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Errors
1. Systematic errors - Caused by error in instrument - calibration or zero errors.
How to reduce? conduct experiments with care, calibrate instruments
periodically, check zeros errors & make corrections.
2. Random errors personal errors, drastic change in temperature, wind, lightning,
etc.
How to reduce? avoid parallax errors, take repeated readings & find average.
3. Zero errors in vernier calipers & micrometer screw gauge? +ve & -ve? Examples.
pg. 27 - 28
10. Gravity all objects are pulled towards centre of earth by the earths
gravitational force.
a. An object undergoing free fall at rate of gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s).
b.
c.
11.
a.
direction.
b. Resultant force: A net force that represents two or more forces by taking into
accounts both magnitude & direction the forces.
34)
Calculation of pulley, hanging frame & inclined plane etc. Use Trigonometry.
(SN 10 & 11)
12.
a.
b.
c.
d.
CHAPTER 4: HEAT
1. Thermal Equilibrium?
2. Thermometer
a. Why mercury is used in thermometers?
b. Calibration of thermometer.
3. Heat Capacity? Specific Heat Capacity?
a. Factors? Formula & unit?
b. Experiments: why wooden block & cotton wool used?
c. Sample calculation Pg. 61 & 62.
d. Substance with low SHC, will get hot fast or slow?
Pressure)
Applications air bubbles in water, Bourdon Gauge, syringe injection,
breathing.
b. Charles Law (V/T) P Constant
i.
V directly proportional to T: V1/T1 = V2/T2
ii.
Applications dented ball, Hot Air Balloon, Helium Balloon
c. Pressure Law (P/T) V Constant
i.
P directly proportional to T: P1/T1 = P2/T2
ii.
Applications Pressure cooker, inflating car tyre, gun shot
d. Universal Gas Law (combine 3 laws: P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2)
____________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 5: LIGHT
1. Reflection on plane mirror:
a. Incident ray, reflected ray & normal line lie on same plane.
b. Identify angle of incidence & angle of reflection.
2. Characteristics of an Image formed by a Plane Mirror:
11.
Eye).
CHAPTER 5: WAVES
1. Wave? Movement to & from through a fixed path Oscillation which produce
WAVE.
2. Type of Waves: Transverse perpendicular: crest & trough? E.g. Water & light
Longitudinal parallel: compression & rarefaction? E.g. sound
3. Ripple Tank Water wave as convex & concave lens use of sponge &
stroboscope?
4. Wavefront Imaginary line that connects all crest or trough points?
5. Wavelength, Amplitude, Period, Frequency?
6. Wavelength perpendicular distance between 2 successive points of the same
phase in a wave, Formula v = f l & T = 1/f
7. Wavelength, Amplitude, Period, Frequency
8. Damping an oscillating system which reducing amplitude over time. Loss of
energy due to heat and friction.
9. Resonance occurs when a system is forced to oscillate at a frequency same as
the natural frequency of the system. Eg. Bartons pendulum system. Advantages
(3), Disadvantages (2)
10. Reflection obeys to the law of reflection (incidence & reflection).
a. Wavelength, Frequency & speed remain same but direction change &
amplitude decrease due absorption of energy by the reflector.
b. Uses: - periscope, fishing by SONAR, ultrasound, rear & side mirrors of car,
infrared waves (remote control).
11.
Refraction occurs when the speed of wave changes, as it moves from one
medium to another.
a. Frequency remains same but speed, wavelength & direction change.
Wavelength & speed increase in deep waters.
b. How to draw? Sound of wave day & night? Explain beach?
12.
obstacles.
a. Wavelength, Frequency & speed remain same but amplitude decrease due
spreading of energy.
b. The effect is obvious if slit / obstacles small or the wavelength, l is large.
13. Interference is the effect of superimposition of two waves from coherent
sources (same frequency & constant phase difference).
Formula?
l= ax/D
14.
15.
Electromagnetic Waves ?
a. Characteristics 6
b. Uses 7
CHAPTER 6: ELECTRICITY
1. Electric Current, I = Q/t (define), 1A = 1 Cs-1
2. Effect of electric fields on metallic paint coated polystyrene ball to explain the
swinging.
3. Effect of electric fields on candle flame to explain the spreading inclination?
4. Potential Difference, V = Work done / Q (define), 1V = 1 J Cs-1
5. Ohms Law, R = V/I (define relation between I & V), 1 = 1 V A-1
CHAPTER 7: ELECTROMAGNETISM
1. Electromagnetism? Temporary magnet soft iron core
2. Magnetic fields in straight wire, coil & solenoid. RHGR.
3. Solenoid How to determine polarity? Clockwise (S) & Anti-clockwise (N) or
RHGR.
4. Factors affecting strength of Magnetic Field (3 factors)
5. Uses of electromagnets (5)
6. Magnetic Force combination magnetic fields from electric current & from
permanent magnets (current + magnets = force/movement) .
7. Catapult effect on current carrying conductor in MF? Direction of force? Use
Flemings LHR
8. Factors affecting magnitude of force (3 factors). Experiments
9. Turning effect use FLHR to determine the direction of turnings
10. Working principle of Ammeter.
11. DC (permanent magnets) & AC Motors (electromagnets) working principle?
12. Factor affecting speed of rotation?
13. Electromagnetic Induction inducing e.m.f & current.
a. Perpendicular movements of magnet towards/away solenoid or conductor in
magnetic field.