FORMULA SHEETS

UNITS
Physical
Quantity
Length

SI Unit

CGS Unit

Other Unit(s)

Conversion

meter (m)

centimeter(cm)

angstrom (A)

Mass
Temperature

kilogram (kg)
Kelvin (K)

gram (g)

Volume

cubic meter
(m3)

1m= 100 cm
1m = 1010 A
1kg = 1000g
K = C + 273.15

F = 9/5 C + 32
1m3 = 106 cm3
1m3 = 1000 L
1L = 1000 cm3
1mL = 1 cm3

Density

kg m-3

Force
Pressure

Newton
(N =kg m s-2)
pascal
(Pa = N m-2)

Energy

Joule
(J=kg m2s-2)

Other useful units:

Celsius (C)
Fahrenheit (F)
cubic
centimet
er (cm3)

liter (L)
milliliter (mL)

g cm-3
dyne
(g cm s-2)
dyne cm-2
erg
(g cm2 s-2)

1kg cm-3 = 10-3g cm-3

1 N = 105 dyne
1atm = 101,325 Pa
1 atm = 760 torr
1 atm = 760 mmHg
1bar = 105 Pa

atm. torr, mmHg,

bar
calorie (cal)
electron volt (eV)
Calorie (Cal) :
nutritional Calorie

1 J =107 erg
1 cal = 4.184 J
1eV=1.6022x10-9J 3
1 Cal = 1kcal = 10 cal

Amperes (A) = C s-1

Watts (W) = J s-1 = kg m2 s-3 = V A
Volts (V) = J C-1 = J A-1 s-1
for PV work: 1 J = 101.325 L atm (expansion/compression work)

Prefixes Used with SI Units

Prefix
TeraGigaMegaKiloDecaDeciCentiMilliMicroNanoPicoFemto

Symbol
T
G
M
k
dc or dk
d
c
m

n
p
f

Meaning
1012
109
106
103
101
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

IDEAL GAS

root-mean-square speed: crms =

mean speed: c =

most probable speed: c* =

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

Collision frequency:
ZA = d2AB (
Van der Waals Equation of State

(P +

2
2

Where: d =

Tc = 27
-

)(

= reduced mass

Vc = 3b

8 1/2
)

ZAB = d2AB (

Pc = 272

27 2

number of collisions:

)(V nb) = nRT

Pr =

8 1/2
)

For A-A collision,

collision frequency:

ZA = 2d2 c ( )

number of collisions:
ZAA =

2
2

d2 c ( )2

Virial Equations of State

PVm = RT (1 + +

+)

PVm = RT ( 1 + BP + CP2 + )

mean free path: = =

2 2 ( )

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Heat Capacities

= +

Cp = ( )p

W = -

Cv = ( )v

For ideal gas systems:

Process
Isobaric

qrev

Isochoric

wrev
-P =

or =

nRTln( 2 )

Isothermal

Adiabatic

Cv dT = -P dV

= (1) 1
2

Where =

Where c =

nRTln( 2 )
1

EXPERIMENTAL COEFFICIENTS
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion:

( )p

;1

( )T

JT = ( ) H

1
2

Joule Thomson Coefficient:

T1V1c = T2V2c
1

KT =

2 +1

Isothermal Compressibility:

P1V1 = P2V2

OR:

Cv,m ln = -R ln
2

-nRTln( 2 )

ADIABATIC REVERSIBLE PROCESS

FOR IDEAL GAS

Legendre Transformation
H = U + PV
A = U TS
G = H TS
Combined First and Second Law

dU = Cv dT + (

dS =

dS =

dH = TdS + VdP

( )S = - ( )P

( )T = - ( )V

+ [P + ( )T]dV
1

+ [ ( )T - V ]dP

Consequences of Maxwell Relations:

( )T = T( )V P

( )T = - ( )P

Temperature Dependence of
Thermodynamic Functions

2 = 1 +

2
1

2 = 1 +

2
1

( )T = V T ( )P

THERMODYNAMICS OF MIXING OF
IDEAL GASES/SOLUTION
= ntRT

= -ntR

= 0

Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation:

)T dV

( )S = - ( )V

dG = -SdT + VdP

dH = Cp dT + ( )T dP

dU = TdS PdV

dA = -SdT PdV

)P =

)P =

= 0

SOLUTIONS
Raoults Law: Pi = Xl Pi

Henrys Law: Pi = XI Ki
Where: Ki = Henrys law constant

DEBYE-HUCKEL LIMITING LAW

log = -0.51 |Z+ Z- |
1
where: I = 2 2

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

Vapor Pressure Lowering:

P = X2 P1
Psoln = X1 P1
Boiling Point Elevation:
= m where =
Freezing Point Depression:
= m where =

Electrochemical Cells
Nernst Equation:

= 0
ln

2 1
1000

At 25C: = 0

2 1

0.0592

log

1000

=
Where: n = moles of electron
F = Faradays constant
= 96485 c mol-1

Osmotic Pressure:
=
Note: 1- solvent; 2 - solute

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
0

= ;
= ()
Where = moles of gaseous products moles of gaseous reactants
Vant Hoff Equation:
ln

2
1

PHASE EQUILIBRIA
Clapeyron Equation:

Clausius- Clapeyron Equation:

ln 2 =

Troutons Rule:

= 21

= 88

Gibbs Phase Rule: F = C P + 2

Where: F= variance; degrees of freedom
C= components
P= phases

Electrical Quantities
Quantity
Resistance
Conductance

Units
Ohm,
Siemen (S),
m-1

Cell constant
Conductivity

Sm

Molar Conductance

Kohlrauschs Law: 0 =

-1

Defining Relationship
V = IR
1
G= =
K=

-1

K=
-1

S m mol

0
:

0
;

m =

CHEMICAL KINETICS
Order
0

Integrated Rate Equation

Half-life

[A]t = -kt + [A]0

t1/2 =

ln[A]t = -kt + ln[A]0

1

t1/2 =

= kt +

t1/2 =

Unit of k
Conc time-1

time-1

Conc-1 time-1
0

SURFACE TENSION
CHEMICAL KINETICS

=A

Arrhenius Equation: k

ln ( 2) = -

Capillary Rise: y =

( - )

Collision Theory:

SOLID STATE
8 1/2
)

k = p d2 (

NA ;

Bragg Equation: n

where : p = steric factor

d=

:
2

= reduced mass
=

NA = Avogadro's Number

QUANTUM CHEMISTRY

De Broglie Equation: =

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle: xp

= 2d sin

SCHRODINGER WAVE EQUATION

2 2

2 2

2 +

) + V(x,y,z) = E

PARTICLE-IN-A-BOX

HARMONIC OSCILLATOR

Particle in a one-dimensional box:

Ev = (v + ) hv

=
E=

sin

1
2

where: v =

2 2

E(x,y,z) =

sin

2
2

][

][

HYDROGEN AND HYDROGEN-LIKE IONS

Schrdinger Wave Equation:

2 2 2 2
+
+
2 2 2
2
=

RIGID ROTOR

82

Particle is a three-dimensional box: nonchalant

(x,y,w) =

4 2
2(40 )2 2 2

= ()()()

2
=
4 0

( + 1)2
=
2