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Budget
Estimates
2015-16
Targets for
2016-17
2017-18
1.
1.8
2.0
1.5
0.0
2.
Revenue Deficit
2.9
2.8
2.4
2.0
3.
Fiscal Deficit
4.1
3.9
3.5
3.0
4.
9.9
10.3
10.5
10.7
5.
46.8
46.1
44.7
42.8
Notes:
1. GDP is the Gross Domestic Product at current market prices as per new series from 2004-05.
2. Total outstanding liabilities include external public debt at current exchange rates. For projections, constant exchange
rates have been assumed. Liabilities do not include part of NSSF and total MSS liabilities which are not used for Central
Government deficit.
1.
The performance on select fiscal indicators for
the current financial year and rolling targets over the
next financial years are presented above. As
explained in this chapter and the next, the changes
were necessitated due to emerging Government
priorities and compositional shift in the fiscal relations
between the Centre and States, following the
recommendations of the Fourteenth Finance
Commission.
2.
Performance in current fiscal year established
the robustness of the fiscal correction process.
Several macro-economic developments assisted in
Governments efforts to remain steadfast in the pursuit
of consolidation. While, tax revenues remained
sluggish growth revival, fall in international crude oil
prices, gains on the current account deficit etc. eased
pressure on subsidies and provided scope for
expenditure management to meet the fiscal targets.
3.
The General Budget 2015-16 is a step further
in the direction of fiscal consolidation albeit with
revised roadmap. As the first year of the 14th Finance
Commission Award period, with higher devolution of
taxes to States, Budget 2015-16 is presented with
lower tax resources at the disposal of the Centre.
Thus, the budget size contracted marginally as
compared to BE 2014-15, though it marks an increase
of 5.7 per cent over RE. However, Government has
6
7
4.
14th Finance Commission (FFC) Award has been
one of the themes of the budget 2015-16. As
discussed in the fiscal policy statement, Government
had set in motion the institutional changes necessary
for implementing co-operative federalism by way of
replacing Planning Commission with National Institute
for Transforming India (NITI), re-designing many of
the centrally sponsored schemes etc. By providing a
quantum jump in the States share of taxes, FFC has
enlarged the scope of development programme by
sharing the onus between Centre and States. It is
contextual that the Finance Commission has
mandated in letter what government had already
initiated in spirit in the FY 2014-15.
5.
In the emerging scenario, Centre will continue
to provide enabling platform, it is for the States to take
lead in various developmental programmes based on
local needs and aspirations. Thus, budget 2015-16
provides modest increase in Non-Plan spending, basic
minimum jump in the Central sector programmes.
None-the-less, Government has protected the welfare
programmes under social sectors, including outlays
for minorities, disability, social justice, health,
education etc. In other sectors the share of centre
has been reduced with greater contribution coming
from States in view of higher devolution. Similarly, in
some other State subjects, schemes have not been
provided allocation from Centre, as States may like to
decide on the efficacy and need for such schemes.
The shift is monumental, in terms of changes in the
mode of implementation and will undoubtedly require
a transition phase. Therefore, certain minimum
provision has been made to meet the requirement in
the first quarter, with a proviso to re-examine the need
for continuation in the initial part of the financial year.
Going forward, there is need to change the design of
many schemes as also the implementing mechanism
in line with the changes set in motion in this budget.
The details are given in the later section on Plan
expenditure.
7.
Non-debt capital receipts have been revised
down ward at `42,236 crore in RE 2014-15. In B.E.
2015-16, to meet the additional resources requirement
following shrinking of tax revenues for the centre due
to higher devolution to States, the non-debt capital
receipts has been revised upwards and targeted
at80,253 crores. Significantly net taxes to Centre,
as ratio of GDP, has declined from 7.2 per cent in RE
2014-15 to 6.5 per cent in B.E. 2015-16. As a result,
a total revenue receipt of the centre has declined from
8.9 per cent in RE 2014-15 to 8.1 per cent in B.E.
2015-16, as ratio of GDP. Debt receipts have
increased in nominal terms, while reducing the fiscal
deficit target to 3.9 per cent. Thus, the total resources
of centre after absorbing the impact of FFC and
continuing on the path of consolidation, albeit with
revised roadmap, has declined marginally from BE
6.
In terms of trends, the gross tax revenue 2014-15.
estimates in FY 2015-16 have been estimated with
The fiscal rules required elimination of effective
growth of 15.8 per cent over RE 2014-15, which 8.
implies tax to GDP ratio at 10.3 per cent. Total revenue deficit and limiting revenue deficit to 2 per
expenditure in FY 2015-16 is estimated to grow cent by 31st March, 2015. As pointed out in the MTEF
marginally by 5.7 per cent over RE and is pegged at statement presented along with the Budget 2014-15,
12.6 per cent of GDP. As compared to BE 2014-15, this stipulation required removing imbalances on the
total expenditure shrinks by 1 per cent due to shrinking revenue account. While, fiscal deficit could be steered
resource base and fiscal consolidation following FFC, as per the roadmap adopted in 2012-13, the targets
as explained above. Non-tax revenue has shown on revenue account required compositional shift in
growing trends in last couple of years. It has been the designing of Plan schemes with greater emphasis
revised upwards, despite high base in FY 2014-15. in transfer of funds for creation of capital assets. ReHowever, on an increased base the growth in 2015- designing of centrally sponsored schemes was
16 over the RE is about 1.8 per cent, but it is slated at initiated in FY 2014-15, the scope was however limited
8
as the changes have to be balanced keeping in view
the spending in social and welfare sectors for the
protection of vulnerable sections. Revenue deficit in
budget 2015-16 has been retained at 2.8 per cent to
meet the commitment under various welfare
programmes. It is proposed to re-align the targets on
revenue account, with the fiscal deficit target. Thus,
it is proposed to set the target for elimination of
effective revenue deficit and confining the revenue
deficit at two per cent of GDP by 31st March, 2018;
co-terminus with the fiscal deficit target. Necessary
amendment in the FRBM Act and Rules are being
introduced accordingly.
Fiscal Outlook for 2016-17 to 2017-18
9.
The General Budget 2015-16 re-affirms
Governments commitment to carry the process of
fiscal consolidation. Accordingly, the fiscal deficit
target of 3.9 per cent has been retained in this years
fiscal policy. Going forward, in the medium term fiscal
deficit target will be progressively reduced to 3.5 and
3.0per cent in FY 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively.
This implies limited fiscal space over the medium term
period. The process of fiscal rectitude which has so
far been largely on the expenditure side will have to
be matched by greater resource mobilization in coming
years.
10. Fiscal parameters on the revenue account,
revenue deficit and effective revenue deficit, presented
in the general budget 2015-16 remain out of bounds
set forth in the fiscal rules. While revenue deficit in
2015-16 at 2.8 per cent shows a marginal
improvement from 2.9 per cent in RE 2014-15,
Effective Revenue Deficit climbs up from 1.8 per cent
in RE 2014-15 to 2.0 per cent in BE 2015-16. This is
mainly due to changes in the nature of transfer of
resources to States. It is interesting to note that
following the recommendations of FFC, the untied
transfers to States (devolution of taxes and duties)
which was about 49 per cent of total transfers in 201415 marks a steep rise to 63 per cent in 2015-16.
11.
In order to protect the interests or poor and
needy, Government has decided to continue welfare
programmes while giving greater space to States in
development schemes. Thus, much of the funds that
were hitherto considred as grant-in-aid for capital
expenditure are subsumed within untied funds that
are now to be transferred to States directly. It has been
decided, accordingly, to relax some of the fiscal rules
with regard to revenue account imbalances, while
continuing with the fiscal consolidation stance, by
couple of years. It is expected that the transition phase
can be spanned out in FY 2015-16, whereupon the
9
and touched a level of 11.9%. Average annual tax
growth rate during the five year period in 2003-08 was
21.3%, where annual tax growth was highest at 28.9%
in 2006-07. These reforms were mainly driven by
direct tax whose average annual growth rate during
this period was about 28%. The buoyancy of tax
revenue with respect to GDP was almost 1.5 during
this period. This trend of high tax growth was
moderated due to global economic crisis and the tax15. Non-tax revenue has emerged as one of the GDP ratio slid to 10.8% in 2008-09 and further to 9.6%
important components of government resources, in in 2009-10.
the present phase of fiscal consolidation. With tax
revenues under pressure due to slowdown in the 18. In years, following global crisis, the tax revenues
economic growth, the rise in non-tax revenues has declined due to reduction in custom duties and central
played key role in the fiscal rectitude in recent years. excise as part of the stimulus package. Subsequent
Non-tax revenues grew by 45 per cent in 2013-14 over slowdown in the economy also impacted the revenues.
the previous year, 2012-13. In the general budget From 2012-13 onwards, fiscal consolidation phase has
2014-15 it was estimated to grow by 6.7 per cent over been marked by taxes performing lesser than the
the last years actuals, to reach level of 1.7 per cent estimates. Consequently, the fiscal correction has
of GDP. In RE 2014-15, it has been estimated at 1.7 been largely an exercise in expenditure management.
per cent of GDP, which is 2.5 per cent higher than BE The tax to GDP ratio has remained around 10 per
2014-15. In General Budget 2015-16, Non-tax revenue cent with tax buoyancy less than one.
receipts are estimated to grow by 1.8 per cent over
RE 2014-15.However, the growth in this component 19. The need for realistic projection in tax growth
of revenue is limited and it is expected that in next was much needed. This base correction has been
two years it will register modest growth. It is estimated made in the Budget 2015-16. Despite revival of growth
that as ratio of GDP, non-tax revenue will be at 1.5 in the current year, the tax revenues remained under
and 1.4 per cent in the financial year 2016-17 and stress. Easing of inflationary pressure ensured that
2017-18 respectively.
the nominal growth remained stagnant despite higher
real growth in the economy. Thus, indirect taxes
16. Despite extension of target for fiscal
remained sluggish, though direct taxes did register
consolidation by one year, Budget 2015-16 continues
growth on the expected lines. Overall, the Gross taxes
on the path or progressively reducing the gap between
were revised downwards by 8.3 per cent in the RE
Government resources and spending. Thus, total
2014-15, implying tax to GDP ratio of 9.9 per cent as
liabilities of the Central Government, as a percentage
opposed to 10.6 per cent at the B.E. stage.
of GDP, will also see a decline continuing with the
trend in the recent past. At end of 2014-15, total liability Accordingly, the Gross tax revenue has been
of the Government was estimated at 46.8 per cent of estimated at 10.3 per cent of GDP in Budget 2015GDP which will reduce to 46.1 per cent by the end of 16, with a growth of 15.8 per cent over RE 2014-15.
2015-16. Continuing the declining trend it is likely to Projections for 2015-16 have been made taking into
reduce to 44.7 per cent in 2016-17 and 42.8 per cent account a realistic economic recovery and continuation
in 2017-18. A progressive reduction in debt-GDP ratio of set of tax measures announced in the budget for
of the Government will ease the interest burden and 2014-15. It is also expected that reforms in the
allow more space for the government to spend administrative machinery oriented towards strict
particularly on infrastructure development without implementation will yield result.
taking recourse to additional borrowings.
Details of Tax Measures
B. Assumptions underlying the fiscal indictors
20. With above measures, tax revenues in BE 201516 are targeted to grow at 15.8 per cent over the RE
1.
Revenue receipts.
of 2014-15. The tax to GDP ratio estimated in the
(a) Tax-Revenue
Budget 2015-16 is 10.3 per cent. With revival of the
growth, and stabilization of various macro-economic
17. Tax revenues as a percentage of GDP, riding parameters, favourable international prices for crude
on high economic growth and aided by rich menu of oil etc. afford an opportunity to attain the revenue
tax reform measures, reached its peak by 2007-08 targets in FY 2015-16.
devolution. Over the period of next two years it is
expected to increase marginally to 6.7 and 6.8 per
cent respectively. With improvement in the macroeconomic conditions and revival of growth, it is
expected that tax reforms including implementation
of GST on the indirect taxes side and rationalization
of tax structure in the direct taxes will restore the total
tax revenues of the government to the higher levels.
10
21. Tax reforms and tax efforts are the most critical
elements for the overall process of fiscal consolidation.
Without a robust and ambitious tax growth it is not
possible to achieve the fiscal roadmap which the
Government has embarked upon. While the tax
projections need to be realistic, at the same time they
need to be ambitious to enable Government in
achieving the fiscal roadmap without resorting to more
than required expenditure compression. Overall, while
tax should increase as percentage of GDP,
expenditure should progressively reduce as
percentage of GDP till the fiscal consolidation goals
are fully met. While the ultimate objective should be
to bring back the tax to GDP ratio to the pre-crisis
levels, it should be calibrated gradually in consonance
with the prevailing macro-economic situation. As the
tax to GDP ratio increases, incremental improvements
would be more gradual and difficult to achieve. The
outlook for tax revenues for the years 2016-17 and
2017-18 have been designed keeping this in mind.
As shown in table above the tax to GDP ratio is
projected to reach 10.5 per cent in 2016-17 and 10.7
per cent in 2017-18. This implies an average
buoyancy of 1.25 in next three years which is a realistic
target. This will require an average tax growth of 15.0
per cent during this period which would be possible
through a combination of better tax effort. It may be
contextual that a much higher tax growth has been
achieved in the previous decade.
(b)
Devolution to States
11
Government and other shareholders. From telecom
sector it has been assumed that renewal of licenses
issued for 20 years earlier will come up for renewal
during the projection period. The success of Spectrum
auctions scheduled in near future will translate into
higher revenues on regular basis over the term of
allocation. This will entail stable stream of income to
the government. Based on the assumptions, the nontax revenue for 2016-17 and 2017-18 has been
projected at 1.5 per cent and 1.4 per cent of GDP
respectively.
2.
Capital receipts
(a)
12
14.28 years in the previous year, reflecting the
continued efforts by the Government to elongate the
maturity profile of its debt. The weighted average
yields of issuance in fiscal year 2014-15 went
marginally up to 8.51 per cent from 8.48 per cent in
the previous year.
13
national priorities, and some are legal obligations
(such as MGNREGA) and in order to underline the
Central Governments continued support to national
priorities, especially with regard to schemes meant
for the poor, most of these are proposed to be
continued. It is proposed that only 8 Centrally
Sponsored Schemes be delinked from support from
35. With higher devolution, Finance Commission as the Centre.
also States have called for greater flexibility in the design
37. Certain programmes of the Government will
and implementation of schemes. With higher resources
have to continue unaltered as they are either legal/
at their disposal, States are in position to share the Constitutional obligations, or are privileges available
responsibility of development programmes. Under the to the elected representatives for welfare of their
new paradigm, the Plan spending will be altered. constituents. Further, and more importantly it is
However, there will be transitional issues that need to proposed that the Union Government may continue
be managed smoothly to avoid any disruptions in the to support certain programmes which are for the
field. For F.Y. 2015-16, Plan expenditure is budgeted benefit of socially disadvantaged in an unaltered
at ` 4,65,277 crore, which is 3.3 per cent of GDP and manner from its own resources. In respect of various
0.6 per cent lower than RE 2014-15. In view of higher other centrally sponsored schemes, the sharing
devolution, Centres resource base has shrunk. pattern will have to undergo a change with States
However, in order to meet the spending on social and sharing a higher fiscal responsibility in terms of
welfare programmes, and also to provide sufficiently scheme implementation. Details of changes in sharing
to on-going schemes and programmes during the pattern will have to be worked out by the administrative
transition phase, additional resources mobilization has Ministry / Department on the basis of available
been planned to provide adequately to the development resources from Union Finances. In addition, Budget
2015-16 provides additional allocation of ` 20,000
needs. Going forward, with fiscal consolidation and
crores to NITI for interventions as special assistance.
limited revenue share, it is projected that as ratio of
GDP the total expenditure budget of the centre will (ii) Non Plan Revenue Expenditure
contract, with lesser Non-Plan and Plan size.
Accordingly, it is projected that resources for plan 38. Non Plan Revenue Expenditure of government
expenditure will be at 2.9 per cent and 2.7 per cent of mainly consists of its establishment expenditure,
interest payments, defence expenditure, subsidies,
GDP in FY 2015-16 and FY 2016-17 respectively.
statutory grants to States and other residual items.
36. It is important to note that while giving its The Non Plan Revenue Expenditure jumped from 8.4
recommendation for higher devolution to States, FFC per cent of GDP in 2007-08 to 10.2 per cent of GDP
has taken into account the transfer of central funds to in 2009-10 mainly due to implementation of Sixth Pay
States through various developmental programmes Commissions recommendations. Since then it has
and subsumed this item in general transfer. Thus, come down to 8.7 per cent in 2014-15 BE due to
with greater sharing of resources with States, it is various expenditure reform measures undertaken by
assumed that Centre would withdraw from welfare the Government. In RE 2014-15 Non-plan revenue
programmes. However, Budget 2015-16 continues expenditure is revised downward marginally at `
with central allocation for the needy and vulnerable,
12,13,224 crore which is 9.3 per cent of GDP and
as sudden withdrawal from these programmes may
shows reduction of 0.5 per cent over BE 2014-15.
lead to hardship. Schemes that are in nature of
For FY 2015-16, Non-plan expenditure is estimated
providing helping hand to the needy and poor need to
be continued at national level; to ensure uniformity at ` 13,12,200 crore with the growth of 7.6 per cent
and continuity. Accordingly, different components over BE 2014-15 and 8.2 per cent over RE 2014-15.
under the Plan have been categorized under three Over the projection period, it is expected at 9.2 per
sections as depicted in Statement 16 and 16-A of cent and 8.9 per cent of GDP during FY 2015-16 and
expenditure budget volume 1. Significantly, over 30 FY 2016-17 respectively. Various components of Non
Centrally Sponsored Schemes that have been Plan Revenue Expenditure are detailed below.
identified which ought to have been transferred to the
(a) Interest Payments
States because expenditure on them has already been
taken into account as State expenditure, in arriving at
the greater devolution of 42% to the States. However, 39. Due to fiscal expansion undertaken by the
keeping in mind that many of these schemes are Government, interest payments increased sharply
14
post global economic crisis. As a percentage of net
tax revenue of the Centre, interest payments jumped
from 38.9 per cent in 2007-08 to 43.4 per cent in 200809 and further to 46.7 per cent in 2009-10. In BE
2014-15 expenditure under this component was
estimated at 43.7 per cent of net tax to centre which
has been revised at 45.3 per cent in RE. The increase
in the revised estimate is essentially due to lower tax
realization. The factors that have impacted interest
payment during the recent period are the increased
debt stock due to stimulus measures along with the
fiscal slippage during 2011-12 and relatively tougher
interest rate regime that has been in existence for
quite some time now.
(c)
(e)
Pensions
15
45. Major subsidies are extremely critical from the
viewpoint of fiscal consolidation and are the most
important factor in determining the success of
Government in meeting its fiscal targets. The effort
of Government would be to address this issue with a
two pronged strategy. Government is committed to
progressively pursuing subsidy reforms in a manner
that will ensure efficient targeting of subsidies to the
poor and needy, while also saving scarce financial
resources for investment in infrastructure and pursuit
of new development programmed announced by the
Government. It is pertinent to mention that both
petroleum and diesel are now fully decontrolled. The
Government has launched a new universal Direct
Benefit Transfer Scheme for LPG from 1st January,
2015 onwards. The new scheme will cover both
Aadhaar card and non-Aadhaar card holders. The
subsidy will be transferred directly into the bank
accounts of cash-transfer-compliant customers in a
manner that will avoid duplication and prevent
leakages.
46. On fertilizers, Nutrient based subsidy regime has
been working well in the P&K sector. What is now
urgently required are certain pricing reforms in the
urea sector with an immediate price correction for
urea, new Nutrient based Urea Policy. This is not
only essential from viewpoint of the size of the subsidy
bill but also from the viewpoint of balanced use of N,
P & K nutrients. Government had notified the New
Investment Policy (NIP)-2012 on 2nd January, 2012
to encourage investments in urea sector leading to
increase in indigenous capacities and reduction in
import dependence. The policy will also lead to
savings in subsidy due to import substitution at prices
below IPP. Over long term, there is need to increase
indigenous production of fertilizers which will help
reducing dependence on imports and make prices
much more stable.
47. Government has also launched a dedicated
scheme for end-to-end computerization of Public
Distribution System throughout the country. 11 States
have already joined the National Food Security Act
Framework and as the required systems are put into
place the other States will follow suit. Simultaneously
drive has been launched to ensure universal coverage
of Aadhaar throughout the country. Decentralised
Procurement and distribution of foodgrains, end-toend computerization, combined with universal
Aadghaar coverage, improving the operational
efficiency of the FCI are some of the measures that
will set the stage for the next generation food subsidy
reforms. Government will actively pursue this during
the course of this financial year. As already explained
without focused subsidy reforms, the process of fiscal
Capital Outlay
16
figures released earlier under the 2004-05 series.
Economic growth, measured by growth in GDP at
constant market prices, estimated at 5.1 per cent and
6.9 per cent respectively during 2012-13 and 201314 under the new series, was higher than the
corresponding figures of 4.7 per cent and 5.0 per cent
released under the 2004-05 series in May 2014. GDP
at current market prices for the year 2013-14 was
estimated (under the new series) at ` 11345056 crore.
The Advance Estimates for 2014-15 has estimated
the GDP at current market prices to attain a level of `
12653762 crore, with a growth of 11.5 per cent, which
can be decomposed into a real growth of 7.4 per cent
and an implied inflation of 3.8 per cent. Assuming
that the economy picks up growth momentum, under
stable prices and with the reform measures of the
Government making further impact, the GDP at
current market prices can be expected to achieve a
growth of 11.5 per cent in 2015-16 (real growth of 8.5
per cent and an implied inflation of 2.8 per cent) to
attain a level of ` 14108945 crore. With gradual growth
acceleration and under assumptions of continuing
price stability, the growth rate of the GDP at current
market prices during 2016-17 and 2017-18 can be
expected to be around 12.2 per cent and 12.4 per
cent respectively.
C.
per cent and 108 per cent over the medium term
period. The revenue deficit has progressively declined
from high of 4.5 per cent in 2011-12 to 3.1 in 2013-14
and is projected at 2.9 per cent in RE 2014-15; it is
still some distance away from the milestone of 2 per
cent set for 31st March, 2015. Further, under
prevailing conditions, the fiscal framework
assumptions yield a revenue deficit of 2.4 per cent
which is above the two per cent limit prescribed by
the new FRBM regime. It is noteworthy that the
revenue deficit projections work out to 2.0 per cent in
FY 2016-17, achieving the target set under the FRBM.
52. Similarly, effective revenue deficit has come
down from 3.0 per cent in 2011-12 to 2.5 per cent in
2012-13 and stands at 2.0 per cent in 2013-14. It is
estimated at 1.8 per cent in RE 2014-15, while it was
required to be eliminated by closure of the financial
year. Following the FFC, there are major changes in
the nature of funds transfers to States, as explained
in earlier sections. In order to protect the interests of
poor and needy, Government has decided to continue
welfare programmes while giving greater space to
States in development schemes, with higher resources
at their disposal. Thus, grant-in-aid for capital
expenditure is subsumed within untied funds
transferred to States. In the backdrop of such
changes, the efficacy of effective revenue deficit as
measure to capture end-use of resources needs
critical examination. It is pertinent to mention that
FFC also recommends for abolition of this parameter.
As per the Action Taken Report, Government has
informed the Parliament that the recommendation will
be examined.
53. The targets on revenue account are proposed
to be re-set along with fiscal deficit, following the
recalibration of fiscal rules in the aftermath of finance
commission impact, as explained in earlier section. It
is expected that with re-structuring of fiscal relations
between the Centre and the States in the 14th FC
period, necessary correction on the imbalances in
public finance on the revenue side will be carried out.
Government has re-affirmed its commitment for fiscal
reforms and acknowledged the need for restructuring
the Plan schemes. However, review and restructuring
of on-going schemes will have to be phased out, to
protect the interest of poor and vulnerable sections of
the society. Committed liabilities have to be met before
affecting such changes. Thus any fundamental
change in respect of the mix of expenditure may be
implemented over a period of time.
17
The use of capital receipts including market per cent in FY 2013-14. However, with lower revenue
borrowings for generating Productive Assets base in FY 2015-16, this ratio is likely to increase to
49.6 per cent. None-the-less with improvement in
54. Another important parameter to assess the public finances further, it is estimated to reduce to
quality of government spending is the ratio of Plan 47.5 per cent in FY 2016-17 and 45.1 per cent in FY
expenditure to fiscal deficit, which a pointer towards 2017-18.
deployment of borrowed resources. In B.E. 2015-16,
the total Plan expenditure of ` 4,65,277 crores is 83.7 55. Capital expenditure which has witnessed
per cent of the estimated fiscal deficit. With pressure declining trend in last several years. As ratio of total
on tax revenues continuing and Non-plan expenditure expenditure, the capital expenditure has reduced from
remaining higher, it is expected that the ratio will a high of 23.2 per cent in FY 2003-04 to around 12 per
decrease marginally to 83.2 per cent in FY 2016-17 cent in recent years. There is need to improve the
and improve in FY 2017-18 to about 89.5 per cent, capital spending to provide trigger investment and give
pointing towards marked improvement in deployment impetus to growth. Despite revenue crunch and
of public resources towards development. Part of pressure on the Plan, capital spending in FY 2015-16
fiscal reforms is targeted to bring down debt to GDP has been provided significant jump of 25.5 per cent
ratio and interest payment to net tax revenue of Centre over RE 2014-15. It is projected at 13.6 per cent of
gradually to a sustainable level so as to make available total expenditure, improvement over 11.4 per cent in
precious public resources for developmental RE 2014-15. The allocations in core infrastructure such
purposes. The Interest payment to net tax revenue as Railways, Roads etc. have been adequately
of the Centre has progressively come down to 45.9 provisioned.
(ii)