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PXLC 3000 is a static switch distance
protection capable of detecting all
types of faults. It is used as main
protection in high voltage networks up
to 225 kV with solidly earthed neutral
or using impedance earthing
(reactance or Petersen coil). This unit
is particularly suitable for overhead
lines and can also be used for
protecting underground cables. It is
capable of detecting faults with
current far below the rated line
current.
Main characteristics
- Circular form under impedance
starting with off set capability.
- Three forward zones, one reverse
zone.
- Four tripping steps.
- Reactance type zone measurement
for eliminating the influence of fault
resistance and load current.
- Electronic voltage memory slaved
onto the network frequency permitting
directional operation even in the
event of close-up three-phase faults.
- Fuse failure detection.
- Instantaneous tripping in the event of
closing onto fault.
- Locking device in event of power
swing detection.
- All signalling schemes available :
step acceleration,
permissive overreach,
blocking,
zone extension,
direct inter-tripping.
- Programming of single phase or
three-phase tripping modes for
various steps.
- Built-in single phase/three-phase
auto-recloser.
Operation
The three voltages and three currents
from the measurement reducers feed
transformers ensuring galvanic
insulation and reducing levels to
values compatible with the electronics.
In block 1, the signals from the
transformers are added to generate
zero sequence quantities Vo, Io, Ko.
Block 2 includes three underimpedance relays and their settings.
These relays serve to start the
protection.
Block 3 includes the optional voltage
memory circuit.
Block 4 ensures bandpass filtering of
input quantities, thus eliminating all
signals which are harmful for
measurement : aperiodic component,
line oscillation, CVT transients,
harmonics... It also ensures electronic
switching of significant quantities of
the faulty loop.
Block 5 carries out zone setting.
Block 6 carries out measurement.
Block 7 receives measurement data,
processes it, dialogues with the step
time delay and generates output
signals (tripping and indication).
Starting
For each of the three starting elements,
the protection generates two
differential voltages whose phase shift
is measured. The impedance point
falls within starting when the
measured phase shift is greater than
90.
Distance measurement
A differential voltage is generated for
the faulty loop detected by phase
selection, itself generated from starting.
In the same way as for starting, the
phase-shift of this voltage is measured
with respect to a current image
voltage. The impedance point is within
the zone in question when the phaseshift is greater than 90. For earth
faults, distance measurement in the
first zone is carried out when the
voltage drop in the fault resistance is
zero (zero instantaneous residual
current), rendering this measurement
particularly insensitive to fault
resistance. It is also insensitive to
frequency, aperiodics and loads.
Direction measurement without dead
zone
To obtain directional sensitivity for all
types of faults, two bias voltages are
used :
- Healthy voltage
The voltage representing the direction
of fault current flow is compared with
the opposite healthy phase voltage,
phase-shifted by 60.
- Positive sequence stored voltage
In the event of a three-phase close-up
fault, a voltage stored in electronic
form is used, preserving the frequency
and phase of the voltage existing
before the fault. This type of
Closing on to fault
In the event of a circuit-breaker
closing on a faulty line, the protection
trips on a starting criterion.
Signalling
On the front panel of the protection,
there are indicator lamps which
indicate the faulty phase or phases
and the tripping step. The indication
is stored (bistables) even in the event
of auxiliary supply loss. Many
polarity-free contacts are provided to
permit remote signalling.
Complementary modules
- Voltage memory
A memory voltage module can be
included in the protection to
guarantee good directional sensitivity
in the event of a nearby three-phase
fault.
- Power swing detection
The module measures the speed of
variation of the impedance point
Tripping
In its basic version, the protection
13
8
CC
7
12
3I
U, I
Logical
11
3U
10
3
VD
memory
CC
Presentation
PXLC 3000 is a modular range
protection. It is built in the form of a
4 U 19 standardized rack, whatever
the model. All these models include
the following basic parts :
- transformer unit,
- card for low level testing,
- starting, zone measurement and
time delay modules,
- indication modules,
- input-output and tripping module. At
all stages of manufacture, from
component incoming checking to final
inspection, protection is put through a
severe quality control plan designed
to ensure optimum reliability. To
eliminate faults in the early stage, the
protection undergoes oven
debugging for a period of 168 hours.
L3 L2 L1
Common
Auto-recloser lock 2
Auto-recloser lock 1
Remote control common
Auto-recloser out
Auto-recloser in
Tripping common
Tripping C input
Tripping B input
Tripping A input
Circuit-breaker closing
Single phase cycle
in progress
Three-phase standardization
Common
Three-phase standardization
Three-phase cycle
Single phase cycle
Blocking indication
Common
+ P1
Phase A tripping (P2)
Phase C tripping (P2)
Auxiliary supply + P
Phase B tripping (P2)
Auxiliary supply - P
Auto-recloser locking
control
Tripping indication
Starting indication
Tripping indication
Starting indication
Phase C selection (from P4)
Phase C selection (from P3)
+ P2
Auto-recloser locking
control
HF transmission
Technical Characteristics
Input circuits
Rated voltage Un
Constantly permissible voltage
Burden
Frequency
Rated current In
Constant overload current
Overload current for 10 s
Overload current for 1 s
Burden measured across rack terminal
100 to 130 V
(or 200 to 260 V for non-standard model)
2 Un
0.1 VA
50 or 60 Hz
1 or 5 A
4 In
30 In
100 In
0.1 VA (1 A) ; 0.5 VA (5 A)
Auxiliary supply
Inaudible DC/DC converter
Tolerance
Standby state consumption
Fault state consumption
Settings
Forward supervision limit : X4
X4 = 10
x Fn ohms/phase
In
N4 + 1
N4 adjustable from 0 to 99 on
thumbwheels switches
Table of X4 limits (in ohms/phase)
In
Fn
1A
5A
50 Hz
60 Hz
5 to 125
1 to 25
6 to 50
1.2 to 30
X1 = a1 x
0.4
x Fn ohms/phase
In
N1 +1
a1 = 1, 5, 25, 100
thumbwheel switches
N1 = 0 to 99
Second zone limit : X2
(same equation as for X1 with index 2)
The settings for the two zones are
independent
Earth coefficient : Ko = Xo - Xd
3 Xd
Reference impedance characteristic
angle :
Table of X1 limits
(in steps equal or less than 5%)
In
Fn
1A
5A
50 Hz
60 Hz
0.2 to 100 0.24 to 120
0.04 to 20 0.048 to 24
Settings
Time delays : step 1 T1
step 2 T2
X1
R
step 3 T3
step 4 T4
Sensitivity : phase current threshold
Earth current threshold
Directional sensitivity
Power swing blocking bandwidth
X2
R
Accuracy
Distance measurements for 1st and 2nd
zone for an SIR from 0.1 to 30 and
current from 0.25 to 30 In
Starting
Time delays
5% of set value
10% of set value
2% of set value
Operating time
Minimum value
typical value
30 ms
35 ms
Auto-recloser
Single phase cycle
Fast three-phase cycle
Slow three-phase cycle
Reclaim time
Tripping circuits
2 tripping contacts per phase, self-held for current greater than 0.2 A
X
X4
Contacts
Tripping :
Max service voltage
Making current (0.5 s)
Permanent current
Breaking capacity (L/R = 40 ms)
R
Indication :
Max service voltage
Permanent current
Breaking capacity (L/R = 40 ms)
X5
0 to 495 ms in steps of 5 ms
0 to 990 ms in steps of 10 ms
thumbor 0 to 9.9 s in steps of 0.1 s
wheel
0 to 9.9 s in steps of 0.1 s
switches
0 to 9.9 s in steps of 0.1 s
0.2 In
0.2 to 3.2 In step
or percentage relay (thumbwheel switch)
unlimited for all unbalance faults
unlimited for 0.5 s for nearby three-phase
faults (memory voltage)
X4 with X4 : forward zone value
: setting : 0.1 ; 0.2 ; 0.4 ; 1
250 V
30 A
5A
0.75 A at 48 VDC
0.30 A at 125 VDC
0.15 A at 220-250 VDC
250 V
5A
0.75 A at 48 VDC
0.30 A at 125 VDC
0.15 A at 220-250 VDC
Environment
In operation
Storage
Relative humidity
-10 C to +55 C
-40 C to +70 C
less than 95% without condensation
Insulation
(International standard IEC 255)
Dielectric strength
Impulse wave withstand
High frequency perturbation
2 kV, 50 Hz, 1 mn
5 kV, 1.2/50 s, 0.5 J
2.5 kV, 1 MHz
Presentation
Size : one 19 rack, 4 U
Width
Height
Depth
Weight of complete model
483 mm
177 mm
304 mm
10 kg
Complete Equipment
In Its Basic Version
Variants
protection is codified as follows :
P/S
blocking
Memory
Auto-recloser
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
Auto-recloser module
Signalling schemes
By means of internal selectors, the following signalling schemes can be selected :
- step acceleration,
- permissive overreach,
- blocking,
- intertripping.
The zone extension scheme, which does not require any transmission means, is
also available.
Z2A
A
Step acceleration
B detects the fault in zone 1 and sends a signal to A which switches its
measurement reach in zone 2 without waiting for the second step. Thus, a fault
near B, normally eliminated at T2 by A, will be eliminated at T1.
Z2B
Permissive overreach
A sees the fault in extended zone 1 and sends the signal to B which trips if it has
detected the fault in its extended zone 1.
Blocking
(2) : B detects the reverse fault and sends a signal to A, inhibiting it from
tripping.
(1) : A and B both detect the fault in extended zone 1 and trip after a slight
waiting delay for a possible blocking order.
Zone extension
Initially, the protection is set to a supervision reach in zone 2. During a tripping
and reclosing cycle, the supervision reach is brought to the value of Z1 to obtain
the best possible selectivity in the event of a permanent fault.
Z1A
Z1B
Z1A or Z2A
B
Z1B or Z2B
Z4A
A
Z1B or Z2B
Z1A or Z2A
B
(1)
(2)
Z4B
Z2A
A
Z1A
Z2A
B Z1A
4 holes M6
37.7
37.7
450 min.
466.7
482.6
40
465.1
316
(19'')
300
1A
100 3
130 3
50 Hz
5A
200 3
260 3
60 Hz
48 Vcc
110 Vcc
101.6
177 (4 U)
101.6
177 (4 U)
Overall dimensions
125 Vcc
220 Vcc
250 Vcc
Note : on leaving the works, and unless the above information is given, model
configuration will be as follows :
Basic model : 3001
Rated current : 5 A (transformable to 1 A)
Rated voltage : 100/ 3 V
Rated frequency : 50 Hz (transformable to 60 Hz)
Options
PXLC options comprising the MTS
module and memory voltage :
Code
Power-swing
detection
Recloser
3011
3014
3015
3016
(I)
Therefore :
A.B = (a.b/2).(cos - cos (2wt + ))
(dA/dt) Bdt = - (a.b/2).(cos + cos
(2wt + ))
This results in :
P = a.b.cos
Detection of the sign is achieved by
integrating the expression in time.
(II)