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social sciences. Like MLA citations, they are in-text. use notes only for analysis and
commentary, not to cite references. U MLA, however, APA emphasizes the year of
publication, which come mediately after the authors name. Thats probably because as
schola cumulates in the sciences and empirical social sciences (where APA is u it is
important to know whether the research was conducted recently whether it came
before or after other research. At least thats the ratio
Detailed information on the APA system is available in
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5 ed. (Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association, 20
Like The Chicago Manual of Style and MLA style books, the manual should be
available in your librarys reference section. For details on engineering papers, you can
also consult an online g from the American Society of Civil Engineers, available at
http://
.pubs.asce.org/authors/index.html#manreq.
To get started, lets look at APA references for a journal article, a ch in an edited book,
and a book as they appear at the end of a paper. calls this a Reference List. (MLA
calls it Works Cited, and Chicago it a Bibliography.)
Lipson, C. (1991). Why are some international agreements inform
International Organization, 45, 495538.
Lipson, C. (1994). Is the future of collective security like the past? G. Downs (Ed.),
Collective security beyond the cold war (pp. 10 131). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Press.
Lipson, C. (2003). Reliable partners: How democracies have made a separate peace.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
several by s
75
single volu
multivolu
78
translated
Chart 86
Television prog
Web
page 89
page, no au
site 88
Weblog comm
Weblog entr
Books,
several by
same author
Reference
list
In-text
(Mandelbaum, 2002)
(Lundy, 2003)
Reference
list
In-text
Book,
multiple
authors
Book,
multiple
editions
Reference
list
In-text
Reference
list
In-text
In-text
Reference
list
Book,
online
Multivolume
work
earlier
edition
Translated
volume
In-text
Reference
list
In-text
(Reed, 1922)
Reference
list
In-text
(Pflanze, 19631990)
list
In-text
(Smith, 1776/1976)
Reference
list
In-text
(Weber, 19041905/1958)
Chapter in
edited book
Journal
article, one
author
Reference
list
In-text
(Keohane, 1983)
Reference
list
In-text
(Lipson, 1991)
Name up to six authors, then add et al.
In-text
Journal
article,
online
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/xsocial te
20.4mitchell.html
Your can omit the URL when citing well-k
databases, such as JSTOR or PsycARTIC
In-text
Journal
article,
foreign
language
(Conway, 2003)
(Mitchell, 2002)
In-text
Newspaper
or magazine
article,
with author
Reference
list
In-text
Newspaper
or magazine
article,
Reference
list
online
Review
Reference
list
In-text
(Orr, 2003)
Preprint
In-text
(Tsygankov, 2004)
(Cheng et al., 2003)
(Reid, 1998)
(Gomez, 2003)
Reference
list
In-text
Microfilm,
microfiche
book, hard
copy and
online
Dictionary,
hard copy,
online, and
CD-ROM
list
In-text
Speech,
(Protest, 1971)
academic
talk, or
course
lecture
Interview
list
In-text
(Szelenyi, 2003)
(Woodward, 2004)
(Arroyo, 2003)
(E. O. Wilson, personal interview, Februar
The reference list includes printed interv
Arroyos, but not personal communicatio
private conversation, faxes, letters, or int
since they cannot be accessed by other in
Therefore, in-text citations for personal
communications (like the one for E. O.
should fully describe the item, including
date.
a fax, a phone call, a memo, or a smoke sig
Television
program
Film
Photograph
(Adams, 1927)
power in the Persian Gulf War and the f
warfare, International Security 26 (Fall
Give a descriptive title to your maps,
graphs, and tables. With this descrip
reader should understand the item w
having to refer to the text.
Note: All figures are rounded to neare
percentile.
This is a general note explaining info
table.
Reference
list
In-text
Government Reference
document,
list
hard copy
and online
Software
In-text
Reference
list
Database
Diagnostic
test
In-text
Reference
list
In-text
(Bedford, 2004)
(Intellectual Property Treaties, 2004)
Reference
list
In-text
(Microtest Q, 2003)
Diagnostic
manual
Reference
list
In-text
Web site,
entire
Reference
list
Web page,
with author
Reference
list
In-text
(Lipson, 2004)
Reference
list
In-text
Web page,
no author
Weblog,
entry or
comment
E-mail or
electronic
newsgroup
Reference
list
In-text
(Drezner, 2004)
Reference
list
chap.
ed.
Ed.
No.
p.
pages
part
revised edition
second edition
pp.
Pt.
Rev. ed.
2nd ed.
supplement
translated by
volume
volumes