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1.
Guido N. Tytgat: Butilbromuro de
Hioscina Una Revisin de su Uso en el
Tratamiento de Clicos y Dolor Abdominal.
Drugs 2007; 67 (9): 1343-1357.
Abstract
Abdominal cramping and pain is a frequent problem in the
adult population of Western countries, with an estimated
prevalence of 30%. Hyoscine butylbromide (scopolamine
butylbromide) [Buscopan / Buscapina] is an antispasmodic
drug indicated for the treatment of abdominal pain associated
with cramps induced by gastrointestinal (GI) spasms. It was
first registered in Germany in 1951 and marketed in 1952, and
has since become available worldwide both as a prescription
drug and as an over-the-counter medicine in many countries.
This article reviews the pharmacology and pharmacokinetic
profile of hyoscine butylbromide, and summarises efficacy and
safety data from clinical trials of this drug for abdominal
cramping and pain.
Pharmacological studies have revealed that hyoscine
butylbromide is an anticholinergic drug with high affinity for
muscarinic receptors located on the smooth-muscle cells of
the GI tract. Its anticholinergic action exerts a smooth muscle
relaxing/spasmolytic effect. Blockade of the muscarinic
receptors in the GI tract is the basis for its use in the treatment
of abdominal pain secondary to cramping. Hyoscine
butylbromide also binds to nicotinic receptors, which induces a
ganglion-blocking effect.
Several pharmacokinetic studies in humans have consistently
demonstrated the low systemic availability of hyoscine
butylbromide after oral administration, with plasma
concentrations of the drug generally being below the limit of
quantitation. The bioavailability of hyoscine butylbromide,
estimated from renal excretion, was generally <1%. However,
because of its high tissue affinity for muscarinic receptors,
hyoscine butylbromide remains available at the site of action
in the intestine and exerts a local spasmolytic effect. Ten
placebo-controlled studies have evaluated the efficacy and
safety of oral or rectal hyoscine butylbromide. Hyoscine
butylbromide was considered beneficial in all of these trials,
which supports its use in the treatment of abdominal pain
caused by cramping. Hyoscine butylbromide is barely
absorbed and detectable in the blood and does not penetrate
the blood-brain barrier, and is, therefore, generally well
tolerated. Few adverse events have been reported; in
particular, no significant increases in the incidence of
anticholinergic-related adverse effects have been observed.
In summary, hyoscine butylbromide appears to be a valuable
treatment option for patients with symptoms of abdominal pain
or discomfort associated with cramping.
Resumen
Los clicos y el dolor abdominales son un problema
frecuente en la poblacin adulta de los pases
occidentales, con una prevalencia estimada de 30 %.
El butilbromuro de hioscina (butilbromuro de
escopolamina) [Buscapina / Buscapina] es un
frmaco antiespasmdico indicado para el tratamiento
de dolor abdominal asociado con los clicos inducidos
por espasmos gastrointestinales (GI). Se registr por
primera vez en Alemania en 1951 y fue comercializado
en 1952, y desde entonces est disponible en todo el
mundo, tanto como un medicamento recetado, como
un medicamento de venta libre en muchos pases. Este
artculo revisa la farmacologa y el perfil farmacocintico
del butilbromuro de hioscina, y resume los datos de
eficacia y seguridad de los ensayos clnicos de este
frmaco para el dolor y clico abdominal.
Los estudios farmacolgicos han revelado que
butilbromuro de hioscina es un frmaco anticolinrgico
con alta afinidad por los receptores muscarnicos
situados en las clulas del msculo liso del tracto GI. Su
accin anticolinrgica ejerce un efecto relajante /
espasmoltico en el msculo liso. El bloqueo de los
receptores muscarnicos en el tracto gastrointestinal es
la base para su uso en el tratamiento de dolor
abdominal secundario a los clicos. Butilbromuro de
hioscina tambin se une a los receptores nicotnicos, lo
cual induce un efecto de bloqueo de ganglio.
Varios estudios farmacocinticos en humanos han
demostrado de forma consistente la baja disponibilidad
sistmica de butilbromuro de hioscina despus de la
administracin oral, las concentraciones plasmticas del
frmaco por lo general estn por debajo del lmite de
cuantificacin. La biodisponibilidad de butilbromuro de
hioscina, estimada a partir de la excrecin renal, fue
generalmente < 1 %. Sin embargo, debido a su alta
afinidad por los receptores muscarnicos tisulares,
butilbromuro de hioscina permanece disponible en el
sitio de accin en el intestino y ejerce un efecto
espasmoltico local. Diez estudios controlados con
placebo han evaluado la eficacia y seguridad de
butilbromuro hioscina oral o rectal. Butilbromuro de
hioscina fue considerado beneficioso en todos estos
ensayos, lo que apoya su uso en el tratamiento de dolor
abdominal causado por clicos. Butilbromuro de
hioscina apenas se absorbe y es detectable en la
sangre y no penetra la barrera hematoenceflica, y es,
1.5 Summary
The most relevant pharmacological properties of oral hyoscine
butylbromide are (i) relevant binding to muscarinic receptors
that are located on visceral smooth muscles of the GI tract and
that inhibit locally the motility of the GI tract; (ii)
parasympathetic ganglion-blocking effect via binding to
nicotinic receptors; and (iii) poor absorption from the GI tract
and consequently limited risk of systemic anticholinergic
effects (even at supra-therapeutic doses of 600mg).
2. Pharmacokinetic Profile
The main pharmacokinetic feature of quaternary - ammonium
derivatives is their poor systemic availability after enteral
administration. The quaternisation of the ammonium group
leads to a large molecule with a positive charge that is barely
absorbed from the gut lumen. This results in local availability
of the active compound and antagonism of the action of
acetylcholine at local muscarinic receptors. Confirmation that
oral hyoscine butylbromide is poorly absorbed is supported by
the results of several pharmacokinetic studies in humans. The
3. Therapeutic Efficacy
Ten placebo-controlled studies [29-38] have evaluated hyoscine
butylbromide for the treatment of functional abdominal pain
and discomfort. The studies included 3699 patients, of which
911 received oral (n = 868) or rectal (n = 43) hyoscine
butylbromide The remaining 2788 patients received
paracetamol
(acetaminophen),
placebo
or
hyoscine
butylbromide combined with other drugs (table V).
In the studies by Schfer and Ewe [13,29] and Mueller-Lissner et
al.,[35] a large part of the effect of hyoscine butylbromide was
already apparent after 1 week of treatment. One of the smaller
scale studies [30] also suggested that, even after a single dose,
pain relief may already be noticeable in about 50% of patients
within 60 minutes. Two small-scale longer term studies [31, 34]
have indicated that the analgesic effect of hyoscine
butylbromide also lasts for 3 months.
4.3 Interactions
When hyoscine butylbromide is concomitantly prescribed with
other anticholinergics, the likelihood of an enhanced
parasympathetic action is low (because of its low absorption)
but cannot be excluded. As such, the anticholinergic effect of
tricyclic
antidepressants,
antihistamines,
quinidine,
amantadine and disopyramide can be intensified by hyoscine
6. Conclusion
The antispasmodic hyoscine butylbromide is an anticholinergic
that acts locally at muscarinic receptors on smooth-muscle
cells in the GI tract. As such, it induces smooth-muscle
relaxation and reduces pathologically enhanced gut motility,
which is the basis for its spasmolytic effects and use in the
treatment of abdominal cramping and pain. Hyoscine
butylbromide has been available for >50 years (currently also
as an OTC medicine in many countries). Over this period,
evidence from large-scale placebo controlled trials and other
studies has shown that hyoscine butylbromide is beneficial for
relieving abdominal pain and discomfort associated with
cramping.
In summary, hyoscine butylbromide appears to be a valuable
treatment option for patients with symptoms of abdominal pain
or discomfort associated with cramping.