HISTOLOGY

UNIVERSIDAD IBEROAMERICANA (UNIBE)

MISSION STATEMENT:
To promote academic excellence, research and to train highly qualified professionals,
capable of leading in and generating changes, with the ethical values needed to contribute
to the development of local and global society.
I- GENERAL INFORMATION
Program of Study : Medical
Curriculum M12
: Active since 2009
Level
: Basic Sciences.
Subject
: Histology
Course Code
: M12220
Prerequisite
: PRE000
Credits
:4
Lecture hours
:3
Lab hours
:2
II- DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE:
This course aims to give students basic knowledge of cell biology and microscopic anatomy. It is
given along with Anatomy and Embryology. This course provides the basic knowledge needed
to understand the relationship between function and structure in the human body at the cellular
and molecular levels. The knowledge gained in this course will help students in their ability to
integrate and correlate the biochemistry, physiology and molecular biological processes to which
the student will be exposed during their medical careers.
III- MEDICAL COMPETENCIES
The student will be expected to demonstrate:
1. The ability to work in a group, and to collaborate with colleagues and health related
professionals.
2. Adequate communication skills to work in groups.
3. Adequate written and verbal communication with peers and professors.
4. The ability to use technology effectively towards self-actualization.
5. The ability to perform literature searches related to biomedicine and interpret the
literature.
6. Critical judgment towards research in all professional activities.
7. Initiative towards information seeking for the application of the scientific method as a
means of solving clinical problems.
8. The ability to develop hypothesis, scientific methods to test these, data collection
methods, analysis and interpretation of results.

Revised Sept. 2014

9. Knowledge of the normal structure and function of the human body, and the biologic
adaption systems.
10. Knowledge of cell biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, microscopic and
structural anatomy and pathology.
IV- EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
1. Demonstrate self-confidence.
2. Articulate enough knowledge about the different macroscopic structures of the human
body, its organs and components.
3. Locate and identify the different structures, components and parts of the body.
4. Explain the general concepts on the function of each cell and each one of the cellular
elements and their correlation with the functions of the body.
5. Identify and to describe each of the cells and cellular components.
6. Interpret the medical conditions more frequent than they can be demonstrated in the
studied structures.
7. Apply to the knowledge of Histology to the clinical conditions for the diagnosis of
conditions such as the congenital malformations.
8. Reason by deduction the solution of problems.
9. Compile (from electronic data bases and other resources), to administer and to use the
biomedical information to solve problems.

V- PRINCIPLES OF THE MODEL

Significant learning (internalizes the concepts and interprets them in light of experiences,
events or objects that we know. (It implies that what is learned is useful and applicable)
Self-study (Whether participating in group activities or working individually, students
will be required to engage in self-study activities which will be regulated by the teacher,
each student must be accountable for their own learning).
Collaborative learning (learning gained as the result of group interaction).

VI- AXES OF THE MODEL:

Leadership and entrepreneurship

Creativity and innovation
Training in values
Competency training
Community Service

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VII- COURSE CONTENTS

Conceptual Framework
Unit #1: Introduction to Histology y histological techniques.
Unit #2: The Cell
2.1 Plasma Membrane and Cellular Homeostasis
2.2 Cytoplasm and Organelles
2.3 Cellular Signaling and Transduction
2.4 Membrane Transport Mechanisms
2.5 Nucleus: Structure and Function; DNA, Chromatin,
Chromosomes
2.6 The Cell
2.7 Cellular Mobility
2.8 Extracellular Matrix
Unit #3: Epithelium and Glands
3.1 Classification of Epithelium
3.2 Epithelial Cell Function
3.3 Skin
3.4 Glands
3.5 Classification of Glands
Unit #4: Connective Tissue
4.1 Overview
4.2 Specialized Connective Tissue
Cartilage and Bone
Blood and Bone Marrow
Unit #5: Muscle Tissue
5.1 Skeletal Muscle
5.2 Smooth Muscle
5.3 Cardiac Muscle
Unit #6: Nervous Tissue
6.1 Overview
6.2 Neurons y Neuroglia
6.3 Nerves
6.4 Organs of the Nervous system
Unit #7: The Skin and Accessory Organs

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Unit #8: The Circulatory System

8.1 Heart and Valves
8.2 Blood Vessels: Arteries, Veins, Capillaries and Lymphatic Vessels.
Unit #9: Lymphoid Tissues and Organs
Unit #10: Respiratory System
10.1 Nasal Cavity, Nasopharynx, Larynx, Trachea and Bronchi.
10.2 Lungs: Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli and Alveolar Sacs.
10.3 Lung Blood Vessels and Nerves
10.3 Pleura
Unit #11: Digestive System
11.1 Oral Cavity
11.2 Esophagus and Stomach
11.3 Intestines
11.4 Glands: Salivary, Pancreas.
11.5 Liver and Gall Bladder
Unit #12: Urinary System
12.1 Kidneys
12.2 Ureters
12.3 Urinary Bladder
12.4 Urethra
Unit #13: Endocrine System
13.1 Pituitary and Pineal Glands
13.2 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
13.3 Adrenal Glands
Unit #14: Reproductive System
14.1 Female Reproductive System Including Mammary Glands and Placenta.
14.2 Male Reproductive System
Unit #15: Special Senses Organs
15.1 The Eye
15.2 Hearing
ABILITIES TO BE PROMOTED:

Self-study: The student will be responsible for his/her own learning (you should read in
advance and actively participate in class.)
Teamwork: The student will assume specific roles, exchange information, seek logical
arguments that support his/her views, and develop the interpersonal skills that are
essential components of teamwork.
Research, selection and analysis of data: Conduct research using various sources of
information, assessing its reliability and relevance when you have to present issues, tasks
or to solve problems.

Revised Sept. 2014

Oral and written communication skills: The student must use adequate oral and
written skills when presenting topics or presenting the results of PBL activities.
Accountability: The student will be responsible for the evaluation and assessment of
classmates. The student will be held accountable for checking the virtual classroom for
exercises and tasks assigned by the teacher, reviewing of the scheduled classes for each
day.
Capacity to solve problems: Whenever you use the technique of the PBL. This enables
to you to learn to solve problems like which you will face in your professional practice.

VIII- THE PLATFORM (VIRTUAL CLASSROOM):

The student will find the following on the distance-learning platform:
a. Syllabus of the course.
b. Recommended reading
c. Individual activities.
d. Links to relevant websites
IX- COURSE SCHEDULE
Week
Week
#1

Lecture Content
Laboratory Content
Introduction to the Course
Histological Techniques:
Introduction to Histology
The microscope
Cell Membrane, Cell Signaling
Papanicolaou
and Transduction, Intracellular
Smear
Distribution(traffic, endocytosis)
Biopsies
The Nucleus: Structure, Function,
Cytologa
DNA, Chromatin, Chromosomes,
and Cell Cycle
Autopsies
Cytoplasm and organelles; Golgi
Apparatus
Hyperproinsulenemia
Perixome, Genetic syndromes
associated to perixome deficiency
Mitochondrial diseases.
Cell Mobility
Cell Matrix
Cytoskeletal Elements
Cell adhesion molecules
Cell surface specialization. Cell
adhesion, cell junction. Microvilli
and cilia

Week
#2
EPITHELIUM AND GLANDS

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Self-study Content

Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Meiosis
Spindle
Apparatus
Structure
Regulation of
the Cell Cycle
Apoptosis

CONNECTIVE TISSUE Activity: Create a

Working in groups the mental map that
following topic (2 p)
contains
all
the

General
Connective epithelial cells and
Tissue. Support cells, glands
of
the
permanent guest cells, organism
transient cells.
(2 points)*
Extracellular matrix.
Cartilage and bone.
Week
#3

Week
#4

Week
#5

Week
#6

Week
#7

Blood and bone marrow activity

(2points)
BLOOD AND BONE MARROW

-Identification of
epithelial cells.
-Identification of
glandular cells.
NERVOUS TISSUE
LABORATORY
-Nervous System. Cytoskeleton. Cells of SESSION
the nervous system. Blood-brain barrier
#1,#2
MUSCULAR TISSUE
Identification of
Crossword muscular tissue (2 points)
connective tissue cells,
-Skeletal Muscle
cartilage and Bone
-Smooth Muscle
Identification of blood
-Cardiac Muscle
and bone marrow cells
and muscle cells
LABORATORY
SESSION
#3
-Identification
of
circulatory system cells
- SKIN AND ACCESSORY ORGANS
Identification of nervous
Skin activity (1point)
system cells
-Identification of skin and
annex cells.
LABORATORY
SESSION
#4 and5
-CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:
Identification of Cells of
the lymphatic system and
Identification
of
the
different areas of the
Working in the classroom learning respiratory system
LABORATORY
objetives (2 point)
SESSION
#6and 7
FIRST PARTIAL. 15 points
(Material from the weeks 1-5)
LAB. REVIEW
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Working in the classroom learning
objetives (2 point)

Revised Sept. 2014

Clinical Correlation:
Connective
Tissue
and
Bone
(osteomalacia,
rickets,
scurvy)
Evaluation
of the
CBC. Anemia.
Clinical Correlation:
Miasthenia
Gravis,
Botulism
Clinical Correlation:
Parkinsons Disease,
huntingtons Corea

Create a drawing of
Brodmanns areas
(1point)

PBL:
Atherosclerosis,
Rheumatic
Heart
Disease

-Clinical Correlation:
Hyaline Membrane
Disease,
Bronquial
Asthma
and
Emphysema

Week
#8

FIRST PARTIAL REVIEW

LYMPHOID TISSUES AND ORGANS

FIRST LAB. PARTIAL

10 POINTS

Answer the following questions about

lymphoid tissue (2 points)
Week
#9

Week
#10

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
- Identification of the Clinical Correlation:
Working in the classroom learning different areas of the Peptic Ulcer and
activity about digestive system
digestive system
malabsorption
(2 points)
LABORATORY
syndrome.
SESSION
#8
Exam #2 (15 points)
-URINARY SYSTEM
Draw the different areas of the urinary
system, types of cells and mention its
function (2 point)*

Week
#11

Exam #2 review
FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Draw the different types of cells of the
female reproductive system and mention
its function (2 point)

Week
#12

Week
#13

-Identification of cells of
the urinary system.
Identification of cells of
the female reproductive
system - Cytology
LABORATORY
SESSION
#9
-Identification of cells of
the male reproductive
system
Identification of
endocrine system cells
LABORATORY
SESSION
#10

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Draw the different types of cells of the
LABORATORY
male reproductive system and mention its REVIEW
function (2 point)

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
FINAL LAB. EXAM
Working in the classroom learning
objetives about endocrine system (2
point)

Revised Sept. 2014

Clinical Correlation:
Thyroid diseases

Week
#14
Week
#15

EYE AND EAR

Group presentation about eye and ear
(4 points)
EXAM #3 (20 points)
Exam #3 review

Clinical Correlation:
-Cataracts
-Otitis media.

X-TEACHING METHODOLOGY:
The course is divided into 3 lectures per week and 2 labs per week; each session is an hour long.
Classes should be presented in a simple and straightforward manner using visual aids.
The content should be kept as clinically relevant as possible (what a general practitioner should
know). The use of clinical cases can be kept to a minimum and used as a way to motivate
students at the beginning of new content or as a means of consolidating the integration of
knowledge at the end of a section.
Laboratories should be designed to consolidate knowledge, to integrate the concepts in
the course and relate to Anatomy and Embryology. Clinical correlations and PBL sessions are
intended to help students make use of deductive reasoning to solve problems and to analyze,
synthesize and apply the content given in lectures and self-study modules.
Self-study refers to material that students must study on their own, with specific objectives and
educational material provided. Some of the methods that can be used to provide the student with
a study guide are: module computer assisted learning, online learning and written material.
Small groups discussion: Group between 5-10 students, exchange experiences, ideas, opinions
and comments, in order to seek a solution to a problem, make a group decision or acquire
knowledge through the contributions of the participants. The teacher role is to coordinate and
stimulate discussion. Is necessary established the time allotted for discussion (it is recommended
not more than 60 minutes) and the rules to be taken.
Lectures: Students organize and prepare a subject, present and explain to other students. Always
provide space for other students to reflect, to provide information and answer questions.
Teamwork: Work will be assigned to groups where the individuals will have a specific role and
interrelated tasks. The final result will depend on the set of individual tasks.
Problem-based learning: teaching technique where students learn through problem-solving.
While the student is seeking information, he/she is changing and rearranging their mental skills
and building new knowledge. It depends on working as team where each person has a clearly
defined role, and in turn reaps benefits from the contributions of others.
Revised Sept. 2014

Brainstorming: Students provide ideas that are flowing in relation to a particular concept or
question. It is very practical to rescue background and to enable creative expression.
Debates: Different students or teams present and defend their position on a particular topic.
XI-COURSE POLICIES
Everyone is expected to behave as provided in the student regulations.
Appropriate Conduct: try to be kind and respectful to everyone in the classroom.
DO NOT use digital or electronic equipment or cell phones or Blackberry devices during
classes, evaluations and feedback from teachers to students or assessment reviews.
Laptops can be used only for educational purposes.
Proper Clothing: scant clothing, caps, shorts or sandals are prohibited in the classroom.
The test dates will not be moved.
Exams will be reviewed on the same day they are administered, when all students have
submitted, or the day of the next class.
It is essential to take your test on the specified date and time.
If for any reason you cannot take an exam, you must have a valid reason and notify to
School of Medicine within 48 hours after the test date. If not you lose the opportunity to
take it.
Reasons for delaying a test:
That the student is or was hospitalized (hospital record).
Death of an immediate family member that day or the day before (death certificate).
The student is arrested by police the day of testing (police report).
To qualify for the final exam:
Requires a minimum class attendance of 80% and to have passed the lab with a minimum
of 70% of its total value.
Will be considered late, if the student arrives after the first 15 minutes of class time. 3
lateness will be considered an absence.
The last day of class, the teacher should give students, their overall cumulative grades, so that
each student will go to their final exam, knowing their accumulated grade. That same day, the
teacher should coordinate with students to review the final exam the day after its administration.
The unit of exams is committed to correct the exams each day and to have the exams ready 24
business hours from the time they are administered.
Guidelines for presentations
Participate in at least1 Group presentation during the semester.
Preparation for the presentation:
The team should get together and study the subject they are to present.
Review the textbook, literature and other sources (magazines and other texts, internet).
Design and use strategies to process information: Underline, summarize, outline, etc.
Organize information (the team) and prepare a Power Point presentation to present the
Revised Sept. 2014

rest of the class. (If you need any clarification you can contact me by email).
During the presentation
Expose your subject in a participatory manner
The group presentation should not be longer than 10 minutes (depending on the subject
and the amount of content shown). This will be taken into account.
The teacher moderates and completes the material presented by the students. Asks
questions and gives examples that motivate the analysis and reflection, as needed.
Audiovisual resources of the university will be available for presentations
Students not presenting on their scheduled day, will receive no points and the topic will
be presented by the teacher.
The presentation will be evaluated to assess the oral form found in the annexes.
Presentation of PBL cases
Present your topic in a participatory manner
The presentation should not exceed 10-15 minutes depending on the subject and quantity
of content. This will be taken into account.
The presentation should be interactive (the other students must participate.)
The teacher moderates and completes ideas, questions, or gives examples to motivate
analysis and reflection, as needed.

Audiovisual resources of the university will be available for presentations.

If the students do not present on their scheduled day, they lose the points and the topic
will be presented by the teacher.
The presentation will be evaluated to assess the oral expression with a rubric found in the
appendix.
Guidelines for reports related to the PBL problems:
Each team will hand in a document reporting PBL steps 1-5 for the problem.
At the next class each team will provide steps 1-5 reviewed, along with the steps 6 and 7
of PBL. The student must search, organize and analyze information. Sources used must
be clearly documented.
Late hand-ins will not be received.

EXPECTATIONS OF TEACHER AND STUDENT:

Teacher is expected to:
Plan classes in advance.
Monitor the process of group and individual learning.
Guide, moderate and facilitate proper group dynamics and collaborative learning.
Encourage active student participation.
Be objective to qualify.
Promote a climate of trust and respect in the classroom.
To not provide information directly or give lecture classes.
Revised Sept. 2014

Clarify concepts and provide feedback and constructive criticism.

Be willing to cooperate in solving problems.

The student is expected to:

Actively participate by providing information or comments, asking or answering
questions.
Be responsible for his/her own learning and the commitments undertaken.
Check the syllabus and the virtual classroom continuously.
Show interest in learning.
Collaborate with peers and objectively evaluate peers.
Be respectful, tolerant and listen to their peers.
Be honest at all times, including evaluations.
Perform self-assessments, evaluate teacher and the subject.
XII- COURSE EVALUATION:
This course is evaluated as follows:
Lecture 80 points (25 for the first quarter + 55 for the final) + 20 points for lab to be integrated
into final = 100 points.
Written Exam #1
Assignments and small group discussion
Midterm Grade

15 points
10 points
25 points

Written Exam #2
Assignments and small group discussion
Written Exam #3
Oral presentation or paper

15 points
10 points
20 points
10 points
55 points

Practice

20 points

TOTAL

100 points

Notes:
Written evaluations are midterms with multiple choice questions, and a single answer.
You are responsible for reviewing the syllabus and completing all activities within the deadline.
If you miss the deadline you will not get the points.
XIII-BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1

Ross, M.H. & Pawlina, W. Histology: A Text y Atlas, with Correlated Cell and Molecular
Biology. 6th edition. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. 2010.

Revised Sept. 2014

Gartner, L.P. & Hiatt, J.L. Color Atlas de Histology. 6th edition.
Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. 2013.
INTERNETGRAPHY:
For Self-study: Deltagen Incorporated. (2000-2006). Deltabar Histology Atlas. At
http://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/HistologyAtlas.html

For Histology Slides, and Self-study: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
Interactive
Histology
Atlas
Evaluation
Methods.
At
http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Index.html

For
interactive
modules:
Cell
Alive-An
http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm

Revised Sept. 2014

Interactive

Animation.

At:

ACTIVITY FIRST WEEK. EPITHELIA

Create a mental map that contains all the epithelial cells and glands of the organism.
Draw the different types of epithelia, mention one place in which can be seen.

Revised Sept. 2014

ACTIVITY SECOND WEEK. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

1 - List the different functions of connective tissue?
2 - Describe the classification of connective tissue?
3 From which tissue connective tissues arise?
4 - What type of connective tissue is found in the umbilical cord?
5 - What is the type of connective tissue found in the submucosa of the intestine?
6 - What is the type of connective tissue found in tendons and ligaments?
7- What is the most abundant type of connective tissue fibers?
8- Which collagen provides resistance to stress, strain and stretch?
9- Which connective tissue forms the supporting stroma in hematopoietic and
lymphoid tissue?
10- Which connective tissue predominates in the media of the large arteries?
11- Mention the permanent guest cells?
12- Mention the transient cells?
13 - What is the predominant cell of connective tissue?
14 - Which connective tissue cell has phagocytic activity and originates from
monocytes?
15 - What is the connective tissue cell that contains abundant granules and
immunoreactive vasoactive substances?
16 - What is the connective tissue cell that has the ability to fuse and form giant cells?
17- What is the cell of connective tissue found around capillaries and venules?
18- Which cell arise from differentiation of B cell and has capacity to produce
antibody?
19 - What is the type of connective found in the newborn and serves as a heat source?
20 - What is the type of connective functions having energy storage , isolate and
cushion the vital organs ?

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ACTIVITY THIRD WEEK. BONE MARROW

1-Biconcave disc with a core with hemoglobin.___________________________
2-Leukocyte small with scant cytoplasm and large nucleus, involved in the inflammatory
reaction ____________________________
3-Leukocyte with a kidney-like large nucleus, has the capability of forming other cells in
different tissues._____________________________
4-Leukocyte having clear cytoplasm with granules and multilobulated nucleus; is the most
abundant in peripheral blood._____________________________
5- Leukocyte with five-lobed nucleus with cytoplasmic granules that stain orange to red and
participates in allergic reactions._________________________________
6-Cell fragments without nuclei that tend to cluster and to form a clot________________
structurally they are divided in four zones, based on organization and function:
1. __________
2. __________
3. __________
4. __________
7-Cell in the bone marrow from which granulocytes arise._____________________________
8 - Bone marrow cell that gives rise to platelets.______________________________
9-Measurement of the volume fraction of red cells in the blood expressed as a percentage of
blood volume._____________________________
10-A disorder characterized by decreased number of erythrocytes in the blood._____________
11- Disorder characterized by increased numbers of erythrocytes in blood.__________________
Lymphocyte

Eosinophils

Erythrocyte

Structural zone

Peripheral zone

Monocyte

Hematocrit

Myeloblast

Polycythemia

Platelets

Neutrophils

Megakaryocytes

Anemia

Organelle zone

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Membrane zon
12. What is the most abundant blood cell
13. List the types of bone marrow and what that is functionally active.

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ACTIVITY FOURTH WEEK. MUSCULAR SYSTEM

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1. The capacity for contraction of the muscle cells are used for ______________________.
2 . The embryonic origin of the muscle fibers _______________ .
3. The muscle cell membrane is called ______________ .
4. Striated muscle cells show light and dark bands, forming _________________________.
5. Skeletal muscle is pink or red because of the abundant vasculature and the presence of a
pigment called ______________________.
6. The skeletal muscle is composed of longitudinal arrays of _______________.
7. Contractile unit of skeletal muscle fibers is known as __________________
8. There are three proteins which preserve the structural organization of myofibrils; they help the
thick filaments to be within the sarcomere_______.
NERVOUS TISSUE
Create a drawing of Brodmanns areas

Revised Sept. 2014

ACTIVITY FIFTH WEEK. SKIN QUESTIONS

1. An elderly male with no underlying medical conditions has several slowly enlarging, coin-like,
lightly pigmented, velvety-surfaced lesions on the face and upper chest. These lesions have been
present for many years. They are not painful and do not bleed when rubbed. Which cells are
responsible for skin pigmentation?
2. Intercellular bridges are characteristic of which of the layers of the epidermis?
3. Which of the skin layers contains keratohyalin granules?
4. Mention the function of the Langerhans cells?
5. Meissner corpuscles are present in which of the regions of the skin?
6. Mention the differences between eccrine and apocrine glands.
7. Which germ layer give rise to the skin?
8. From which embryonic structure melanocytes arise?

Revised Sept. 2014

ACTIVITY SIXTH WEEK. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

1. The __________ pumps the blood through the arterial system
2. _______________ are the vessels that deliver blood to the capillaries.
3. The ________________________________________ is devoid of cardiac muscle; it consists
of dense connective tissue that contains a short length of the atrioventricular bundle of the
conducting system of the heart.
4. The initiation and propagation of rhythmic depolarization, which results in rhythmic cardiac
muscle contractions is formed by modified cardiac muscle cells called_________
5. Define cardiac tamponade:
6. The______________________ forms the core of the valve and contains fibrous extensions
from the dense irregular connective tissue of the skeletal rings of the heart.
7. The ______________________ is loose connective tissue located on the atrial or blood vessel
side of each valve. It is composed of loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers infiltrated with
large numbers of proteoglycans.
8. Which one is referred to as the pacemaker of the heart._________________________
9. Define:
Baroreceptors
Volume receptors
Chemoreceptors
10. Mention the layers of the vascular wall
11. Classification of the arteries on the basis of size and the characteristics of the tunica media.
12. Rod like inclusions in the endothelial cells that are present in the cytoplasm_________
13. These specific endothelial organelles are electron-dense structures and contain
____________________________ and _______________________________
14. Capillary structure varies in different tissues and organs. On the basis of their morphology
they are classified in three categories. Mention each one and give an example.
15. Classification of the veins on the basis of size.
16. Are a unique part of the circulatory system, forming a network of small vessels within the
tissues_______________________________________
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ACTIVITY SEVENTH WEEK. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. The ______________________consists of the paired lungs and a series of air passages that lead to and
from the lungs.
2. Three principal functions are performed by this
system:________________________,______________________ and __________________________
3. Upper respiratory tract is composed by___________________________, _____________________
and the ___________________________________
4. The _______________________is that part of the respiratory tract in which gas exchange
occurs.
5. It is composed by:______________________,___________________,_________________
And ________________________________________
6. The nasal cavity is divided in region. Mention the three regions:
____________________________,_________________________,_____________________
7. The ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the respiratory mucosa is composed
of five cell types, mention each one and its function.
1.2.3.4.5.8. Composition of the pharynx:
9. Composition of the larynx:
10. Mention the layers of the trachea:
11. Classification of the bronchi:
12. Mention the layers of a bronchi
13. Relationship between the bronchioles cells on the way they are near to alveoli

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14. Function of the clara cells

15. Function of the alveoli
16. Cells lining the alveoli and its function
17. Mention the different types of surfactant and its function
18. Function of the alveolar macrophages

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ACTIVITY EIGHTH WEEK. LYMPHOID ORGANS

Which of the following statements concerning T helper cells is true?
(A) They possess membrane-bound antibodies.
(B) They can recognize and interact with antigens in the blood.
(C) They produce numerous cytokines.
(D) They function only in cell-mediated immunity.
(E) Their activation depends on interferon
2. Which of the following statements concerning T cytotoxic (TC) cells is true?
(A) They assist macrophages in killing microorganisms.
(B) They possess antibodies on their surfaces.
(C) They possess CD8 surface markers.
(D) They possess CD28 surface markers.
(E) They secrete interferon
3. Which lymphoid cell type is thought to function in preventing immune responses against selfantigens?
4. Mention one function concerning interferon?
5. A patient who was given penicillin had an adverse reaction to the antibiotic. Although
the reaction was due to the actions of mast cells, the response occurred because mast
cells have IgE receptors in their cell membranes. Which cells produced the IgE?
6. Which of the following statements concerning the thymus is true?
(A) Lymphoid nodules form much of the thymic cortex.
(B) Epithelial reticular cells form Hassall corpuscles.
(C) T cells migrate into the medulla, where they become immunologically competent.
(D) Most T cells that enter the thymus are killed in the medulla.
(E) Macrophages are essential components of the bloodthymus barrier.
7. In which thymus region the Hassall corpuscles are located?
8. After their maturation in the thymus and release into the circulation, T lymphocytes
migrate preferentially to which sites?
9. In which of the thymus regions do lymphocytes become immunocompetent?
10. Which of the following statements about IgG is true?
(A) It is located in the serum and on the membrane of B cells.
(B) It can cross the placental barrier.
(C) It is involved in allergic reactions.
(D) It exists as a pentamer.
(E) It binds to antigens on the body surface and in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract.

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ACTIVITY NINTH WEEK. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1. MENTION THE ORGAN AND THE TYPE OF EPITHELIA SHOWN BY THE
ARROW

2. WHICH ELEMENTS ARE SHOWN BY THE ARROW. DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT

LAYERS.

3.WHICH STRUCTURES ARE SHOWN IN A, B AND C. SAY THE MEANING OF D

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4.MENTION THE HISTOLOGIC FEATURES OF THE PANCREAS, SUBSTANCES

PRODUCED BY A AND B

5. WHICH SEGMENT OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IS THIS?

DESCRIBE THE AREAS SHOWN BY THE ARROWS.

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6. WHICH LINGUAL PAPILLAS CAN YOU IDENTIFY. DESCRIBE IT

7. IDENTIFY THE PORTION OF THE G.I. TRACT SHOWN IN THE IMAGE AND THE
FUNCTION.

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8. IDENTIFY THE PORTION OF THE G.I. TRACT SHOWN IN THE IMAGE.MENTION

THE DIFFERENT EPITHELIA.

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ACTIVITY TENTH WEEK. URINARY SYSTEM

IDENTIFYTHE FOLLOWING AREAS

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Which segment of the renal medulla is shown?

identify histological structures and types of epithelia

5-part briefly describe how the different portions of the kidney in the production of urine.

6-describing in that portions of the kidney involved different substances mentioned and where
they occur:
ADH, aldosterone, renin, erythropoietin.

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Revised Sept. 2014

ACTIVITY ELEVENTH WEEK. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

1. Define hormone
2. Protein hormones act initially on target cells by
3. Which cells synthesized and secreted prolactin?
4. Which cell produces ACTH?
5. Mention 2 Characteristics of pinealocytes
6. Describe the histological appearance of a thyroid gland being stimulated by TSH?
7. Mention two organs producing steroid hormones.
8. Mention 4 endocrine glands.
9. Mention 2 organs with dispersed endocrine cells.
10. The cells within the pars distalis vary in size, shape, and staining properties. These cells are
arranged in cords and nests with interweaving capillaries. Mention the three types of cells which
can be identified.
11. Mention the hormones produce by the posterior hypophysis.
12. What is the function of the pineal gland?
13. Which hormone produces the pineal gland?
14. Mention the fetal consequences in hypothyroidism.
15. Parathyroid hormone regulates _____________ and ___________levels in the blood.
16. Mention 3 hormones of the adrenal gland, synthetized from cholesterol.
17. Which substance is synthetized by adrenal medulla?

Which cells are shown by the arrows?

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Which structure is shown by the arrow and in which gland is found?

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ACTIVITY WEEK 12. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

1) Describe the ovarian parenchyma histologically
2) Describe the histological features of primordial, primary, secondary and Graff follicle.
Make an outline of this development.
3) Describe the corpus luteum, which hormones induces its development, which
hormone products are secreted and which effect produces on the endometrium.
4) Discuss the hilar cells and interstitial cells of the ovary
5) Describe the uterine tubes, their coats, and apical cell types according to the
segment of the tube.
6) Discuss the endometriun basal and functional.
7) Discuss the histological features of the secretory endometrium and proliferative endometrium,
and hormonal effects acting at these stages.
8) Describe the histologic features of endocervix and exocervix. What procedures are performed
to assess uterine cervix.
9) Describe the components of the vulva, briefly describe the histological features of each of
these components.
annex
1- discuss the functions of the placenta.
2- Maternal and fetal signals drive components of the placenta, describe them.
3-Characteristics of primary villi, secondary and tertiary.
4- Describe the histologic features of the mammary gland (breast socket, pipe nipple).
5- stages of mammary gland (describe, hormones responsible for its production and ejection of
milk, stage that reaches maturity)

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ACTIVITY WEEK 13. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

1- Which components of the male reproductive system correspond to internal and external
genitalia.
2- Discuss the testis and the tissue that cover
3- Discuss Leydig cells, Sertoli, spermatogonia (appearance, function, location in the tubule and
sperm)
4- Define spermiogenesis, Spermatids.
5- Describe the histological features of the corresponding segments of tubules after leaving the
seminiferous canal to the ejaculatory duct inclusive.
6-Describe the histological features of the prostate ( epithelia and stromal features secretion
products)
7-Describe the seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands (histologic features and secretory
products)
8-Related to the penis, describe the histologic features of the corpora cavernosa, corpus
spongiosum, tunica albuginea, foreskin balanopreputial groove.

Revised Sept. 2014