of the valve,
o the corrosion of its movable parts. Protective coatings as shown in Figure 26 may offer
osion in some services.
tions, a rupture disk device installed on the inlet or outlet of a pressure-relief valve can
n protection of the valve internals.
s, valves with differing materials of construction can impede or altogether mitigate the effects
f an O-ring seat in a pressure-relief valve may stop leakage past the seating surface and

he valve's working parts (see Figure 3). However, O-ring elastomers may have a limited life
gradation caused by temperature, aging, or swelling. A bellows seal can be used to protect the
cavity of the valve from the corrosive loading fluid (see Figure 5).

ge of the loading fluid, an optical precision on the order of three light beads/bands
838 mm)] must be maintained in the flatness of seating surfaces on metal-seated pressurerelief
mperfections in these seating surfaces may contribute to improper valve action in service.
auses of damaged valve seats in refinery or chemical plant service, including the following.

oduced into the valve inlet and pass through the valve when it opens, such as mill scale,
, corrosive deposits, coke, or dirt. The particles may damage the seat contact required for
ure-relief valves. The damage can occur either in the shop during maintenance of the valve

troleum Institute
license with API Licensee=Foster Wheeler /5956413001, User=Mishra, Gautam
working permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/23/2012 04:26:11 MDT
,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--PRACTICE 576
piping to the valve inlet or obstructions in the line. These can cause a valve to chatter. The
t may become great enough to open the valve. However, as soon as the flow is
p pressure drop in the connecting piping may be so great that the pressure under the seat
ve to close. A cycle of opening and closing may develop, become rapid, and subject the
to severe hammering, which damages the seating surfaces, sometimes beyond repair.
8 show seating surfaces damaged by chattering and frequent fluctuations of pressure.
uring maintenance, such as bumping, dropping, jarring, or scratching of the valve parts.
ating surfaces of a valve after it has been installed. This leakage contributes to seat damage
e drawing) or corrosion of the seating surface and thus aggravating itself. It may be due to
or installation such as misalignment of the parts, piping strains resulting from improper
ck of support of discharge piping. Other common causes of this leakage are improper
e, improper fitting of the springs to the spring washers, and improper bearing between the
eir respective bearing contacts or between the spindle and disk or disk holder. Spindles
ally for straightness. Springs and spring washers should be kept together as a spring

ture disks under normal operating conditions is usually one year. They are
pid creep stress failure, especially at high operating temperatures. If not replaced periodically,
warning at normal operating pressures.
ures (up to 90 % of the marked bursting pressure) are possible with the reverse-buckling disk.
sating and cyclic operating pressure results in a longer service life than would be expected if
with the pressure acting against the concave side. Most reverse-buckling disks should not be
ce. However, if an assured gas pocket rests against the disk and the disk manufacturer is
e can be considered. With finite lives, these disks should be replaced periodically. Consult the
mmended replacement times.
pture disks offer nearly the same advantages and disadvantages as the reverse-buckling,
graphite disks tend to fragment). However, with impervious graphite rupture disks, uneven
rmal strains in the piping may crack the disk.
d to fragment, such as conventional and graphite disks, should not be installed beneath

e disks are removed for inspection or when an accompanying relief valve is serviced,
damaged and can fail prematurely if reused. Replacement of disks at every
will minimize the chance of damage and premature failure.
n of Reverse-buckling Disk Assembly and Safety-relief Valve

car-sealed open)
troleum Institute
license with API Licensee=Foster Wheeler /5956413001, User=Mishra, Gautam
working permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/23/2012 04:26:11 MDT
,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--URE-RELIEVING DEVICES 25
ment period should be established before a rupture disk device is put into service. The
d be considered:

ration pressure/set point),

B, for further guidance on establishing the appropriate replacement period.

erformance

echanisms are present in refinery and chemical plant services. Corrosion is a basic cause of
encountered with pressure-relief devices. Corrosion often appears as: pitted or broken valve
sive residue that interfere with the operation of the moving parts, or a general deterioration of
eving device. Figure 19 through Figure 25 illustrate the effects of corrosion on relief devices. In
ts, exposed studs are vulnerable to environmental corrosion attack.
slowed or mitigated by the selection of more suitable devices or device materials. Proper
consideration since a leaking valve allows fluids to circulate in the upper parts of the valve,
o the corrosion of its movable parts. Protective coatings as shown in Figure 26 may offer
osion in some services.
tions, a rupture disk device installed on the inlet or outlet of a pressure-relief valve can

n protection of the valve internals.

s, valves with differing materials of construction can impede or altogether mitigate the effects
f an O-ring seat in a pressure-relief valve may stop leakage past the seating surface and
he valve's working parts (see Figure 3). However, O-ring elastomers may have a limited life
gradation caused by temperature, aging, or swelling. A bellows seal can be used to protect the
cavity of the valve from the corrosive loading fluid (see Figure 5).

ge of the loading fluid, an optical precision on the order of three light beads/bands
838 mm)] must be maintained in the flatness of seating surfaces on metal-seated pressurerelief
mperfections in these seating surfaces may contribute to improper valve action in service.
auses of damaged valve seats in refinery or chemical plant service, including the following.

oduced into the valve inlet and pass through the valve when it opens, such as mill scale,
, corrosive deposits, coke, or dirt. The particles may damage the seat contact required for
ure-relief valves. The damage can occur either in the shop during maintenance of the valve

troleum Institute
license with API Licensee=Foster Wheeler /5956413001, User=Mishra, Gautam
working permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/23/2012 04:26:11 MDT
,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--PRACTICE 576
piping to the valve inlet or obstructions in the line. These can cause a valve to chatter. The
t may become great enough to open the valve. However, as soon as the flow is
p pressure drop in the connecting piping may be so great that the pressure under the seat
ve to close. A cycle of opening and closing may develop, become rapid, and subject the
to severe hammering, which damages the seating surfaces, sometimes beyond repair.
8 show seating surfaces damaged by chattering and frequent fluctuations of pressure.
uring maintenance, such as bumping, dropping, jarring, or scratching of the valve parts.
ating surfaces of a valve after it has been installed. This leakage contributes to seat damage
e drawing) or corrosion of the seating surface and thus aggravating itself. It may be due to
or installation such as misalignment of the parts, piping strains resulting from improper
ck of support of discharge piping. Other common causes of this leakage are improper
e, improper fitting of the springs to the spring washers, and improper bearing between the
eir respective bearing contacts or between the spindle and disk or disk holder. Spindles
ally for straightness. Springs and spring washers should be kept together as a spring

ture disks under normal operating conditions is usually one year. They are
pid creep stress failure, especially at high operating temperatures. If not replaced periodically,
warning at normal operating pressures.
ures (up to 90 % of the marked bursting pressure) are possible with the reverse-buckling disk.
sating and cyclic operating pressure results in a longer service life than would be expected if
with the pressure acting against the concave side. Most reverse-buckling disks should not be
ce. However, if an assured gas pocket rests against the disk and the disk manufacturer is
e can be considered. With finite lives, these disks should be replaced periodically. Consult the
mmended replacement times.
pture disks offer nearly the same advantages and disadvantages as the reverse-buckling,
graphite disks tend to fragment). However, with impervious graphite rupture disks, uneven
rmal strains in the piping may crack the disk.
d to fragment, such as conventional and graphite disks, should not be installed beneath

e disks are removed for inspection or when an accompanying relief valve is serviced,
damaged and can fail prematurely if reused. Replacement of disks at every
will minimize the chance of damage and premature failure.
n of Reverse-buckling Disk Assembly and Safety-relief Valve

car-sealed open)
troleum Institute
license with API Licensee=Foster Wheeler /5956413001, User=Mishra, Gautam
working permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/23/2012 04:26:11 MDT
,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--URE-RELIEVING DEVICES 25
ment period should be established before a rupture disk device is put into service. The
d be considered:

ration pressure/set point),

B, for further guidance on establishing the appropriate replacement period.

erformance

echanisms are present in refinery and chemical plant services. Corrosion is a basic cause of
encountered with pressure-relief devices. Corrosion often appears as: pitted or broken valve
sive residue that interfere with the operation of the moving parts, or a general deterioration of
eving device. Figure 19 through Figure 25 illustrate the effects of corrosion on relief devices. In
ts, exposed studs are vulnerable to environmental corrosion attack.
slowed or mitigated by the selection of more suitable devices or device materials. Proper
consideration since a leaking valve allows fluids to circulate in the upper parts of the valve,

o the corrosion of its movable parts. Protective coatings as shown in Figure 26 may offer
osion in some services.
tions, a rupture disk device installed on the inlet or outlet of a pressure-relief valve can
n protection of the valve internals.
s, valves with differing materials of construction can impede or altogether mitigate the effects
f an O-ring seat in a pressure-relief valve may stop leakage past the seating surface and
he valve's working parts (see Figure 3). However, O-ring elastomers may have a limited life
gradation caused by temperature, aging, or swelling. A bellows seal can be used to protect the
cavity of the valve from the corrosive loading fluid (see Figure 5).

ge of the loading fluid, an optical precision on the order of three light beads/bands
838 mm)] must be maintained in the flatness of seating surfaces on metal-seated pressurerelief
mperfections in these seating surfaces may contribute to improper valve action in service.
auses of damaged valve seats in refinery or chemical plant service, including the following.

oduced into the valve inlet and pass through the valve when it opens, such as mill scale,
, corrosive deposits, coke, or dirt. The particles may damage the seat contact required for
ure-relief valves. The damage can occur either in the shop during maintenance of the valve

troleum Institute
license with API Licensee=Foster Wheeler /5956413001, User=Mishra, Gautam
working permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/23/2012 04:26:11 MDT
,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--PRACTICE 576
piping to the valve inlet or obstructions in the line. These can cause a valve to chatter. The
t may become great enough to open the valve. However, as soon as the flow is
p pressure drop in the connecting piping may be so great that the pressure under the seat
ve to close. A cycle of opening and closing may develop, become rapid, and subject the
to severe hammering, which damages the seating surfaces, sometimes beyond repair.
8 show seating surfaces damaged by chattering and frequent fluctuations of pressure.
uring maintenance, such as bumping, dropping, jarring, or scratching of the valve parts.
ating surfaces of a valve after it has been installed. This leakage contributes to seat damage
e drawing) or corrosion of the seating surface and thus aggravating itself. It may be due to
or installation such as misalignment of the parts, piping strains resulting from improper
ck of support of discharge piping. Other common causes of this leakage are improper
e, improper fitting of the springs to the spring washers, and improper bearing between the
eir respective bearing contacts or between the spindle and disk or disk holder. Spindles
ally for straightness. Springs and spring washers should be kept together as a spring

ture disks under normal operating conditions is usually one year. They are
pid creep stress failure, especially at high operating temperatures. If not replaced periodically,
warning at normal operating pressures.
ures (up to 90 % of the marked bursting pressure) are possible with the reverse-buckling disk.
sating and cyclic operating pressure results in a longer service life than would be expected if
with the pressure acting against the concave side. Most reverse-buckling disks should not be
ce. However, if an assured gas pocket rests against the disk and the disk manufacturer is
e can be considered. With finite lives, these disks should be replaced periodically. Consult the
mmended replacement times.
pture disks offer nearly the same advantages and disadvantages as the reverse-buckling,
graphite disks tend to fragment). However, with impervious graphite rupture disks, uneven
rmal strains in the piping may crack the disk.
d to fragment, such as conventional and graphite disks, should not be installed beneath

e disks are removed for inspection or when an accompanying relief valve is serviced,
damaged and can fail prematurely if reused. Replacement of disks at every
will minimize the chance of damage and premature failure.
n of Reverse-buckling Disk Assembly and Safety-relief Valve

car-sealed open)
troleum Institute
license with API Licensee=Foster Wheeler /5956413001, User=Mishra, Gautam
working permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/23/2012 04:26:11 MDT
,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--URE-RELIEVING DEVICES 25
ment period should be established before a rupture disk device is put into service. The
d be considered:

ration pressure/set point),

B, for further guidance on establishing the appropriate replacement period.

erformance

echanisms are present in refinery and chemical plant services. Corrosion is a basic cause of
encountered with pressure-relief devices. Corrosion often appears as: pitted or broken valve
sive residue that interfere with the operation of the moving parts, or a general deterioration of
eving device. Figure 19 through Figure 25 illustrate the effects of corrosion on relief devices. In
ts, exposed studs are vulnerable to environmental corrosion attack.
slowed or mitigated by the selection of more suitable devices or device materials. Proper
consideration since a leaking valve allows fluids to circulate in the upper parts of the valve,
o the corrosion of its movable parts. Protective coatings as shown in Figure 26 may offer
osion in some services.
tions, a rupture disk device installed on the inlet or outlet of a pressure-relief valve can

n protection of the valve internals.

s, valves with differing materials of construction can impede or altogether mitigate the effects
f an O-ring seat in a pressure-relief valve may stop leakage past the seating surface and
he valve's working parts (see Figure 3). However, O-ring elastomers may have a limited life
gradation caused by temperature, aging, or swelling. A bellows seal can be used to protect the
cavity of the valve from the corrosive loading fluid (see Figure 5).

ge of the loading fluid, an optical precision on the order of three light beads/bands
838 mm)] must be maintained in the flatness of seating surfaces on metal-seated pressurerelief
mperfections in these seating surfaces may contribute to improper valve action in service.
auses of damaged valve seats in refinery or chemical plant service, including the following.

oduced into the valve inlet and pass through the valve when it opens, such as mill scale,
, corrosive deposits, coke, or dirt. The particles may damage the seat contact required for
ure-relief valves. The damage can occur either in the shop during maintenance of the valve

troleum Institute
license with API Licensee=Foster Wheeler /5956413001, User=Mishra, Gautam
working permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 04/23/2012 04:26:11 MDT
,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--PRACTICE 576
piping to the valve inlet or obstructions in the line. These can cause a valve to chatter. The
t may become great enough to open the valve. However, as soon as the flow is
p pressure drop in the connecting piping may be so great that the pressure under the seat
ve to close. A cycle of opening and closing may develop, become rapid, and subject the
to severe hammering, which damages the seating surfaces, sometimes beyond repair.
8 show seating surfaces damaged by chattering and frequent fluctuations of pressure.
uring maintenance, such as bumping, dropping, jarring, or scratching of the valve parts.
ating surfaces of a valve after it has been installed. This leakage contributes to seat damage
e drawing) or corrosion of the seating surface and thus aggravating itself. It may be due to
or installation such as misalignment of the parts, piping strains resulting from improper
ck of support of discharge piping. Other common causes of this leakage are improper
e, improper fitting of the springs to the spring washers, and improper bearing between the
eir respective bearing contacts or between the spindle and disk or disk holder. Spindles
ally for straightness. Springs and spring washers should be kept together as a spring