Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
05
Jrgen U. KELLER
University of Siegen
05
Jrgen U. KELLER
Examples
1. Adiabatic Gas Flow
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Jrgen U. KELLER
Entropy Inequality
Evolution Criterion (2nd Law)
1887 J.L. Bertrand Entropy fluxes, production
1911 G. Jaumannn Balance equation for
E. Lohr
energy, entropy etc.
1931 P. Bridgman Thermodynamic forces
C. Eckart
and fluxes,
L. Onsager Reciprocal-Relations, LTIP
1940 S. de Groot Extension of LTIP to
J. Meixner
thermo-electromagnetic
processes, relaxation
phenomena
1946 I. Prigogine Principle of minimum
J.M. Wiame entropy production,
P. Glansdorff Dissipative Structures
A. Bejan
1955 C. Truesdell Rational Thermodynamics
B. Coleman
1960
I. Gyarmati
Variational Principle
1965
1970
J. Meixner
J. Kestin
Internal Variable
Formalism
1985
University of Siegen
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Jrgen U. KELLER
: p,T,ni , k
i = 1...N, k = 1...K
Internal processes/variables
Bridgeman, Meixner,
Kestin, Flory
Mass
......
Information
(Living Systems)
* : p* , T * ,h( ) ,s( ) , (i )
= 1...A
University of Siegen
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Jrgen U. KELLER
External forces
Surface phenomena
dU m = h ( ) dm
p, T, m
Radiation effects
dQ = C...dT
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Jrgen U. KELLER
p 0
p V ( p, (T), m...)
\
b) M. Planck (1890)
Clausius-Clapeyron-Equation
dp ( )
r ()
=
dT ( ) T ( ) v '' ( p, ) v ' ( p, )
T ( ) = T ( + ) exp
v '' ( ) v ' ( ) dp
d
)
(
r
d
University of Siegen
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Jrgen U. KELLER
U = U ( T, V, m1...m N )
dU = dQ pdV + h ( ) dm ( )
Ju
*
a) Measure for ability of ()
to produce changes in
environment (*) (M. Planck)
b) Sum of all energies of
molecules within ()
Conservation of Energy
J.P. Joule, H. Helmholtz
= J
U
ui
i
Pu = 0
Physics (E. Noether):
Time translation invariance
of basic molecular laws.
(tt-t0)
(Newton, Hamilton, Schrdinger,
von Neumann, Liouville etc.)
University of Siegen
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Jrgen U. KELLER
Energy Poem
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Mechanical work
Heat
Chemical energy
Sound waves
Electromagnetic energy
Light
W. Busch , B Ahlborn*)
*)
University of Siegen
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Jrgen U. KELLER
No Perpetuum Mobile
Night
ghm
ghm
h
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University of Siegen
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Jrgen U. KELLER
JZ
Z = J Z + PZ
Stationary State
Z = 0 , J Z = const , PZ = const
Conservation Law (E. Noether)
PZ = 0
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