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Learning Unit 2
Anjing Diare Berdarah
BLOK 19 HEWAN KESAYANGAN 2
Created by :
Name
NIM
Group:
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
1. Explain the Pathogenesis and the clinical sign of Parvovirus in small animals.
DISCUSSION
1. The Pathogenesis and the Cinical Sign of Parvovirus
1.1.Pathogenesis
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onset of
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time PCR) using blood can also provide an estimation of viral load, which
can help distinguish vaccination from natural infection (Karen, 2014)
CPV-2b and 2c pose similar health risks for dogs; therefore, genetic
sequencing of CPV to determine strain is not necessary for the clinical
management of patients (Karen, 2014)
c. CPV snap Test
A quick and easy diagnostic test is the CPV snap test (available from
various manufacturers), which can be used as a patient-side test. The snap
test is an immunochromographic test for the quantitative detection of CPV
antigen in canine faeces. It has been reported that CPV snap tests have a good
specificity compared to alternative tests such as polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) and faecal electron microscopy (IEM), but a poorer sensitivity. Both
false negative and false positive results can occur. Although rare, false
negative results occur because virus shredding is relatively brief (peak
shedding between 4 and 7 days post infection) and virus antigen is rarely
detectable 12 days after natural infection, which corresponds with clinical
illness. Furthermore, if the majority of the intestinal villi have already been
sloughed and there are no longer enough villus cells to accommodate CPV,
there will not be enough viral antigens shed in the faeces to be identified via
the snap test. False positive results will occur if the patient has been
vaccinated with a modifiedlive virus (MLV) vaccine within the past 14 days,
due to faecal shedding of vaccine-derived virus (Arnota, et al., 2013).
d. Electron Microscopy
Electroscopic microscopy (EM) of a faecal sample is another highly
accurate method of confirming a diagnosis of CPV infection12. A very small
volume (0.1 ml) of faeces is required and the test is positive if CPV particles
are identified on EM. In cases were the snap test is negative, yet clinically the
patient is highly suspicious of having CPV, EM can be done. False positive
results can also be obtained within a few days post-vaccination with a
modified live virus (MLV)vaccine.
2.2. Differential Diagnose
A differential diagnosis would include anticoagulant rodenticides, canine
bocavirus, intestinal parasites (particularly Blastocystis spp, Giardia
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by
increasing
body
temperature,
leukopenia,
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d. Salmonella
Bacteria Gram negative, rod-shaped, is oxidase negative,
facultative. Anaerobic, catalase positive, motile and do not ferment
lactose. This is a bacterium that causes bacterial enteritis and usually
attacks the mucous ileum, cecum and colon (Quinn, et al., 2002).
e. Clostridium
Rod-shaped Gram-positive bacteria, produce endospores,
anaerobic,
catalase-negative,
oxidase
negative,
motile.
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b. Anti-emetic
Anti-emetic treatment is essential to stop the severe emesis associate
with CPV infection and if not controlled, life-threatening dehydratio can
result. An additional benefit is that by curbing the associated nausea, the
patient will resume eating at an earlier stage (Arnota et al., 2014).
Persistent vomiting leads to fluid and electrolyte loss, interferes with
nutritional support, precludes oral administration of medications, and puts
the patient at risk for the development of pneumonia and esophagitis. The
most commonly used classes of antiemetics for CPV infection are 2adrenergic antagonists (e.g. chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine), D2dopaminergic antagonist (e.g. metoclopramide), 5-HT3-serotonergic
antagonists (dolasetron, ondansetron) and NK1 receptor antagonist (e.g.
maropitant). It is not uncommon for multimodal antiemetic therapy to be
required for severe cases of CPV enteritis (Karen, 2014).
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Since fluid rates can be quite high in these patients, ensure that the rate
of potassium supplementation does not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hr, as rates in
excess of this may negatively affect cardiac function (Karen, 2014).
g. Antimicrobial Therapy
Antimicrobial therapy could prevent sepsis as a result of the
transintestinal translocation of bacteria. Combination therapy of a
betalactam antibiotic and an aminoglycoside to widen the antibacterial
spectrum, especially against Gram-negative rods commonly implicated for
causing septicaemia is generally recommended1. Aminoglycosides are
also synergistic with the beta-lactam antibiotics17, leading to a very
effective combination. IV ampicillin sodium (Ranamp, Ranbaxy,
Centurion, RSA), an extended-spectrum penicillin, is used as a first choice.
Alternatively, amoxicillin or cephalexin can be used, the former having a
better anaerobic spectrum. An aminoglycoside, like amikacin (AmikacinFresenius, Bodene, Port Elizabeth, RSA), is added to the treatment
regimen only once the patient is fully rehydrated. An important side effect
of the aminoglycosides is renal tubular damage, especially if administered
to patients with poor renal perfusion (shock or dehydrated); the duration of
treatment should be limited to a maximum of 5 days. Amikacin is
considered less nephrotoxic than the other aminoglycosides. Fluorinated
quinolones (e.g., enrofloxacin) should be avoided in young, growing dogs,
due to the risk of causing damage to the joint cartilage (Karen, 2014).
h. Analgesic therapy
Learning Task 2 Blok 19 : Anjing Diare Berdarah
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With
severe
abdominal
pain
fentanyl
(Fentanyl-
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introduced after appetite and stool have returned to normal (Karen, 2014).
Prevention
a. Always keep everything that is closely related to a dog for example
clothes, floors, cages.
b. Clean and disinfect all surfaces with known exposure to feces from
infected canine. Before cleaning the area where infected canine are/were
located, first spray a fine mist of water all over surfaces to decrease
aerosolizing fecal matter. It should then be thoroughly cleaned with a
detergent to remove all fecal material, rinsed, disinfected with an
appropriate agent with 10 minutes of contact time, and then rerinsed to
remove the disinfectant. Allowing the disinfectant to dry on the surface is
preferred. Bleach at a 1:30 dilution is an effective disinfectant on surfaces
that have been cleaned of organic matter. Quaternary ammonium
compounds are not effective against Canine Parvovirus. Footbaths, hand
washing, and cleaning of all instruments and cages exposed to infected
canine are necessary.
c. Puppies should be isolated from other canine especially those that have
been exposed to other dogs at shows or field trails. Puppies should not be
exposed to areas where other dogs may have defecated such as yards, pet
stores, and parks.
a. The most effective way to control the source of infection is by vaccination
thoroughly and regularly. 3-month-old puppy should have gotten 2 times
parvodog vaccine, the first between the age of 6-8 weeks and at 12 weeks
for the second injection. At the age of 8-10 weeks puppies should be
vaccinated first Distemper, Hepatitis I, Leptospirosis Parvovirus I and I
(usually given together). At the age of 8-10 weeks puppies should be
vaccinated first Distemper, Hepatitis I, Leptospirosis Parvovirus I and I
(usually given together). Vaccination is important to stimulate the
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Anonim. 2011. Canine Parvovirus,.https//:www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp ?
cfile=htm /bc/...htm -. [2 August 2015]
Arnota, L; Lobettib, R; Le Roux-Pullenc, L.2013.A Clinical Approach to Treating Canine
Parvovirus Infection. Bryanstone : University of Pretoria
Boothe, D.M., 2001. Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1 st Edition.
Philadelphia :W.B. Saunders Co.
Carter, G.R. 2003. A Concise Guide to Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Dogs and Cats.
New York : International Veterinary Information Service (www.ivis.org)
Eldrege, D.M. 2007. Dog Owners Home Veterinary Handbook. Wiley Publishing Inc., New
Jersey
Greene, C.E. 2012. Infectious Diseases of Dog and Cat. 4th ed. Saunders Elsevier, USA
Karen, M.2014. Successful Management Strategies for Canine Parvovirus. Ohio : The Ohio
State University
Lane, D.R., Cooper, B.C., 2003, Veterinary Nursing, 3rd.ed, Butterworth Heinemann, UK.
Masson. 1997. Parvovirose du chien, In Dictionnaire Pratique de Therapeutique Canine et
Feline, fourth-edition. Paris
Masson, G.1999.Pathogenesis of Canine Parvovirus.___: DVM News
Learning Task 2 Blok 19 : Anjing Diare Berdarah
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Nandi, S; Kumar, M; Mohapatra, T.P; Ravishankar.2013. Emergence of Canine Parvovirus 2 Variants and its Impact on Vaccination.World Applied Sciences Journal Vol 23 (10) :
1366-1376
Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Carter, M.E., Donelly, W.J.C., Leonard, F.C., Maghire, D. 2002.
Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease. Blackwell Science, Iowa
Tilley, L.P., dan Smith, F.W.K., 2004. The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline
Third Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia.
MEtoclopramid
The motility effects of metoclopramide are beneficial to counteract the gastroparesis frequently found in CPV
infection; however, it does increase the risk of intussusception. It can also cause extrapyramidal signs (e.g.
involuntary muscle spasms, restlessness, aggression). The antiemetic effect of metoclopramide is relatively
weak compared to other antiemetics although it appears to perform better as a CRI rather than intermittent
injections.
The 5-HT3-serotonergic antagonists (dolasetron: 0.5-0.6 mg/kg IV q 24 hr; ondansetron: 0.10.3 mg/kg IV q 8-12
hr) limit stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone and vagal afferents. Their antiemetic effect is potent.
They appear to be fairly well tolerated by dogs, however they are more expensive than the 2-adrenergic
antagonists and metoclopramide.
Maropitant (1 mg/kg SQ, IV q 24 hr) limits stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone and emetic center. In
addition, it may have some visceral analgesic effects. Its antiemetic effect is potent. It is labeled for dogs older
than 8 weeks of age. Other than stinging on SQ injection (which can be decreased by keeping the drug
refrigerated), it appears to be fairly well tolerated by dogs. While off label, it can be diluted and given slowly IV.
In a study comparing maropitant to ondansteron in dogs infected with CPV, maropitant appeared to be equally
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as effective in controlling vomiting as compared to ondansetron. In addition, dogs treated with maropitant
demonstrated improved ability to maintain body weight
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