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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
EEE 352 Analog Communication
Systems
MANSOOR KHAN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
ISLAMABAD CAMPUS
Course Literature
Textbook:
• Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, (3rd Edition) by
B. P. Lathi, Oxford Printing Press
Reference Books:
• Basics of Electronic Communications, NIIT Prentice – Hall India
• Electronic Communication Systems, (4th Edition) by George Kennedy and
Bernard Davis
Pre-requisites
Sessional I 10 Marks
Sessional II 15 Marks
Quizzes (7) 21 Marks
Assignments (3) 04 Marks
Terminal Exam 50 Marks
Total 100 Marks
Labs 80 Marks
Labs Final 20 Marks
Total 100 Marks
Attendance Policy
Lesson-1
Communication System
• Communication is the process of exchanging information between
source and destination(sink)
• Routing of information requires a communication link - Channel to
transmit information between source and destination.
• In past ages communication is carried over by runners, torches,
pigeons etc. Such mediums are now obsolete in modern
communication systems.
• Communication engineering deals with transmitting information
through electrical signals, i.e. information or message such as
spoken words, photographs, live scenes and sounds are first
converted to electrical signals before being transmitted on
communication link to receiver or destination.
• Electrical communication is reliable, fast and economical at the
same time. Modern communication has applications such as e-
banking, e-shopping, teleconferencing etc a possible reality.
Block Schematic of Basic
Communication System
Figure: Above depiction shows subsystems of a basic communication system in which sending
receiving and processing of information is in electrical form.
Constituents of communication
systems
(i) Source (input message)
Source originates a message in non-electrical form such as human voice,
live scene, sound, data etc.
Input message can be:
• Digital – amplitude limited to finite set of values e.g. binary signals have
only two values a digital signal with M symbols is called M-ary signal (M =
2 is a binary signal).
Analog Signals
An analog signal is a smoothly and continuously varying voltage or
current. Examples are:
Sine wave
Voice
Video (TV)
Figure: Digital signals (a) Telegraph (Morse code). (b) Serial binary code.
(ii) Input Transducer:
A device that converts energy from one form to another.
Convert an input signal into an electrical waveform.
Example: microphone converts human voice into electrical signal
referred to as the baseband signal or message signal.
Baseband/message
Input message
input signal
transducer
Principle: sound moves the cone and the attached coil of wire moves in the field of a magnet. The
generator effect produces a voltage which "images" the sound pressure variation - characterized as a
pressure microphone.
(iii) Transmitter (Tx):
Modifies or converts the baseband signal into format appropriate for
efficient channel of transmission.
Example: If the channel is fiber optic cable, the transmitter converts the
baseband signal into light frequency and the transmitted signal is light.
Transmitter also use to reformat/reshape the signal so that the channel
will not distort is as much - Signal Conditioning using a pre emphasizer which is a low
pass filter which limits the signal bandwidth
Amplifier Stages
c(t)
Carrier
Oscillator
The power of the modulated signal is amplified enough to reach the receiver stage of
communication system before transmitted on channel.
(iv) Channel:
A medium through which the transmitter output is sent.
Divided into 2 basic groups:
•Guided Electromagnetic Wave Channel – eg. wire, coaxial cable,
optical fiber
•Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Channel – eg. Wireless broadcast
channel, mobile radio channel, satellite etc.
Introduces distortion, noise and interference – in the channel,
transmitted signal is attenuated and distorted. Signal attenuation increase
along with the length of channel.
This results in corrupted transmitted signal received by receiver, Rx
Distortion
& Noise
Communication channel can be modeled as a filter that changes the characteristic spectrum of
baseband signal. This change is termed as channel distortion which is a result of different amplitude
attenuation and phase shift of each frequency component of baseband signal.
• The signal is not only distorted by channel but also contaminated by
additive noise, which is random and unpredictable.
• Causes:
a) External – man made nearby noises, automobile ignition
radiation, florescent light, natural noise from lightning, intergalactic
radiation etc.
Volts
time
PAM
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Volts
time
Pulse Code Modulation
By quantizing the PAM pulse, original
signal is only approximated
Leads to quantizing noise
Signal-to-noise ratio for quantizing noise
SNR dB 20 log 2 1.76 dB 6.02n 1.76 dB
n
8 8
Volts 5
-2 -1 time
-7
-9
time
PCM
Nonlinear Quantization Levels
Modulation
• The basic idea here is to superimpose the message signal in
analog form on a carrier which is a sinusoid of the form
ACos(wt + φ)
34
Why Modulate
• Antenna size is a major concern
• The radiating antenna should be one tenth or more of the
wavelength
• For a speech signal (100 to 3000 Hz) corresponding
wavelength will be 100 to 3000 km
• For 1MHz signal you need antenna size of only 30 meter
λ=v/f
• Where v = 3x108 m/s
Why Modulate
• Simultaneous Transmission of several Signals