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Research Article
Simulation of Formation Damage after
Long-Term Water Flooding
Liu He,1 Gao Yang,1 Li Guoxin,2 and Li Yiliang1
1
2
1. Introduction
Water flooding is a worldwide used technology for enhancing
oil recovery. Its main mechanism is to maintain higher
pressure to sweep oil towards production wells. The efficiency and key considerations about the technology have
been studied [1, 2]. However the injected water will cause
the pressure around the injection wellbore to be much
higher than that farther away from the well [3]. This high
pressure in the reservoir causes stress redistribution and
higher stress near the wellbore which induces material
damage and permeability change. Experimental results show
that dramatic increase of permeability occurs after rock
damage [46]. Different mechanical models of describing
the rock damage and permeability change have been established. Rutqvist et al. [7] proposed that the permeability
is an exponential function of the equivalent strain based
on the field measurement data of tunnel excavation problem. According to the uniaxial compression tests of rock
material, Tang et al. [5] found that permeability jumps up
steeply accompanying rock damage. Other damage models
can be consulted in the literature such as Loland damage
E
B
Interface
G
J
Barrier layer
H
Wellbore axis
POR
+1.888 + 07
+1.814 + 07
+1.74 + 07
+1.666 + 07
+1.592 + 07
+1.518 + 07
+1.444 + 07
+1.37 + 07
+1.296 + 07
+1.222 + 07
+1.148 + 07
+1.074 + 07
+1 + 07
(a) One year
POR
+1.716 + 07
+1.656 + 07
+1.597 + 07
+1.537 + 07
+1.477 + 07
+1.418 + 07
+1.358 + 07
+1.298 + 07
+1.239 + 07
+1.179 + 07
+1.119 + 07
+1.06 + 07
+1 + 07
(b) Two years
+1.381 + 07
+1.349 + 07
+1.318 + 07
+1.286 + 07
+1.254 + 07
+1.222 + 07
+1.191 + 07
+1.159 + 07
+1.127 + 07
+1.095 + 07
+1.064 + 07
+1.032 + 07
+1 + 07
(c) Five years
Figure 2: Pore pressure distributions at different injection years (The model is rotated by 90 ).
2. Mathematical Model
(1) Governing Equations of Stress-Seepage Flow Coupling Field
in Formation. In the current configuration, the equilibrium
equation of porous formation can be written as [9]
+ f = 0,
(1)
(2)
18
Pore pressure (MPa)
18
16
14
12
10
16
14
12
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
Distance (m)
One year
Two years
Three years
Four years
Five years
Initial value
500
1000
Time (day)
1500
2000
J
Initial value
I
G
where , k, and g represent the fluid viscosity, the permeability matrix, and the gravity acceleration vector, respectively.
18
16
14
12
= (1 ) 0 .
(5)
10
0
20
One year
Two years
Three years
40
60
Distance (m)
80
100
{0
={
1 0
Four years
Five years
Initial value
( ) + ( k ) = 0,
(3)
1
k ( g) ,
(4)
0
0 ,
(6)
(7)
Damage factor
+9 01
+8.25 01
+7.5 01
+6.75 01
+6 01
+5.25 01
+4.5 01
+3.75 01
+3 01
+2.25 01
+1.5 01
+7.5 02
+0 + 00
Damage factor
+9 01
+8.25 01
+7.5 01
+6.75 01
+6 01
+5.25 01
+4.5 01
+3.75 01
+3 01
+2.25 01
+1.5 01
+7.5 02
+0 + 00
0
10
Damage factor
0.8
20
30
0.6
40
0.4
50
60
0.2
70
80
0
0
300
600
900
1200
Time (day)
1500
1800
A
B
F
100
10
20
30
40
50
One year
Two years
Three years
60
70
80
90
100
Four years
Five years
0.8
Damage factor
90
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
Length (m)
One year
Two years
Three years
Four years
Five years
Stress
+1.787 + 07
+1.638 + 07
+1.489 + 07
+1.34 + 07
+1.192 + 07
+1.043 + 07
+8.937 + 06
+7.448 + 06
+5.959 + 06
+ 06
+4.47
+2.981 + 06
+1.492 + 06
+2.427 + 03
+1.894 + 07
+1.736 + 07
+1.578 + 07
+1.42 + 07
+1.262 + 07
+1.105 + 07
+9.469 + 06
+7.891 + 06
+6.313 + 06
+4.736 + 06
+3.158 + 06
8 + 06
+1.5
+2.332 + 03
Stress
+2.035 + 07
+1.865 + 07
+1.696 + 07
+1.526 + 07
+1.357 + 07
+1.187 + 07
+1.018 + 07
+8.48 + 06
+6.785 + 06
+5.089 + 06
+3.394 + 06
+1.698 + 06
+2.398 + 03
(c) Five years
Figure 10: The first invariant of effective stress distribution induced by water injection (The model is rotated by 90 ).
Permeability (mD)
20
15
10
5. Conclusions
0
10
15
20
25
30
Length (m)
One year
Two years
Three years
Four years
Five years
Acknowledgments
Permeability (mD)
0.2
0.15
References
0.1
0.05
0
0
10
One year
Two years
Three years
20
30
Length (m)
40
50
Four years
Five years
Nomenclature
D: Damage factor, dimensionless
E: Damaged elastic modulus of the rock material, m/Lt2 ,
Pa
E0 : Original elastic modulus of the rock material, m/Lt2 , Pa
f: Body force vector, m/L2 t2 , Pa/m
g: Gravity acceleration vector, L/t2 , m/s2
I: Identity matrix, dimensionless
k: Permeability matrix, L2 , m2
k0 : Initial permeability, L2 , m2
n : Porosity, dimensionless
p : Porous pressure, m/Lt2 , pa
vw : Seepage flow velocity vector, L/t, m/s
: Fitting coefficient, dimensionless
: Minimum principle strain and the threshold value of
damage initiation, dimensionless
0 : Threshold value of , dimensionless
: Fluid viscosity, m/Lt3 , Pa.s
: Density of porous fluid, m/L3 , kg/m3
: Total stress matrix, m/Lt2 , Pa
: Effective stress matrix, m/Lt2 , Pa
: First invariant of effective stress tensor, m/Lt2 , Pa
: Fitting coefficient, dimensionless.
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