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5 Fecal shedding and internal organ colonization following exposure of laying hens to different oral doses of Salmonella
Enteritidis. R. K. Gast*, R. Guraya, J. Guard, and P. S. Holt, Egg
Safety and Quality Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA.
Contaminated eggs produced by infected laying hens continue to pose
a significant public health concern as a leading source of transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis infections to humans. A recently implemented national regulatory program for egg-producing flocks in the
United States seeks to control egg-borne transmission of illness to
consumers via a diverse program of mandatory risk reduction practices plus testing to detect infected flocks. However, many aspects of
S. Enteritidis infections in laying hens, including the precise relationship between the magnitude of oral exposure and important infection
parameters such as the duration of fecal shedding and the numbers of
bacteria that reach internal tissues, remain unresolved. In the present
study, groups of laying hens were experimentally infected with oral
doses of 104, 106, or 108 cfu of a phage type 13a strain of S. Enteritidis.
In one set of trials, fecal shedding was monitored for 8 wk after inoculation. In a second set of trials, the number of S. Enteritidis cells in the
livers of infected hens was determined at 5 d and 20 d post-inoculation.
At 1 wk post-inoculation, the frequency of fecal shedding of S. Enteritidis ranged from 23.8% for the 104 cfu dose to 87.5% for the 108 cfu
dose. Detectable fecal shedding had ceased by 4 wk post-inoculation
in the 104 cfu group, but small percentages of the other 2 inoculated
groups were still shedding at 8 wk post-inoculation. After inoculation
with 108 cfu, significantly (P < 0.05) greater numbers of S. Enteritidis
were isolated from livers at both 5 d and 20 d post-inoculation than
for either of the lower doses. These results demonstrate that the oral
exposure dose has significant effects on important parameters of S.
Enteritidis infection in laying hens which could potentially influence
the outcome of testing efforts. Understanding testing results and refining testing protocols requires an understanding of how different levels
of exposure are likely to be detected by particular sampling methods.
Key Words: Salmonella Enteritidis, exposure dose, fecal shedding,
internal organs
6 Effect of live attenuated F-strain derived Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine dosages on in vivo M. gallisepticum populations
in layers. R. Jacob*1, E. D. Peebles1, S. A. Leigh2, S. L. Branton2,
and J. D. Evans2, 1Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS,
2USDA/ARS Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS.
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) F-strain derived live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are commonly utilized within the table egg industry to
Poult. Sci. 90(E-Suppl. 1)
limit economic losses associated with virulent MG outbreaks. To determine the in vivo MG populations associated with the F-strain derived
LAVs and the effect of dosage on the subsequent in vivo vaccine strain
populations, 150 mycoplasma-free Hyline W-36 layers were housed
in biological isolation units (10 birds per unit) through 16 wk of age.
A randomized control study design was used. At 10 wk of age, birds
of each biological isolation unit were vaccinated via eye-drop with
one of 3 F-strain derived vaccines, at one of 5 levels (1 , 101 ,
102 , 103 , or 0 ). Undiluted (1 ) LAV titers were 1 108
cfu/mL and 8.6 107 cfu/mL for the commercially available F-strain
derived LAVs (Poulvac Myco F and AviPro MG F) respectively, and
1.5 108 cfu/mL for a laboratory derived strain (FMG-99). At 6 wk
post-vaccination, in vivo MG populations were estimated via palatine
fissure swabs and subsequent quantitative Taqman-based Real Time
PCR assays. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon
tests for significance within and between the treatments. With the 103
treatments, in vivo MG populations were detected at low incidence
(10%) among FMG-99 and Poulvac Myco F vaccinated birds and
treatment associated MG populations were significantly reduced. The
incidence of detectable in vivo MG increased with higher dosages,
but MG population estimates did not correlate directly with dosage.
Within LAV treatments, the highest MG populations were associated
with the 102 dosage of AviPro MG F and the 101 dosages of
Poulvac Myco F and FMG-99 and equaled 5.23 0.4, 5.78 0.2, and
4.99 0.3 log10 cfu/mL (mean SE), respectively. The results indicate
a minimum threshold dosage for the LAVs, beyond which the dilutions
result in inconsistent colonization.
Key Words: layer, vaccine, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, PCR
7 Bacillus licheniformis significantly improves broiler production parameters under sub-clinical necrotic enteritis conditions
when added to a standard diet containing virginiamycin. G. F.
Mathis*1, B. S. Lumpkins1, I. Knap2, and A. Kehlet2, 1Southern Poultry Research Inc., Athens, GA, 2Chr. Hansen, Hrsholm, Denmark.
A 42 d feeding study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary
supplementation of Bacillus licheniformis (DSM5749) when added to
a diet containing antibiotic growth and fed to birds with sub-clinical
necrotic enteritis. Birds were reared in floor pens with built up litter to
immolate US commercial practices, and to mimic sub-clinical necrotic
enteritis the birds were challenged with a fresh broth culture of Clostridium perfringens at d 19, 20 and 21 of age. A total of 2160 oneday-old male Cobb x Cobb broilers were randomly distributed to 9
replicates of 60 chicks and each fed 1 of the 4 treatments. All feeds
were formulated using US commercial corn-soybean meal based diet
and contained the coccidiostat Salinomycin at an inclusion rate of 60
g/ton. The experimental diets consisted of T1) Control; T2) Control +
15 ppm Virginiamycin; T3) Control + 15 ppm Virginiamycin + Bacillus licheniformis (DSM5749) 4E5 cfu/g feed; and T4) Control + 15
ppm Virginiamycin + Bacillus licheniformis (DSM5749) 4E6 cfu/g
feed. Weight Gain (WG) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured at 042 d. At 42 d of age birds fed diets containing Bacillus
licheniformis and Virginiamycin had WG ranging between 1.946 to
1.976 kg, which was a 30 to 60 g (1.72.2%) improvement compared
with birds fed diets containing only Virginiamycin (1.915 kg). In addition, the feed conversion ratio was improved 4 points with birds fed
diets containing Bacillus licheniformis and Virginiamycin (1.760 to
1.747 g/g), compared with the birds fed the diet containing only Virginiamycin (1.786 g/g). In this experiment, it can be concluded that
Bacillus licheniformis (DSM5749) significantly improves live production parameters in sub-clinical necrotic enteritis affected birds when
Poult. Sci. 90(E-Suppl. 1)
This abstract from the American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP) is available in the AVMA Convention Notes at
www.avmaconvention.org and at www.aaap.info/2011meeting.
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