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System
Abstract:
The SAE system uses a basic four-digit system to designate the chemical composition of carbon
and alloy steels. The first digit (1), of this designation indicates a carbon steel; i.e., carbon steels
comprise 1xxx groups in the SAE-AISI system and are subdivided into four categories due to the
variance in certain fundamental properties among them.
For many years, certain grades of carbon and alloy steels have been designated by a four-digit
AISI/SAE numerical index system that identified the grades according to standard chemical
compositions. Since the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) ceased writing material
specifications, the relationship between AISI and grade designations has been discontinued.
From point of edition of the 1995 Iron and Steel Society (ISS) Strip Steel Manual, the four-digit
designations are referred to solely as SAE Designations.
The SAE system uses a basic four-digit system to designate the chemical composition of carbon
and alloy steels. The simplest system for designation of steel is schematically shown in Figure 1.
The SAE-AISI system then classifies all other alloy steels using the same four digit index as
follows:
2 - Nickel steels;
3 - Nickel-chromium steels;
4 - Molybdenum steels;
5 - Chromium steels;
6 - Chromium-vanadium steels;
7 - Tungsten-chromium steels;
9 - Silicon-manganese steels.
The second digit of the series indicates the concentration of the major element in percentiles (1
equals 1%). The last two digits of the series indicate the carbon concentration to 0.01%.
Example:
SAE 5130 indicates a chromium steel alloy, containing 1% of chromium and 0.30% of carbon.
Table 1 shows the SAE/AISI steel Numbering designation system
Additional letters added between the second and third digits include B when boron is added
(between 0.0005 and 0.003%) for enhanced hardenability, and L when lead is added (between
0.15 and 0.35%) for enhanced machinability. The prefix M is used to designate merchant quality
steel (the least restrictive quality descriptor for hot-rolled steel bars used in noncritical parts of
structures and machinery). The prefix E (electric-furnace steel) and the suffix H (hardenability
requirements) are mainly applicable to alloy steels. The full series of classification groups is
shown in Table 2-4.
Table 1: The SAE/AISI steel numbering designation system
10XX Plain carbon, Mn 1.00% max
Carbon steels
Manganese steels
Nickel steels
13XX Mn 1.75%
23XX Ni 3.50%
25XX Ni 5.00%
31XX Ni 1.25%, Cr 0.65-0.80%
Nickel-chromium steels
Molybdenum steels
Chromium-molybdenum steels
40XX Mo 0.20-0.25%
44XX Mo 0.40-0.52%
41XX Cr 0.50-0.95%, Mo 0.12-0.30%
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
Nickel-molybdenum steels
Chromium steels
Chromium-vanadium steels
Tungsten-chromium steels
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
Silicon-manganese steels
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
SAE International, as a standards organization, maintains several alloy numbering systems, one
of which, for steel grades, is the SAE steel grades system.
In the 1930s and 1940s the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and SAE were both involved
in efforts to standardize such a numbering system for steels. These efforts were similar and
overlapped significantly. For several decades the systems were united into a joint system
designated the AISI/SAE steel grades. In 1995 the AISI turned over future maintenance of the
system to SAE because the AISI never wrote any of the specifications.[1]
Today steel quotes and certifications commonly make reference to both SAE and AISI, not
always with precise differentiation. For example, in the alloy/grade field, a cert might say
"4140", "AISI 4140", or "SAE 4140", and in most light-industrial applications any of the above
is accepted as adequate, and considered equivalent, for the job at hand, as long as the specific
specification called out by the designer (for example, "4140 bar per ASTM-A108" or "4140 bar
per AMS 6349") is certified to on the certificate. The alloy number is simply a general classifier,
whereas it is the specification itself that narrows down the steel to a very specific standard.
The SAE steel grade system's correspondence to other alloy numbering systems, such as the
ASTM-SAE unified numbering system (UNS), can be seen in cross-referencing tables (including
the ones given below).
The AISI system used a letter prefix to denote the steelmaking process. The prefix "C" denoted
open-hearth furnace, electric arc furnace or basic oxygen furnace, while "E" denotes electric arc
furnace steel.[2][3] A letter "L" within the grade name indicates lead as an added ingredient; for
example, 12L14 is a common grade that is 1214 with lead added for machinability.
Carbon steels and alloy steels are designated by a four digit number, where the first digit
indicates the main alloying element(s), the second digit indicates the secondary alloying
element(s), and the last two digits indicate the amount of carbon, in hundredths of a percent
(basis points) by weight. For example, a 1060 steel is a plain-carbon steel containing 0.60 wt%
C.[4]
An "H" suffix can be added to any designation to denote hardenability is a major requirement.
The chemical requirements are loosened but hardness values defined for various distances on a
Jominy test.[3]
Major classifications of steel[2]
SAE designation
Type
1xxx
Carbon steels
2xxx
Nickel steels
3xxx
Nickel-chromium steels
4xxx
Molybdenum steels
5xxx
Chromium steels
6xxx
Chromium-vanadium steels
7xxx
Tungsten steels
8xxx
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
9xxx
Silicon-manganese steels
Carbon and alloy steel grades[5]
SAE designation
Type
Carbon steels
Stainless steel
Main article: Stainless steel
Type 304the most common grade; the classic 18/8 (18% chromium,
8% nickel) stainless steel. Outside of the US it is commonly known as
"A2 stainless steel", in accordance with ISO 3506 (not to be confused
with A2 tool steel).[6]
Type 316the second most common grade (after 304); for food and
surgical stainless steel uses; alloy addition of molybdenum prevents
specific forms of corrosion. It is also known as marine grade stainless
steel due to its increased resistance to chloride corrosion compared to
type 304. 316 is often used for building nuclear reprocessing plants.
Type 321similar to 304 but lower risk of weld decay due to addition
of titanium. See also 347 with addition of niobium for desensitization
during welding.
Type 440a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon, allowing
for much better edge retention when properly heat-treated. It can be
hardened to approximately Rockwell 58 hardness, making it one of the
hardest stainless steels. Due to its toughness and relatively low cost,
most display-only and replica swords or knives are made of 440
stainless. Available in four grades:
660 through 665: Austenitic superalloys; all grades except alloy 661
are strengthened by second-phase precipitation.
Stainless steel designations[9]
SAE
UNS
designati designati
on
on
%
Cr
% Ni % C
%
%
% Si
Mn
P
%S %N
Austenitic
201
S20100
16
18
3.5
5.5
0.15
5.5
0.75 0.06 0.03 0.25 7.5
202
S20200
17
46
Other
19
205
S20500
10.0
16.5 1
18
1.75
0.12 14
0.32
0.75 0.06 0.03
0.25 15.5
0.40
6 Mo; 0.75 Cu;
"Super
0.20
austenitic"; All
values nominal
254[10]
S31254
20
18
0.02
max
301
S30100
16
18
68
0.15 2
0.75
0.04
0.03 5
302
S30200
17
19
810 0.15 2
0.75
0.04
0.03 0.1
5
302B
S30215
17
19
810 0.15 2
2.0 0.04
0.03 3.0 5
303
S30300
17
19
810 0.15 2
0.2
303Se
S30323
17
19
810 0.15 2
0.2 0.06 -
0.15 Se min
304
S30400
18
20
8
0.08 2
10.50
0.75
0.04
0.03 0.1
5
304L
S30403
18
20
812 0.03 2
0.75
0.04
0.03 0.1
5
304Cu
S30430
17
19
810 0.08 2
0.75
0.04
0.03 5
34 Cu
304N
S30451
18
20
8
0.08 2
10.50
0.75
0.04
0.10
0.03
5
0.16
305
S30500
17
19
10.50
0.12 2
13
0.75
0.04
0.03 5
308
S30800
19
21
1012 0.08 2
0.04
0.03 5
309
S30900
22
24
1215 0.2
0.04
0.03 5
309S
S30908
22
24
1215 0.08 2
0.04
0.03 5
0.15
min
Mo 0.60
(optional)
310
S31000
24
26
1922 0.25 2
1.5
0.04
0.03 5
310S
S31008
24
26
1922 0.08 2
1.5
0.04
0.03 5
314
S31400
23
26
1922 0.25 2
1.5 0.04
0.03 3.0 5
316
S31600
16
18
1014 0.08 2
0.75
0.04
0.03 0.10 2.03.0 Mo
5
316L
S31603
16
18
1014 0.03 2
0.75
0.04
0.03 0.10 2.03.0 Mo
5
316F
S31620
16
18
1014 0.08 2
0.2
316N
S31651
16
18
1014 0.08 2
0.75
0.04
0.10
0.03
2.03.0 Mo
5
0.16
317
S31700
18
20
1115 0.08 2
0.75
0.04
0.10
0.03
3.04.0 Mo
5
max
317L
S31703
18
20
1115 0.03 2
0.75
0.04
0.10
0.03
3.04.0 Mo
5
max
321
S32100
17
19
912 0.08 2
0.75
0.04
0.10 Ti 5(C+N) min,
0.03
5
max 0.70 max
329
S32900
23
28
2.55 0.08 2
12 Mo
330
N08330
17
20
3437 0.08 2
0.75
0.04 0.03 1.50
347
S34700
17
19
913 0.08 2
0.75
0.10
min
1.752.50 Mo
0.04 0.03
5
0
Nb + Ta, 10 x C
min, 1 max
348
S34800
17
19
913 0.08 2
0.75
0.04 0.03
5
0
Nb + Ta, 10 x C
min, 1 max, but
0.10 Ta max;
0.20 Ca
384
S38400
15
17
1719 0.08 2
0.04
0.03 5
% Ni % C
% % Si
SAE
UNS
designati designati
%S %N
Other
on
on
Cr
Mn
Ferritic
405
S40500
11.5
14.5
0.08 1
0.04 0.03 -
409
S40900
10.5
0.05
11.75
0.08 1
0.04
0.03 5
Ti 6 x (C + N)
429
S42900
14
16
0.75
0.12 1
0.04 0.03 -
430
S43000
16
18
0.75
0.12 1
0.04 0.03 -
430F
S43020
16
18
0.12 1.25 1
0.06
430FSe
S43023
16
18
0.12 1.25 1
0.06 0.06 -
0.15 Se min
434
S43400
16
18
0.12 1
0.04 0.03 -
0.751.25 Mo
436
S43600
16
18
0.12 1
0.04 0.03 -
0.751.25 Mo;
Nb+Ta 5 x C
min, 0.70 max
442
S44200
18
23
0.2
0.04 0.03 -
446
S44600
23
27
0.25
0.2
1.5 1
0.04 0.03 -
SAE
UNS
designati designati
on
on
%
Cr
% Ni % C
%
%
% Si
Mn
P
0.15
min
[11]
0.60 Mo
(optional)
%S %N
Other
Martensitic
403
S40300
11.5
0.60
13.0
0.15 1
0.5
0.04 0.03 -
410
S41000
11.5
0.75
13.5
0.15 1
0.04 0.03 -
414
S41400
0.04 0.03 -
13.5 2.50
416
S41600
12
14
0.15 1.25 1
0.06
416Se
S41623
12
14
0.15 1.25 1
0.06 0.06 -
0.15 Se min
420
S42000
12
14
0.15
1
min
0.04 0.03 -
420F
S42020
12
14
0.15
1.25 1
min
422
S42200
0.02 0.02
5
5
0.901.25 Mo;
0.200.30 V;
0.901.25 W
431
S41623
15
17
1.25
0.2
2.50
440A
S44002
16
18
440B
S44003
440C
S44004
SAE
UNS
designati designati
on
on
0.06
0.15
min
0.15
min
0.060 Mo
(optional)
0.60 Mo max
(optional)
0.04 0.03 -
0.60
1
0.75
0.04 0.03 -
0.75 Mo
16
18
0.75
1
0.95
0.04 0.03 -
0.75 Mo
16
18
0.95
1
1.20
0.04 0.03 -
0.75 Mo
%
Cr
% Ni % C
%
%
% Si
Mn
P
%S %N
Other
Heat resisting
501
S50100
46
0.10
1
min
0.04 0.03 -
0.400.65 Mo
502
S50200
46
0.1
0.04 0.03 -
0.400.65 Mo
S17400
1517
3-5
0.07 1
0.04 0.03 -