Microbiology

According to Colony type at Dierent Termperatures, Fungi

are:

Mycology Lecture 1

Medical Mycology
as lectured by Dr. Magat
HRL, MaLt 2010

Fungi
Aerobic, nucleated, achlorophyllous organisms which
reproduce sexually and/or asexually
Filamentous branched somatic structures surrounded by a true
cell wall
Grow as a mass of branching, interlacing laments

Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
process of mitosis most common process by which
spores are produced in fungi
Sexual reproduction
alternating karyogamy and meiosis
Karyogamy Nuclear ssion
Meiosis Reduction division with a diploid
nucleaus giving rise to four haploid products
Sexual (meiosis) by means of specialized cells called spores
which on a suitable substrate, germinate, producing one or more
lamentous process called GERM TUBES. Each germ tube
elongates by growth of the distal end to become long laments.
Each lament is called HYPHA which eventually branch, rebranch
and intertwine to form a mass called MYCELIUM

Parts of a Mycelium
Aerial Mycelium
the mycelial portion above the surface of the medium.
That portion of the aerial mycelium which develops
reproductive spores is called the REPRODUCTIVE
MYCELIUM
Vegetative Mycelium
the mycelial portion that grows into the substrate and
absorbs food for further growth.

Types of Hypha
Nonseptate or Coenocytic
No transverse walls or septa divide the hyphae.
Protoplasm and nuclear material are allowed to ow
uninterruptedly throughout the lament
Septate
Transverse walls or septa are formed at regular
intervals along the lament. Majority of fungi have
septate hyphae.
*the following are text from labels in the pictures in the
powerpoint
A) Coenocytic hyphae or nonseptate hyphae
B) Septate hyphae
C) Septum
Hyaline hyphae lacking septations (aseptate)
Antler hyphae showing swollen hyphal tips resembling
antlers, with lateral and terminal branching (favic
chandeliers) Trichophyton schoenleinii
Racquet hyphae showing swollen areas resembling a tennis
racquet
Spiral hyphae exhibiting corkscrewlike turns
Kinds of Colonies Produced by Fungi
Yeast colonies - soft, pasty type of colony like yeast
produced by fungi which has mycelial formation which
remains at yeast form at both 4C and 37C
Filamentous or Mold Colony - a mold type of colony with
an aerial mycelium that appears cottony, wooly, powdery
or granular. True mycelia are produced by spores which
germinate to form branching hyphae.

A) Monomorphic or Monophasic
produce one type of colony at both room and
incubation temperature
o Cryptococcus neoformans Yeast only
Room Temperature colonies 37C
Cultures
Both room temperature and 37C culture
are: o white, mucous colonies on
Sabouraud medium after 5 to 10 days
o Aspergillus species Filamentous only
Both room temperature and 37C culture
are: Green colonies after 5 to 10 days
on Sabouraud medium. Colorless
underside
o Candida albicans - Yeastlike colony
Both room temperature and 37C culture
are: White colonies incubated on
Sabouraud medium for 5 to 7 days
B) Dimorphic or Diphasic
produce a yeast-like colony at 37C on incubation
temperature (yeast phase) and a lamentous
type of colony at room temperature (mycelial
phase)
o Sporothrix schenckii
Room temperature: Dark, greasy looking

cluture after 1 to 2 weeks incubation on

Sabouraud medium
37C Cultures: White to tan Yeast colonies

after 1 to 3 weeks incubation on brain or

heart infusion agar
o Histoplasma capsulatum
o Blastomyces dermatitidis
Room temperature: Cottony after 1 to 3

weeks incubation on Sabouraud medium.

White colony brown to tan underside.
37C Cultures: Rough, dry, heaped-up yeast

colony after 1 to 3 weeks incubation on

brain heart infusion agar.
Classes of Spores distinguished in fungi
A) Sexual Spores produced by the fusion of two nuclei
which may or may not belong to the same strain within
a specie
B) Zygospores produced by the tips of approximating
hyphae conjugating and resulting in large thick walled
bodies from fusion of contents of the terminal portion
C) Basidiospores sexual spores, typically 4 in number,
produced at the ends of club-shaped structures called
BASIDIUM
D) Ascospore produced within an enlarged cell by
nuclear fusion enclosed in a sac called an ASCUS or
ASCOCARP. Typically, there may be 4-8 spores within an
ascus
E) Asexual spores arise by the dierentiation of spore
bearing hyphae without nuclear ssion
F) Sporangiospores produced on a specialized hypha
inside a round container known as SPORANGIUM.
When it ruptures, the sporangiospores scatter and
leave the thin walled sporangium in place or it may
dissolve.
Large, saclike sporangia that contains
sporangiospores, characteristic of the
Zygomycetes.
G) Conidiospores produced on a specialized hypha and
are freed from the hyphae by abstriction at the point of
attachment. These spores or conidia vary greatly in size,
shape, number of septations and these denite pattern
aid in specie identication.
Conidia (asexual spores [A]) produced on
specialized structures (conidiophores [B]) of
Aspergillus

Microbiology
Conidia According to Size
A) Microconidia small and single celled
B) Macroconidia Large, multicellular, divided by either
or both transverse and longitudinal walls.
*PIC
Numerous small, spherical microconidia (A) contrasted with a
large, elongated macroconidium.
Trichophyton tonsurans, showing munerous microconidia (A)
borne singly or in clusters. A single macroconidia (B) rarely
present
Conidia According to Shape
A) Fusiform spindle shaped
B) Clavate club shaped
C) Muriform multiseptate, both transverse and
longitudinal
PIC
Microsporum canis showing several spindle shaped thick
walled multicelled macroconidia
Epidermophyton occosum, showing numerous smooth,
multiseptate, thin walled macroconidia that appear club
shaped.
Alternaria spp. Showing muriform dematiaceous conidia
with horizontal and longitudinal septa.
Conidia According to Arrangement
A) Sessile and Lateral develops directly on the side of
the hypha with no conidiophore or stem.
B) En Grappe clustered
C) Pedunculate develop from the end of a short
conidiophore
PIC
Trichophyton rubrum, showing numerous pyriform
micrconidia borne singly on hyphae
Trichophyton mentagrophytes, showing numerous
microconidia in grapelike cluster (A). Also shown are
several thin walled macrocondia (B).
Thallospores
A) Arthrospores fragmentation or segmentation of
preformed mycelium results in the production of
rectangular thick walled spores which are uniformly
sized. Ex Geotrichum, Coccidioides immitis
Arthoconidia formation (A) produced by the breaking down
of hyphal strand (B) into individual rectangular units
B)

Blastospores formed by a simple budding process

from cells of the mycelium. Budding may be in one cell
to one spore basis (Blastomyces dermatitidis) or
multispore basis (Paracoccidioides braziliensis)
Blastomyces dermatitidis, yeast form, showing thick walled,
oval to round, single budding, yeast like cells.
Paracoccidioides braziliensis in bone marrow showing yeast
cell having multiple buds.
C)

Chlamydospores large, round, thick walled resting

cells in a septate hypha or at the terminal ends. It is
formed when the cytoplasm of these hypha become
concentrated and these portions enlarge in a diameter
greater than theat of the rest of the hypha. They may
be intercalary, terminal or lateral. Ex. Candida albicans
Chlamydospores composed of thick walled spherical cells
*the following are labels of pictures in the powerpoint

Dierent Morphological Form of Fungi

Scopularioposis
A- septate hyphae darker, slender long tubes; B- long
chains of spores (approximately 5 microns in diameter,
have a rough surface and are spherical)
resembles Penicillium spp. Except spores are larger
and form unbranched chains.

Nigrospora
Black spore; A- 9 jet black structures are the single
celled spores (15 microns in diameter) B- Septate
hyphae, long, slender, almost clear tubes
Gliocladium
arising from the clear hyphae (A) are the spore bearing
structures. The large dark masses contain from 30-50
small spores (B). The spores occur in clumps.
Numerous small spores held together in a clump.
Similar to Penicillium except for the clumping of spores
Alternaria
Hand Grenade structures are the spores of this fungus
(A). Each spore is approximately 20-4- microns and
brown (dematiaceous) in color. Note that each spore
has horizontal and longitudinal septa. Also note the
septate, dematiaceous hyphae (B).
Large hand grenade shaped spores with both
longitudinal and transverse cross walls. Borne singly or
in chains. Septate, dematiaceous hyphae.
Rhizopus
it is characterized by coenocytic hyphae (A) the
formation of rootlike structures called Rhizoids (B) and
the dark spherical structure known as sporangium (up
to 100 sporangiospores).
similar to Mucor spp. Except rootlike structures
(rhizoids) at base of sporebearing hyphae. Spores in
sporangium clear, coenocytic hyphae.
Syncephalastrum
surrounding the very dark central structure (A) are
numerous small, almost clear projections (B). Each of
these individual structures is a sporangium and each
contains from 3 to 5 sporangiospores
broad, clear, nonseptate hyphae. Spores in many
slender saclike structure (sporangia) adhere to a
swelling on the terminal end of the hypha
Penicillium
the spores of penicillium are very small, ie 3-5 microns.
They are borne in long chains, thus giving the
appearance of a brush
small round spores borne in a brush like formation.
Geotrichum
Hyphae break into individual cells known as oidia
which are capable of oating through the air and
thereby disseminating the organism
note hyphae breaking into arthrospores. May be
confused with Coccidioides immitis.
Aureobasidium (Pullularia)
it is characterized by the presence of clear hyphae (A)
and dark brown (dematiaceous) hyphae.
mixture of dark, thick walled, large hyphal cells and
clear spores which seem to be budding.
The dark (brown or dematiaceous) body (A) is a spore sac called
an Ascocarp it is larger than sporangium (300 to 500 microns in
diameter) and it has a very tough, thick outer wall. Excuding from
this large, fruiting structure are many big, slender, saclike
structures (B) which are asci. Inside each ascus are 4 to 8
ascospores.
Ascospores
(A) are held in an ascus by a very ne membrane (B).
Because ascospores arise from meiosis, there are
usually 4 to 8 in each ascus.

Classication of Fungi (Mycetes)

PSEUDOMYCETES (False Fungi)
Schizomycetes
are not fungi but higher forms of bacteria which
produce diseases that are clinically similar to fungal
diseases
belong to the Actinomycetes
facultative or obligate anaerobes
Actinomyces israelli
Actinomyces bovis
Actinomyces odontolyticus
Actonomyces viscosus

Microbiology

all aerobic related to Mycobacteria in their acid fast

property
Nocardia asteroides
Nocardia brasiliensis
Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (caviae)
Actinomyces madurae
Actinomyces pellitierii
Nocardia minutissimum
causative agent of erythrasma
Nocardia tenuis
causative agent of trichomycosis axillaris
Myxomycetes
slime molds
nonpathogenic

EUMYCETES (True Fungi)

Nonseptate Fungi
Phycomycetes
sexual spores (ss): zygospores
asexual spores (as): chlamydospores
Septate Fungi
Ascomycetes
ss: ascospores
as: conidiospores
Basidiomycetes
ss: basidiospores
as: none
Fungi Imperfecti
ss: none
as:
conidiospores
arthrospores
chlamydospores
blastospores

Infectious Mycotic Diseases

Supercial
Dermatomycosis - dermatophytes
Genus Microsporum
Genus Epidermophyton
Genus Trichophyton
Ptyriasis Versicolor - Malazzezia furfur
Tinia nigra - Cladosporium werneckii
Piedra
white - Trichosporum (beigelli) cutaneum
black - Piedraia hortai
Otomycosis
Aspergillus
Mucor
Penicillium
Rhizopus
Keratitis - localized in eyes
Fusarium
Aspergillus
Curvularia
Penicillium
Cephalosporium
Candida species
Subcutaneous
Sporotrichosis - Sporothrix schenckii
Chromomycosis or Chromoblastomycosis
Phialophora verrucosa
Fonsecae pedrosoi
Cladosporium carrioni
Mycetoma or Maduromycosis
Actinomycotic
Actinomadurae
Nocardia
Streptomyces
Eumycotic (True fungi)
Allescheria or Petriellidium
Madurella
Phialophora
Entomopthoromycosis

Basidiobolus ranarum
Conidiobolus coronatus
Lobomycosis - Lacazia loboi (Loboa loboi)
Rhinosporidiosis - Rhinosporidium seeberi
Phaeohypomycosis
Wangiella sp.
Exophialia sp.
Cladosporium sp.
Hormodendrum sp.
Dreschlera sp.
Deep Seated or Systemic
Coccidioidomycosis - Coccidioides immitis
Histoplasmosis - Histoplasma capsulatum
North American Blastomycosis - Blastomycosis dermatidis
South American Blastomycosis - Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Oppurtunistic
Candidiasis - Candida albicans
Cryptococcosis - Cryptococcus neoformans
Aspergillosis - Aspergillus fumigatus
Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis) Phycomycosis
Rhizopus
Mucor
Absidia
Basidiobolus
Conidiobolus
Geotrichosis - Geotrichum candidum
Penicillosis - Penicillum sp

Disease

Infectious
Particle

Source of
Etiologic
agent

Portal of
Entry

Dermatophytosis

hyphae

soil, animal, other

human
contaminated
materials

skin, hair,
nails

Aspergillosis

spores

soil saprophytes

respiratory
tract

Blastomycosis

microconidia

soil saprophytes

respiratory
tract

Candidiasis

yeast cells

endogonous

---

Chromomycosis

dematiaceous
hyphae and
conidia

soil saprophytes

pumcture
wound

Coccidioidomycosis

arthrospores

soil saprophytes

respiratory
tract

Cryptococcosis

yeast cells
without
hyphae

soil saprophytes

respiratory
tract

Histoplasmosis

microconidia

soil saprophytes

respiratory
tract

Mycetomas

hyphae,
spores

soil saprophytes

puncture
wound

Phaeohypomycosis

Dematiaceous
hyphae and
conidia

soil saprophytes

puncture
wound

Phycomycosis

hyphae,
spores

soil saprophytes

puncture
wound
3

Microbiology
Disease

Infectious
Particle

Source of
Etiologic
agent

Portal of
Entry

Rhinosporidiosis

---

possibly water

skin?

Sporotrichosis

hyphae,
spores

plants

puncture
wound

Six Major Ways That Fungi Grow in Tissue

Fungus
Form
Hyphae

Yeast cells

Description

(A) septate, 4 to 5
microns in diameter
(B)dichotomously
branched
(C)coenocytic 8 to 5
microns in diameter
(D)dermatiaceous,
septate
(A)small, 2 to 4
microns intracellular
(B)encapsulated
(C)broad based bud
(D)multiple buds
(E)long, slender, cigarlike (not seen in
human tissue)

Disease

Dermatophytosis
Otomycosis
Aspergillosis and
mycotic keratitis
Phycomycosis
Phaeohypomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Cryptococcosis
Blastomycosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Sporotrichosis

Granules

largem variously
colored (o.5 to 2.0
mm)

Mycetomas

Spherules

(A) up to 60microns in
diameter
(B)up to 300 microns
in diamtere

Coccidioidomycosis

Fission bodies

dematiaceous, 5 to 15
microns in diameter,
no buds, no hyphae

Chromomycosis

Yeast cells and

Hyphae

budding yeast cells

and pseudohyphae

Rhinosporidiosis

Candidiasis

*the following text are description of pictures included in the

powerpoint.
Hyphae
can be coenocytic, septate, very ne, hyaline or dematiaceous
Aspergillosis
dichotomous branching of the hyphae (5-10microns)
branched septate hyphae (4-5 um)
Phycomycosis
coenocytic hypahe (diameter < 10 microns)
large (10-30 um), nonseptate hyphae often seen
penetrating the lumen of blood vessels
*pic* KOH prepration of sputum, phase contrast Rhizopus sp.
showing fragmented portions of nonseptate hyphae of varying
size
Cladosporiosis or Phaeohyphomycosis
brown color of the hyphae in the unstained
preparation of pus from a brain abscess

only pathogenic encapsulated yeast

Cryptococcsis
budding yeast cells surround by clear capsules (KOH
method)
Blastomycosis dermatitidis
yeast cells is 8-15 microns in diameter and the bud
being formed on the parent cell is attached with a
broad based neck (Broad based bud)
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
outstanding characteristic of the yeast cells is that
they multiply by forming numerous small buds
multiple budding
Sporothrix schenckii
darkly stained gram positive yeast cells are long and
slender
round, oval, or cigar-shaped yeast cells
Granules
tightly packed masses of hyphae or laments which are
surrounded by a tough outer rind
may be grossly visible, 0.5-10mm, in diameter
microscopically, they contain either ne and delicate laments
or thick and septate hyphae
Actinomycotic granule
large, lobulated structure
usually from Actinomycotic mycetoma
contain laments less than 1cm
Eumycotic granule
large and surrounded by a very thick rind which may
be variously colored
Madura foot or Maduramycosis
large granule up to 2mm
contain septate hyphae, 3-5um
Sporangia or spherules
large,sac-like structures which ll with spores as they mature
sporangiospores or endospores - spores contained in these
sacs
Rhinosporidiosis
spherical, darkly stained structures, in the middle are
sporangia
Coccidioidomycosis
contains numerous sporangiospores and 2 larger
sporangia which are empty
20-60 um containing endospores, 5-10um
Fission Bodies or sclerotic bodies
spherical, dematiaceous structures which neither bud nor
produce hyphae
division is by splitting down the middle
Chromomycosis
ssion bodies or sclerotic bodies are dematiaceous,
does not have any buds and appears to be dividing by
ssion
round, thick walled brown cells 5-15um
Yeast Cells and Hyphae
Pulmonary candidiasis
abundant gram positive hypahe and few yeast cells
Candidiasis
darkly stained pseudohyphae mixed with yeast cells
_____________________________________________________
transcribed by Howard Reyes-Lao, Mark Tu
D Nxt Generation MD 2010

Yeast Cells
Histoplasma capsulatum
histopathology seciton of the node stained with
hematoxylin and eosin
yeast cells inside the cell
numerous small (2-5um) intracellular yeast cells
Cryptococcus neoformas
yeast cells surrounded by a huge, clear capsule