Sarhad Univeristy of Science and

Information Technology
Peshawar

ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
LAB
CATALOGUE

Lab Manual for

Environmental Engineering

Page 1

Sarhad University
of science and information technology

Lab Manual for Environmental Engineering

S. No
01

List of Practicals
To find turbidity of water by Nephelometric Method

Page No
02

ASTM Designation: D 1889 00

02

Standard Test Methods for pH of Water

03

ASTM Designation: D 1293 99

03

To Determine the Total Solids, Dissolved Solids, Suspended Solids

in a given sample of Water

04

ASTM Designation: D 1889 00

04

To find Hardness of water by standard EDTA method

06

ASTM Designation: D 1126 02

05

To find Alkalinity of a Water Sample by Indicator method

07

ASTM Designation: D 1067 02

06

To Determine Chloride Content in given water Sample by Argentic

Method

08

ASTM Designation: D 4458 94

07

To determine the optimum dosage for the turbid water by Jar test

09

ASTM Designation: D 2035-08

08

Estimation of chemical oxygen demand

10

ASTM Designation: D 1126 02

09

To determine the Biochemical Oxygen Demand of a given sample

11

ASTM Designation: D 4458 94

10

To Determine the Dissolved oxygen in a sample by Azide

Modification method

13

ASTM Designation: D 2035-08

11

To Determine Sulphide in a given Waste Water Sample by

Iodometeric method

14

ASTM Designation: D 1293 99

Page 2

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Standard Test method to find Turbidity of water by Nephelometric Method

ASTM Designation: D 1889 00
Theory:
Turbidity is caused in natural waters by finally divided suspended particles of clay, silt, sand
or by some organic materials, and by microscopic organisms. It is usually expressed in mg/l or
ppm, and may be determined by optical observations. The standard unit of turbidity is that
turbidity which is produced by mixing 1 mg of finally divided silica SiO2(called Fullers earth)
in one liter of distilled water which is equivalent to NTU. Turbid meters are generally used to
measure the turbidity of the given water samples. A turbid meter generally works on the
principle of measuring the interference caused by the water sample to the passage of light rays.

Apparatus:
Turbidity meter, Cuvette, Samples, Cleaning Solution
Standard:
WHO suggests a guide line value of 5 NTU.
Procedure:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.

Turn the meter on by pressing the ON/OFF key.

The meter will carry out a self-test displaying full set of figures. After the test,
the LCD will change to the measurement mode.
When the LCD displays ''-----'' the meter is ready to measure.
Fill a clean cuvette up to one quarter inch (0.5cm) from its rim with
thoroughly agitated sample.
Allow sufficient time for bubbles to escape before securing the cap
The cuvette must be completely free of finger prints and other oil or dirt.
Place the cuvette into the cell and check that the notch on the cap is positioned
securely into the groove.
The mark on the cuvette cap should point towards the LCD.
Press the READ key and the LCD will display a blinking SIP (sampling in
process), turbidity value will appear after approximately 25 seconds.

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Precautions:
Each time using tighten cap to same degree.
All glass ware use to contain samples should be washed with cleansing
solution or turbidity free water.
Observations & Calculation
Volume of Sample = a = -------- ml,
Volume of added distilled water = b = -------- ml
Dilution factor = (a + b)/a = -------Turbidity of the sample = Dilution factor * NTU =

--------

NTU

Sample # 01; Water Turbidity = -------- NTU

Sample # 02; Water Turbidity = -------- NTU
Sample # 03; Water Turbidity = -------- NTU

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Standard Test Methods for pH of Water

ASTM Designation: D 1293 99
Theory:

The pH value of water or a solution is defined as the log of reciprocal of hydrogen ions
present in that water; i.e.
pH = log10 1/H+
Pure water is in fact a balanced combination of positively charged hydrogen ions (H+) and
negatively charged hydroxyl ions (OH-) both ions being equal. Moreover the product of H+
and OH-has been found to be 10-14 moles/liter. Hence in pure or a neutral water the quantum
of H+ and OH- will each be equal to10-14 = 10-7 moles/litre.The pH value of such a pure
water will be equal to log10 1/10-7 = log10 107 = 7.The pH value of water indicates the acidity
or the alkalinity of water. The maximum acidity will at 0 value of pH and the maximum
alkalinity will be at pH value of 14.The pH value of raw water infact must be taken into
account while deciding the various treatment processes like coagulation Disinfection, water
softening etc. The pH value also becomes important in corrosion control since lower pH
values may cause tuberculation and corrosion of the pipes and treatment tanks. Higher pH
values may on the other hand produce incrustation, sediment deposit, difficulty in
chlorination.

Apparatus and Chemicals:

Buffer tables (pH4, pH7), Standard Solution, Probe pH meter stand, beaker
and Calorimetric paper as well as water sample.
Standards:
WHO suggested a guideline value of (6.5 to 8.5) pH of water

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Procedures:
Colorimetric Method:
i.
ii.

Dip the Colorimetric paper in the water sample

Compare the color of the paper with the color from the table and note the pH
of water against the color. This is pH of the sample

Electrometric Method
i.
ii.

Connect pH electrode and temperature probe to the meter and switch it ON.
Remove the protective cap; rinse the tips of pH electrode and temperature
probe with some pH 7.01 solution. Immerse them into a pH 7.01 buffer
solution, stir gently and wait a couple of minutes for stable reading.
a. Note: The electrode should be submerged approximately 4 cm (11/2'') into
the solution and temperature probe should be located as close as possible
to the electrode.

iii.
iv.

Press the C key to display the temperature of the buffer (e.g. 20C).
Press the pH key to read pH values. Stir gently and wait for couple of minutes.
pH values at various temperatures
Temperature
C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45

pH values
4.01 7.01 10.01
4.01 7.13 10.32
4.00 7.10 10.24
4.00 7.07 10.18
4.00 7.04 10.12
4.00 7.03 10.06
4.01 7.01 10.01
4.02 7.00 9.96
4.03 6.99 9.92
4.04 6.98 9.88
4.05 6.98 9.85

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Standard Test method to Determine the Total Solids, Dissolve Solids and
Suspended Solids in a given sample of Water
ASTM D5907 10
Solids:
Solids are defined as matter that remains as residue upon evaporation & drying at 103 20

Total Solids

Total Solids

Dissolved
Solids

Suspended
Solids

Volatile
Solids
Fixed Solids

Settleable
Solids
Non Settleable
Solids

Total Dissolved solids:

The total dissolved solids consist of minerals. This test provides a check on detailed analysis
in developing a potential source for public water supply i.e. if we want to develop a control
take off for the public water supply
Importance:
Determination of total solids in sewage is very much important as this sewage has to be
disposed off into the water body so if the total solids are more than the permissible limits by
NEQS then it will cause obstruction of sunlight and hence will be dangerous for the aquatic
life. High concentrations of dissolved solids in water when used in boilers may lead to boiler
troubles like priming and foaming.

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Suspended Solids:
Apparatus:
Filter paper, beaker, desiccators, oven, balance, filtration assembly, vacuum
pump as well as conical flask.
Standard:
WHO guideline value = 1000 mg/l as dissolved solids
Procedure:
i.
ii.

Weight the filter paper and let it be W1

Put the filter paper in the filtration apparatus and pass some distill water by
applying vacuum to set the filter paper.
Pass the measured amount of sample through filter paper
Place the filter paper in an oven for one hour.
Weight the filter paper and let its weight be W2

iii.
iv.
v.

Suspended solids (mg/l) = (W2 W1)*1000/Volume of Sample

Total Dissolved Solids:
Apparatus:
China dish, Balance, Desiccators
Standards:
NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards values = 3500mg/l
Procedure:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

Take clean china dish weight it in accurate balance let its weight be W1
Take some of the sample from china dish and do steam bathing for one hour
After that place the china dish in oven at 103 20
When it is completely dried put it in desiccators
Reweigh the china dish along with the solid residual, let it be W2
Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) = (W2 W1) *1000/Volume of sample
Total Solids (mg/l) = Suspended Solids + Total Dissolved Solids

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Standard Test method to find Hardness of water by standard EDTA

method
ASTM Designation: D 1126 02
Scope and significance:
Hardness salts in water, notably calcium and magnesium, are the primary cause of tube and
pipe scaling, which frequently causes failures and loss of process efficiency due to clogging,
loss of heat transfer. This test method covers the determination of hardness in water by titration.
This test method is applicable to waters that are clear in appearance and free of chemicals that
will complex calcium or magnesium. The lower detection limit of this test method is
approximately 2 to 5 mg/L as CaCO3; the upper limit can be extended to all concentrations by
sample dilution. It is possible to differentiate between hardness due to calcium ions and that
due to magnesium ions by this test method.

Apparatus and Chemicals used:

Conical Flask, funnel, sand, burette, beaker, Buffer solution, Eriochrome Black
tea, EDTA solution of 0.02 Normality.

Standard:

Procedure:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

Who guideline value of hardness is 500 mg/liter as CaCO3

EU guidelines = 250 mg/liter as CaCo3

Take 50ml sample into Erlenmeyer flask.

Add 3 to 5 ml buffer solution to flask.
Add few drops of Eriochrome black indicator.
Mix solution, color will be pink.
Fill the burette with 0.02N EDTA solution, and note the reading (initial
reading).
Start titration.
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vii.
viii.

When the color changes to blue, stop titration and note the reading (final
reading)
Calculate the hardness by using the following formula
Hardness= (F.R- I.R) x N x 50 x 1000 = mg/l as CaCo3
Volume of sample in ml

Type of Water
Soft Water
Moderately Hard Water
Hard Water
Very Hard Water

Hardness (mg/lit)
0-75
75-150
150-300
Above 300

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Standard Test method to find the Alkalinity of a water sample by Indicator

Method
ASTM Designation: D 1067 02
Theory:
Alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids i.e. to absorb hydrogen ions
without significant pH change. It is caused by the presence of hydroxides (OH-), carbonates
(CO--) and bicarbonates (HCO3-).A negligible amount of negative alkalinity is also caused by
hydrogen ions (H+) which is very small and hence ignored. Presence of carbonate and
bicarbonate in water is infact an interchangeable process and depends upon the pH value of
water. At lower value of pH the carbonates change to bicarbonates so much so that at pH less
than 8.3 only bicarbonates are found to occur. Since all the carbonates are converted into
bicarbonates by the action of CO2 and H2O as indicated below
pH< 8.3
CO2 + H2O + CaCO3
Ca(HCO3)2
Even bicarbonates cease to exist in water if its pH falls below 4.5 since they are all converted
into carbonic acid.
Significance and Use:
Acidity and alkalinity measurements are used to assist in establishing levels of
chemical treatment to control scale, corrosion, and other adverse chemical
equilibrium.

Levels of acidity or alkalinity are critical in establishing Solubility of some metals,

toxicity of some metals, and the buffering capacity of some waters.

Standard:
WHO suggested a guide line value for the alkalinity (mg/l as CaCo3)
i.
ii.
iii.

Low Alkalinity < 50

Medium Alkalinity: 50 - 250
High Alkalinity > 250

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Apparatus and Chemicals used:

Stand, burette, pipette, funnel, conical flask, beaker.
Phenolphthalein indicator solution, brome cresol green + methyl red solution,
standard solution (H2SO4) of 0.02N.
Procedure:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

Take 50 ml of water sample in a flask.

Add six drops of phenolphthalein indicator in the sample.
Fill the burette with standard H2SO4 solution and note the reading (initial
reading)
Start titration
When the color of sample changes, stop titration and note the reading of
burette (final reading)
Calculate the phenolphthalein alkalinity by using following formula
P- Alkalinity = (F.R I.R) x 1000/50

vii.

Now add six drops of brome cresol green methyl red solution, which will turn
the color of sample to green.
viii. Note the initial reading of burette having standard H2SO4 solution.
ix. Start titration
x. When the color changes to grey, stop titration and note the final reading.
xi. Calculate the total alkalinity using the following formula
Total Alkalinity = (F.R I.R) x 1000/50
Relationship table for Alkalinity:
Result of Titration
P=0
P > T/2
P = T/2
P < T/2
P=T

Hydroxide
Nil
2P T
Nil
Nil
P

Where P = Phenolphthalein

Carbonate
Nil
2(T-P)
2P
2P
Nil

Bicarbonate
T
Nil
Nil
T 2P
Nil

T = Total Alkalinity
Page 12

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Standard Test method to Determine Chloride Content in given water

Sample by Argentic Method
ASTM Designation: D 4458 94
Theory:
Chloride is always present in water in some amount. The excess presence of NaCl in water
indicates pollution of water due to sewage. The salt used in the preparation of food is
excreted by body thereby making sewage higher in Chlorides. Chlorides in reasonable
concentrations are not harmful to humans. At concentrations above 250mg/l they give a salty
taste to water which is objectionable to many people for this reason chlorides are generally
limited to 250mg/l in supplies intended for public use.
Importance:
This test indicates presence of Chlorides in the sample. If it comes out greater than
1000mg/liter then it indicates pollution of water by sewage and we must stop the supply.
Standards:
i.
ii.

According to WHO Guidelines (1970)

Higher Desirable Limits = 200mg/liter as CaCo3
Higher Desirable value = 250mg/liter (1984) as CaCo3

Apparatus and Chemicals:

Burette, Titration Flask, Water Sample Conical Flask, Graduated Cylinder,
Stand and pipette beaker, Potassium chromate indicator (K2CrO4, Standard
Silver Nitrate)

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Procedure:
Apparatus Assembly:
A burette fitted in stand with the beaker placed below the burette
i.
Take 50 ml of sample
ii.
Add 0.5 ml of Potassium Chromate to it ,it will become yellow
iii. Take Silver Nitrate, dissolve in distilled water and get 2.39 mg/liter solution of
water
iv.
Take this Silver Nitrate solution in burette and note the initial reading
v.
Titrate potassium chromate solution against silver nitrate solution till it
changes its color to pinkish yellow, note the final reading.
Chloride content (mg/l) = (Final Reading Initial reading)*35.45*N*1000/50
Precautions:
i.

Hands should be washed immediately as these solutions are harmful.

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Standard Test method to Determine the optimum dosage for the turbid
water by Jar test
ASTM Designation: D 2035-08
Theory:
Alum is the name given to the Aluminium Sulphate with its chemicals formula a
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O. The Alum when added to raw water reacts with bicarbonate alkalinities
which are generally present in raw water so as to form gelatinous precipitate (floc) of
aluminium hydroxide. This floc attracts pure suspended matter and collides present in raw
water, Thereby growing in size. The floc formation is assisted by slow mixing called
floatation. The flocs finally settle down to the bottom of the tank for being removed in the
sedimentation tank. The above process/technique is known as coagulation.
Importance:
Jar test is usually performed for the determination of dosage of coagulants

Apparatus:
Water sample, jars, spin block, Electric stirrer, Coagulants etc
Procedure:
Six jars arranged in the jar apparatus
i.
Take six no of jars
ii.
Fill them with water for which dosage of coagulant is to be determined
iii. Arrange them in jar apparatus
iv.
Various amount of coagulant are then added to each of the jar
v.
After reading the coagulant the driving unit is started
vi.
It starts rotation of the pink block
vii.
Allow the rotation for 30 minutes
viii. For 1 hour allow or leave the apparatus and then the formation of floc in each
jar is noted.
Coagulant Dosage:
i.
For high turbidity: 3 to 5 gpg
ii.
For lower turbidity: 0.1 to 1 gpg
Precautions:
i.
Carefully adjust the apparatus
ii.
As the apparatus work with electricity , so care should be taken
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Standard Test method for Estimation of chemical oxygen demand (COD)

ASTM Designation: D1252-06
Theory and principle:
These are some organic matters especially from industrial waste that is toxic to bacteria and it
is difficult to calculate bacteria as well. COD is calculated for these types of wastes
COD Definition:
Amount of oxygen required by the strong oxidizing agent to completely oxidize the organic
matter under acidic conditions. In BOD the organic matter is not completely oxidized
Biologically degradable organic matter is only oxidized on the other hand in COD both the
Biologically degradable and biologically inactive organic matter is oxidized as a result COD
is always greater than BOD
Advantages of COD test:
i.
ii.
iii.

This test can be performed in short duration 3hrs while BOD takes 5 days
If sufficient data is available on BOD and COD of particular sewage
accumulated ration of BOD and Cod can be determined
The most readily oxidizing agent K2Cr2O7 can be used.

Importance:
COD shows the oxygen required to oxidize the organic as well as the in organic matter
present in the waste water. It very important to determine as its excess will cause more
oxygen consumption and is hazardous to aquatic life.

Apparatus and Chemicals:

Standard K2Cr2O7 solution 0.025N, H2SO4, Standard ferrous ammonium
sulphate solution 0.1N, Ferrous indicator solution, Mercuric Sulphate,
Sulphuric acid (required if the interference of nitrate is to be eliminated,
Reflux apparatus, COD apparatus

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Standards:
NEQS standard value is 150 mg/l
Procedure:
i.

ii.

iii.

iv.
v.

A fluxing flask with mercuric sulphate and K2Cr2O7 added to sewage sample
0.4ml of mercuric sulphate is taken in fluxing flask appropriately. Then 29ml
of sewage sample and 10 ml of standard K2Cr2O7 is added to the above flask
along with several granular of glass beats to stop splitting of liquid during
boiling
The flask is connected to the condenser 30ml of concentrated H2SO4
containing AgSO4 is added slowly through open end of condenser and it is
mixed thoroughly by swirling while adding the acid. The reflux mixture is
mixed thoroughly before heat is supplied if this is not done local heating
occurs in the bottom of the flask and the mixture may be blown out of the
condenser
The mixture is heated for two hours; it is cooled and waved down the
condenser with distilled water. The mixture is diluted to about 150ml with
distilled water, cooled at room temperature, and excess of dichromate standard
ferrous ammonium sulphate using ferrous indicator.(2 drops)
The end point is sharp color change from blue green to reddish brown.
The experiment is repeated and refluxed in the same manner without sample
(blank) consisting of 20ml of distilled water together with the reagent

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Standard Test method to determine the Biochemical Oxygen Demand of a

given sample
ASTM Designation: WK 23808
Theory:
Biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen required for the microorganisms
present in waste water to convert the organic substance to stable compounds such as CO2 and
H2O
Organic substance + oxygen + Bacteria
CO2 + H2O
Importance:
Biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen required for the microorganisms
present in waste water to convert the organic substance to stable compounds such as CO2 and
H2O.Its determination is very much important because it will give you the oxygen consumed
more BOD greater will be its effect on the aquatic life.
Apparatus and Chemicals:
BOD bottle, Burette, Pipette, Pipette filler, Graduated cylinder, Manganese
sulphate, alkali iodine acid, concentrated sulphuric acid, standard thiosulphate
and starch indicator.
Standards:
i.
The BRCES (British Royal Commission Effluent Standard) allow a BOD of
20 mg/l in a treated sewage to be discharged in to any water body.
ii.
BOD Value according to NEQS = 80 mg/l
Procedure:
BOD bottle fitted with stopper and pipette
i.
Take two BOD bottles and half fill it with distilled water
ii.
Add 3ml of waste water (polluted water ) to the BOD bottle with the help of
pipette
iii. Fill the tube with distilled water and fix the stopper on it.
iv.
Put one of these tubes in incubator at 20C for five days.
v.
Add 2ml of MnSO4 to other tube with the help of pipette and shake it well (if
oxygen is present the color will be brown otherwise white)
vi.
Add 2ml of concentrated H2SO4 and shake well which will give a color which
is in resemblance to mustard oil.
vii.
Take 200ml from this solution in graduated cylinder and add 1ml of starch
indicator to it which will give a yellowish color
viii. Place the graduated cylinder below the burette containing the standard solution
of sodium thiosulphate and note the initial reading
ix. Find dissolved oxygen by subtracting the initial reading from final reading
x. After incubation of first tube the dissolved oxygen is found in similar way
xi. Find the BOD by using the formula
BOD (mg/l) = (Zero day DO Five Days DO)*300 mg/l of sample

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BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) DATA

Sample source: -----------------------Raw sewage

Bottle number (not lid #)

---------------------------

Sample volume (ml)

Initial DO (mg/L)
Final DO (mg/L)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Final Effluent Bottle number

Sample Volume (ml)
Initial DO (mg/L)
Final DO (mg/L)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dilution Water Bottle number

Sample Volume (ml)
Initial DO (mg/L)
Final DO (mg/L)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

BOD5 Calculation:
When dilution water is not seeded
BOD = (D1 - D2)/P
When seeded water is used
BOD =( (D1-D2) (B1-B2) f)/P
Where
D1 = DO of diluted sample immediately after preparation, mg/L
D2 = DO of diluted sample after 5 d incubation at 20C, mg/L
P = Decimal Volumetric fraction of sample used
B1 = DO of seed control before incubation, mg/L
B2 = DO of seed control after incubation, mg/L
f = ratio of seed water in diluted sample to seed in seed control =
(% seed in diluted sample)/ (% seed in seed control)
Summary:
Raw sewage, Diln. 1
Raw sewage, Diln. 2
Final effluent Diln. 1
Final effluent Diln. 2

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Average -------------Average --------------

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Standard Test method to Determine the Dissolved oxygen in a sample by

Azide Modification method
ASTM D888 09
Theory:
Dissolved oxygen is essential for the maintenance of healthy lakes and rivers .the presence of
oxygen in water is a good sign. The lack of oxygen is a signal of severe pollution. Rivers
range from high to very low levels of dissolved oxygen. Physically dissolved oxygen is
influenced by water temperature and the volume of water moving down a river (discharge)
affect dissolved oxygen levels. Gases like oxygen dissolve more easily in cooler water than in
warmer water. In temperate areas rivers respond to changes in air temperature by cooling or
warming. River discharge is related to the climate of an area. during dry periods flow may be
severely reduced and air and water temperatures are often higher both of these factors tend to
reduce dissolve oxygen levels wet weather or melting snow increase flow with a resulting
greater mixing of atmospheric oxygen.
Apparatus:
Burette, Pipette, pipette filler, beaker, Dissolved oxygen Bottle
Reagents:
MnSO4, Alkali Iodide Azide reagent, H2SO4, Starch Indicator, Standard
Sodium Thiosulphate titrant (0.025N)
Procedure:
i.
ii.
iii.

iv.
v.

vi.
vii.

Take water sample in 300ml bottle

Add 1ml MnSO4 solution followed by 1ml Alkali Iodide Azide solution
Cap the bottle making sure no air is trapped inside and invert repeatedly to
fully mix. The presence of oxygen is indicated by the formation of brownish
orange precipitate and will form floc
Allow the sample to stand until the precipitate settles halfway
Add 1ml concentrated H2SO4 cap it and invert repeatedly until the reagent and
precipitate have been dissolved. A clear yellow to brown orange color will
develop.
Add 1ml starch indicator solution the sample will turn blue
Titrate against standard Sodium thiosulphate solution 0.025N until the sample
changes from blue to colorless solution and note the burette reading

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Dissolved Oxygen Data:

Sample/Data
Bottle#
Sample Volume
(mls)
Initial Burette
Reading
Final Burette
Reading
Net Titre (mls)
DO Conc (mg/l)
DO Conc
(Probe)
Temp(C)
Saturation
Concentration

Raw Sewage

Final Effluent

Tap Water

Diln Water

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Standard Test method to Determine Sulphide in a given Waste Water

Sample by Iodometeric method.
ASTM D4658 - 09
Theory:
Sulphide is poisonous by product of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter mostly in
waste water and industrial waste. Sulphide present in ground water especially in hot springs.
The threshold odor concentration of H2S in clear water is 0.025mg/l to 0.25mg/l. If it is
attached directly or indirectly causes serious corrosion of concrete sewers because it is
oxidized biologically to H2S on the pipe walls.
Importance:
Sulphide is poisonous by product of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter mostly in
waste water and industrial waste .It also cause serious corrosion of concrete sewers because it
is oxidized biologically to H2S on the pipe walls. That is why its determination is very
important.
Chemicals and Apparatus:
HCl 6N, Iodine Solution 0.025N,Na2S2O3 0.025N, starch Indicator, Beaker,
Pipette
Standard:
Standard value for sulphide in waste water is not more than 1mg/l
Procedure:
Apparatus Assembly:
i.
A burette fitted in stand with the conical flask placed below the burette.
ii.
Take 200 ml sample of water .Add some iodine solution .On disappearance of
iodine color add more iodine to remain the yellow color.
iii. Then add 2 ml 6N HCl. Take Na2S2O3 solution for titration and a few drops of
starch solution. At the end point until the blue color disappears note the
reading.
Sulphide mg/l = (A*B)-(C*D)*16*1000/ml of Sample
A = ml of Iodine solution
B = Normality of Iodine
C = ml of Na2S2O3 solution
D = Normality Na2S2O3 solution

Page 22

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LAB INVENTORY

Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar

Civil Engineering Department
Inventory List
Environmental Engineering Lab
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
13
14
15
16
17
18

Category
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed

Type

Sub Type

Make

Model

Serial No Given No

721

Location
Number

Status

Status
Date

Status
Authority

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Issue Date

Incharge

Location Name

Apparatus

Digital Spectrophotometer

Apparatus

Analytical Balance

HAND

DHV300A

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Apparatus

Electric stirrers

CHINA

JJ 1

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Apparatus

Turbidity meter

HANNA
(Romania)

Hi 93703

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Apparatus

Filtration assembly with Vacuum pump

SPARMAX

L 100432

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Apparatus

IMhoff cone

SAN

DIN 12672

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Apparatus

Water Distillation assembly

2001009423

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Apparatus

Burettes with stands

JAPSON

SCES 047

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Apparatus

Desiccators

PAKISTANI

18/7/2010

Lab Incharge: Engr. Shahab

Ahmad

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Apparatus

pH meter

ADWA

AD 8000

18/7/2010

Lab Engr: Engr.Muhammad

Abdur Rahman

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Apparatus

pH meter

HANNA
(Romania)

HI 83141

18/7/2010

Lab attendent: Abu bakar

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Apparatus

Pippett

IWAKI PUIREX

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Apparatus

Hot air oven

JIANGSU
ZHENGJI

GRX-28A

18/7/2010

Non-Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Apparatus

BOD bottels

WHEATON

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Apparatus

Funnels

IWAKI PUIREX

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

IWAKI PUIREX

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

ANALAR

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

ANALAR
RIEDELDEHAEN
ANALAR
MERCK
GERMANY

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

ANALAR

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Environmental
Engineering Lab

Apparatus

Barkers

20

Consumed

Chemical

Sodium ozaide

21

Consumed

Chemical

Nitric Acid(conc.) (HNO3)

22

Consumed

Chemical

Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)

23

Consumed

Chemical

Ammonia solution (NH3)

24

Consumed

Chemical

Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)

25

Consumed

Chemical

Starch soluble (C6H10 O5)n

26

Consumed

Chemical

Aluminum sulfate (Al2 O12 S3. 18H2O)

RIGK

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

27

Consumed

Chemical

Phenolphthalein (C20 H14 O4)

MERCK
GERMANY

18/7/2010

serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

MERCK
GERMANY

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

19

28

Consumed

Chemical

Silver nitrate (AgNo3) 25gm*8

29

Consumed

Chemical

Bromophenol blue

ANALAR

30

Consumed

Chemical

Erichrome black - T

ANALAR

31

Consumed

Chemical

Methyl orange

32

Consumed

Chemical

Potassium chromate ( K2 Cr O)

33

Consumed

Chemical

Methanol (CH4O)

34

Consumed

Chemical

Ethanol

35

Consumed

Chemical

Ammonium chloride (NH4 CL)

36

Consumed

Chemical

Acetic acid (C2 H4 O2)

37

Consumed

Chemical

Potassium iodide (KI)

38

Consumed

Chemical

Sodium iodide (Na l)

39

Consumed

Chemical

Silica gel

40

Consumed

Chemical

Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)

41

Consumed

Chemical

Bromophenol blue

42

Consumed

Chemical

Pnenol cryst extra pure (C6 H6 O)

43

Consumed

Chemical

Tri ethanolamine (C6 H15 NO3)

44

Consumed

Chemical

Aluminum sulfate 18 hydrate (AL2

(SO4)3.18H2O)

45

Consumed

Chemical

Sodium hydroxide pellets (Na OH)

46

Consumed

Chemical

Mercury (11) nitrate Hg (No3)2. H2O

47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55

Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed
Non
Consumed

MERCK
GERMANY

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

ANALAR

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

GPR

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

MERCK
GERMANY

MERCK
GERMANY
MERCK
GERMANY
MERCK
GERMANY
RIEDELDEHAEN
MERCK
GERMANY
ANALAR
MERCK
GERMANY
MERCK
GERMANY
MERCK
GERMANY
MERCK
GERMANY
MERCK
GERMANY
MERCK
GERMANY
MERCK
GERMANY

Chemical

Magnesium sulfate heptahydrat- (Mg SO4

7H2O)

18/7/2010

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Furniture

Tables for aparatus

3/5/2014

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Furniture

Staff table

3/5/2014

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Furniture

Stools for Students

3/5/2014

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Fans

3/5/2014

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Energy Savers

3/5/2014

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Exchaust fan

3/5/2014

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Ceramics

Wash Basin

3/5/2014

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Furniture

White Board

3/5/2014

Serviceable

12/11/2014

CED

Electrical
appliances
Electrical
appliances
Electrical
appliances