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Ol pessoal,
Sejam bem-vindos ao curso de ingls preparatrio para o
concurso da Receita Federal. Como j foi dito na aula demonstrativa,
apresentarei de forma organizada os tpicos gramaticais cobrados nas
provas recentes da ESAF com explicao objetiva em portugus, para
em seguida, apresentar as questes exemplificativas nas quais a ESAF
cobrou a matria. Nesta primeira aula o foco ser tempos verbais.
Para facilitar a reviso, na parte final da aula est o quadrogeral do vocabulrio-chave, os pontos gramaticais abordados e as
questes resolvidas na aula.
Bons estudos.

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AULA 01 - TEMPOS VERBAIS

Na nossa aula demonstrativa apresentei um quadro-resumo


dos tempos verbais do ingls, o qual reproduzo abaixo para que
voc possa consult-lo durante a aula.

PRINCIPAIS TEMPOS VERBAIS

I supervise

Presente
simples

Presente
I am
contnuo
supervising

Ao presente, ao habitual.
(Eu supervisiono)
Ao em progresso, temporrio.
(Eu estou supervisionando)
A depender do contexto:

Presente
I have
supervised Perfeito

I was
Passado
supervising Contnuo

1. Ao acontecida em algum tempo ou


repetidas vezes no passado, relacionado
ao presente. (Eu supervisionei)
2. Ao iniciada no passado e ainda no
terminada. (Eu tenho supervisionado)
Ao em progresso em um determinado
momento no passado.
(Eu estava supervisionando)

Ao passada ocorrida antes de outra


I had
Passado Perfeito ao.
supervised
(Eu tinha supervisionado)

I will
supervise

Futuro

Ao futura.
(Eu supervisionarei)

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J vimos na aula demonstrativa os principais tempos verbais e


mais profundamente o presente simples, o presente contnuo, o
passado simples e o presente perfeito, certo? Se vocs no esto com
esses tempos verbais fresquinhos na cabea, recomendo uma reviso
da aula demonstrativa antes de iniciar o estudo desta aula.
Para iniciarmos, resolveremos questes de prova para revisar o
contedo da aula demonstrativa e apreender um pouco sobre como se
forma a voz passiva no ingls e o futuro:

ATENO, no leia
o texto, v direto
ao

enunciado

da

questo.

External Audit
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/budget
Jan 16th, 2008 (Adapted)

1.

The European Unions (EU) annual accounts and resource

management are overseen by its external auditor, the European


Court of Auditors, which draws up an annual report for the Council
and the European Parliament. The Courts main task is to conduct
an external, independent audit of the European Communities
annual accounts. As part of its activities, the Court of Auditors
produces:
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. an annual report on the activities financed from the general
budget, detailing its observations on the annual accounts and
underlying transactions;
. an opinion, based on its audits and given in the annual report in
the form of a statement of assurance, on (i) the reliability of the
accounts and (ii) the legality and regularity of the underlying
transactions

involving

both

revenue

collected

from

taxable

persons and payments to final beneficiaries;


. special reports giving the findings of audits covering specific
areas of management.
2.

The

Court of Auditors

is

entitled to

access

all

documents required during the course of its audit.

1. (ESAF/CGU/2008) In paragraph 1, the text reports that the EUs


annual accounts and resource management are overseen by its external
auditor. In other words, they
a) were audited by it.
b) had been supervised by it.
c) have been drawn by it.
d) will be devised by it.
e) are checked by it.

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Comentrios:
Pelo enunciado sabemos que para responder a questo bastar
ler o pargrafo 1. Contudo, observe que o prprio enunciado j traz a
frase onde encontramos a resposta.
A questo quer saber o que significa a frase:
()the EUs annual accounts and resource management are
overseen by its external auditor.

Vejamos o significado do vocabulrio em destaque:


annual: anual
accounts: balano, oramento, conta
resource: recursos, riquezas (pas)
management: administrao, gesto
overseen by: inspecionar, examinar, superintender, supervisionar
external: externo
auditor: auditor
check: conferir, controlar, verificar
had been supervised: tinham sido supervisionados
draw: traar, delinear, desenhar
devise: planejar, delinear, projetar

O que podemos extrair deste pargrafo, observando as palavraschave em destaque : () o balano anual e a gesto de recursos da
Unio Europia so supervisionados por seu auditor externo.
Qual opo de resposta que diz isto em outras palavras?

a) were audited by it.

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A opo A est incorreta. Observe que a opo est no passado, o
verbo be est no passado - were (eram). J a frase do texto usa o
verbo be no presente are (so).
VERBO BE (PASSADO)
I

VERBO BE (PRESENTE)

was (era, estava)

He
She

He
was (era, estava)

She

It

It

You

You

We

am (sou, estou)

were (eramos, estavamos)

They

(eram, estavam)

is (, est)

We

are (so, esto)

They

b) had been supervised by it.


A opo B est incorreta. Aqui tambm a opo est no passado.
Ao contrrio do que afirma o texto, esta opo diz que o balano anual
e a gesto de recursos da Unio Europia had been supervised
(tinham sido supervisionados).

PRESENTE PERFEITO
I

have

He
She

has

It

+ been + verbo passado

You
We

(supervised, passado do verbo supervise)


have
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They
Acontecido em algum momento ou repetidas vezes no passado ou iniciado no
passado e ainda no terminado. (tem sido supervisado)
PASSADO PERFEITO
had + been + verbo passado
(supervised)
Ao passada que ocorreu antes de outra ao passada. (tinha sido supervisado).

c) have been drawn by it.


A opo C est incorreta. O tempo verbal aqui o presente
perfeito. Ao que comea no passado e continua at hoje ou ao
passada em momento incerto. Alm do erro no tempo verbal, j que a
frase no texto est no presente simples, o verbo draw (traar, delinear,
desenhar) no corresponde ao significado de supervise. Logo, est
incorreto dizer que o balano anual e a gesto de recursos da Unio
Europia have been drawn (tem sido delineados) pelo auditor
externo.

PRESENTE PERFEITO
I

have

He
She
It

has
+ been + verbo passado
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You
We

(drawn, passado do verbo draw)


have

They
Acontecido em algum momento ou repetidas vezes no passado ou iniciado no
passado e ainda no terminado. (tem sido delineado)

d) will be devised by it.


A opo D est incorreta. Aqui a frase est no futuro, will. Alm
desse erro, o verbo devise (planejar, delinear, projetar) no tem idia
de auditar, supervisionar.

Devised o passado do verbo devise,

passado particpio (significa planejado).

FUTURO
I
He
She
It

will +

verbo infinitivo (will be = ser)

You
We
They

e) are checked by it.


A opo E est correta. Perceba que a nica alternativa que est
no presente simples (are). Alm disso, a palavra check significa
conferir, controlar, verificar = supervisionar. Logo, o balano anual e a
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gesto de recursos da Unio Europia so controlados, verificados pelo
auditor.
PRESENTE VOZ PASSIVA
Balano anual e a gesto de recursos da Unio Europia

They

so

controlados

are

checked

Presente be

pelo auditor.

by it.

Particpio check

Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra E, a nica alternativa


em que o verbo est no presente. Mais do que uma questo de
interpretao de texto, esta questo foi simplesmente de gramtica.

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Veja como foi cobrado o Presente Perfeito em mais provas de


concursos da ESAF:

Insolvencies/Guaranty Funds
Source: www.iii.org
Feb/ 2006 (Adapted)

1.

The regulation of insurance company solvency is a

function of the state. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services


Modernization Act of 1999, which allowed banks, securities firms,
insurance companies and other financial services entities to affiliate and
sell one anothers products, continues this practice. State regulators
monitor the financial health of companies licensed to provide insurance
in their state through analysis of the detailed annual financial
statements that insurers are required to file and periodic on-site
examinations. When a company is found to be in poor financial
condition, regulators can take various actions to try to save it.
Insolvencies do occur, however, despite the best efforts of regulators.

2. (ESAF/SUSEP/2006)

According to the text, the regulation of

insurance company solvency

a) should be in the states hands.


b) has been proposed by the private sector.
c) would have to be one of the states functions.
d) has not been within the scope of the state.
e) is clearly one of the states liabilities.
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Comentrios:
No necessrio ler o texto todo para responder esta primeira
questo. Veja que o enunciado da questo trata da regulamentao da
solvncia das companhias de seguro. Agora leia a primeira frase do
texto:
The regulation of insurance company solvency is a function of the
state.()
DICA:

Quando

se

deparar

com

palavras desconhecidas, no desista,


v

em

questo

frente.
lendo

Tente
as

resolver

alternativas

tendo como foco outras palavraschave.

No

tenha

medo

de

se

agarrar s palavras que paream


com o portugus.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE
regulation: regulamentao
insurance: seguro
company: companhia
solvency: solvncia, solvibilidade
function: funo
state: Estado
propose: proposto

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should be: deveria ser
would have to be: deveria ser
scope: ambito, alada
clearly: claramente
states liabilities: responsabilidades de Estado

O que podemos extrair deste pargrafo, observando as palavraschave em destaque : A regulamentao da solvncia das companhias
de seguro funo do Estado. Vejamos as opes de resposta:

a) should be in the states hands.


A opo A est incorreta. O texto no diz que a funo de
regulamentar a solvncia deveria (should) estar nas mos do Estado e
sim que regulamentar funo do Estado.

IMPORTANTE

Should: poderia ou deveria

Obrigao

Ought: poderia ou deveria

Sugesto

Must: dever

Obrigao

Must not

Proibio

Have to: ter que fazer algo

Obrigao

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b) has been proposed by the private sector.


A

opo

est

incorreta.

texto

no

afirma

que

regulamentao foi proposta (has been proposed) pelo setor privado,


mas sim pelo Estado.
IMPORTANTE
PRESENT PERFECT
HAVE/HAS+BEEN+VERBO NO PASSADO (PROPOSED)

Regulation has been proposed.

Regulation has been proposed since 2009.

AO PASSADA FINALIZADA

AO QUE COMEOU E NO TERMINOU.

c) would have to be one of the states functions.


A opo C est incorreta. A opo diz que deveria ser uma das
funes do Estado. Observe que o texto afirma que a regulamentao
funo do Estado e no que deveria ser. ATENO: Would have to
be = should be = deveria ser.

d) has not been within the scope of the state.


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A opo D est incorreta, pois o texto no nega (has not been)
que a regulamentao da solvncia das companhias de seguro seja
funo do Estado. Pelo contrrio, afirma que ela funo do Estado,
est no mbito ou alada (scope) do Estado.

e) is clearly one of the states liabilities.


A opo E est correta. Pode-se dizer que a regulamentao da
solvncia das companhias de seguro uma das funes do Estado (The
regulation of insurance company solvency is a function of the
state.).

Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra E.

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FUTURO
Vimos um pouquinho de como se forma o futuro no incio da
nossa aula. Agora vamos explicar mais detalhadamente. O

futuro no

ingls basicamente formado pelo verbo auxiliar will. O will + verbo


no infinitivo usado para expressar ao futura, que pode tambm ser
identificada pela expresses:
Tomorrow amanh
The day after tomorrow depois de amanh
Next week prxima semana
Next weekend prximo final de semana
Next month prximo ms
Next year prximo ano

FUTURO
I
He
She
It
You

will + verbo infinitive (I will work tomorrow Eu trabalharei


amanh)

We
They

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Vale lembrar que o futuro tambm feito com a expresso
going to. Be going to uma estrutura que pode ser usada para
falarmos de planos futuros de forma informal.
Going to enfatiza a idia de inteno, de uma deciso que j foi
tomada.

Ex.:

Mark

is

His friends are going to help him.

going

to

cross

Ireland.

(Marcos ir atravessar a Irlanda.

Seus amigos iro ajud-lo).

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Agora vejamos uma questo de prova:

The long climb


Source: www.economist.com
st Oct, 2009 (Adapted)
1.

The world economy is fitfully getting back to normal,

but it will be a new normal. This phrase has caught on, even if
people disagree about what it means. In the new normal, as
defined by Pimcos CEO, Mohamed El-Erian, growth will be
subdued and unemployment will remain high. The banking
system will be a shadow of its former self, and the securitization
markets, which buy and sell marketable bundles of debt, will
presumably be a shadow of a shadow. Finance will be costlier and
investment weak, so the stock of physical capital, on which
prosperity depends, will erode.
2.
several

The crisis invited a forceful government entry into


of

capitalisms

inner

sanctums,

such

as

banking,

American carmaking and the commercial-paper market. Mr ElErian worries that the state may overstay its welcome. In
addition, national exchequers may start to feel some measure of
the fiscal strain now hobbling California. Americas Treasury, in
particular, must demonstrate that it is still a responsible
shepherd of other countries savings.

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3. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009)

In paragraph 1, growth in the new order is

defined as
a) both real and active.
b) absolutely extraordinary.
c) not very active or busy.
d) sustainable and rapid.
e) unpredictable.

Comentrios:
A questo nos remete ao Pargrafo 1 e expresso growth in
the new order. Voc dever escolher a opo que mais se assemelha
definio de growth in the new order dada pelo texto.
Vejamos como o texto trata do assunto:
The world economy is fitfully getting back to normal, but it
will be a new normal. This phrase has caught on, even if people
disagree about what it means. In the new normal, as defined by
Pimcos CEO, Mohamed El-Erian, growth will be subdued and
unemployment will remain high.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE
growth: crescimento
new order: nova ordem
world economy: economia mundial
getting back to normal: voltando ao normal
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will be: futuro do verbo be (ser) - ser
subdued: passado do verbo subdue (reduzir) reduzido, reduziu
unemployment: desemprego
will remain: futuro do verbo remain (continuar) - continur
high: alto

Qual a opo que mais retrata o crescimento econmico (growth) na


nova ordem mundial:

a) both real and active.


A opo A est incorreta. A alternativa caracteriza a nova ordem
como real e active (ativa, rpida, vigorosa). A definio positiva e
est errada. Veja que o texto fala em alto desemprego (high
unemployment) e crescimento reduzido (subdued).

b) absolutely extraordinary.
A opo B est incorreta. Assim como a alternativa a, a
alternativa b traz uma definio positiva da nova ordem:
absolutamente extraordinria (absolutely extraordinary).

c) not very active or busy.


A opo C est correta. O texto define o crescimento na nova
ordem como: (...) growth will be subdued and unemployment
will remain high. Temos aqui que o crescimento ser reduzido e
desemprego continuar alto, logo, pode-se dizer que o crescimento no
ser muito vigoroso, ativo (active, busy).

d) sustainable and rapid.

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A opo D est incorreta. Aqui a definio de crescimento tambm
positiva, sustainable e rapid (sustentvel e rpido).

e) unpredictable.
A opo E est incorreta. O texto no diz que o crescimento na
nova ordem mundial inprevisvel (unpredictable).

DICA: Apenas na alternativa c,


resposta

para

questo,

foi

apresentada uma definio negativa


para o crescimento na nova ordem
mundial.

Mesmo

sem

saber

definio de subdued daria para


acertar a questo.

Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra C.

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FUTURO DO PRETRITO
E
PRETRITO MAIS-QUE-PERFEITO DO SUBJUNTIVO

Os tempos verbais do futuro do pretrito e do pretrito mais-queperfeito so formados em ingls com o uso do would, um verbo
auxiliar. Veja o quadro abaixo:

WOULD

WOULD PROVOKE (provocaria)

WOULD + VERBO PRESENTE

WOULD WORSEN (pioraria)

WOULD HAVE PROVOKED (teria provocado)

Equivale aos nossos tempos verbais do futuro do pretrito (ex: "Eu iria"
fica "I would go") e do pretrito mais-que-perfeito do subjuntivo ("Eu
teria ido" fica "I would have gone")

Agora, uma questo de prova para vocs ficarem afiados:

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4. (ESAF/IPEA/2004) Os ltimos indicadores de atividades tm sido
mais favorveis.
a) Have been more sensible.
b) Had been more optimistic.
c) Would be absolutely gloomy.
d) Have been more favourable.
e) Will be less pessimistic.

Comentrios:
A questo exige que o candidato conhea quase todos os tempos
verbais em ingls.

As alternativas a e d esto no presente perfeito:


a) Have been more sensible. (tm sido mais perceptveis)
d) Have been more favourable. (tm sido mais favorveis)

A alternativa b est no passado perfeito:


b) Had been more optimistic. (tinham sido mais otimistas)

A alternativa c est no pretrito mais-que-perfeito:


c) Would be absolutely gloomy. (seriam absolutamente
sombrios)

A alternativa e est no futuro:


e) Will be less pessimistic. (sero menos pessimistas)

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PALAVRAS-CHAVE
GDP (Gross Domestic Product): PIB (Produto Interno Bruto)
fell: caiu (passado do verbo fall)
went up: subiu, aumentou (passado do verbo go up)
prevented: impedido, evitado (passado do verbo prevent)
increasing: aumento
recession: recesso
remained: mantido (passado do verbo remain)
less: menos, mnimo, inferior
severe: severo, rigoroso
kept: mantido (passado do verbo keep)
deepening: aprofundando
continued: continuou (passado do verbo continue)
lower: abaixar, diminuir
fought: combateu (passado do verbo fight)
sensible: perceptvel
optimistic: otimista
absolutely: absolutamente
gloomy: pessimista
favourable: favorvel
less: menos
pessimistic: pessimista

Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra D.

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While Rome burns


Source: www.economist.co.uk
Sep 25th, 2008 (Adapted)

1.

American plans to buy up assets that are clogging the

financial system lack detail but no one doubts that a massive


government intervention is coming. In Europe jittery investors
have no such reassurance. European governments have yet to
respond publicly to calls from Hank Paulson, the treasury
secretary, to follow his lead. They look set to keep faith with the
approach that they have used to handle the crisis so far staving
off liquidity worries by allowing banks to use facilities at central
banks to swap their assets in exchange for ready cash.
2.

That makes many watchers nervous. The crisis in

America has dramatically grown from one of liquidity to one of


solvency as well. Lehman Brothers had access to the Federal
Reserves discount window, after all, but still went under. The
burning question now is whether banks have enough capital. On
some measures, European banks look pretty well capitalized. The
average tier-one ratio, which measures capital based on the
riskiness of bank assets, stood at 8% in the first half of the year.
That looks solid enough, if you assume that banks have a good
handle on risk.

5. (ESAF/ STN/2008)

In paragraph 1, the author refers to a

massive government intervention which


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a) would worsen the scenario.
b) is presently out of the question.
c) would provoke constraints.
d) is certainly on the way.
e) seems highly questionable.

Comentrios:
No pargrafo 1, o autor se refere (refers) interveno
governamental massiva (massive government intervention) que
est se aproximando, chegando (is coming).

() a massive government intervention is coming.

a) would worsen the scenario.


A opo A est incorreta. A alternativa afirma que a interveno
governamental pioraria (would worsen) o cenrio. O texto no diz
isso.

b) is presently out of the question.


A opo B est incorreta. Enquanto o texto diz que a interveno
governamental massiva (massive government intervention) est se
aproximando (in coming), aqui est sendo afirmado que a interveno
governamental est fora de questo (out of the question).

c) would provoke constraints.


A opo C est incorreta. O texto no diz que a interveno
provocaria (would provoke) constrangimento (constraints).
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d) is certainly on the way.


A opo D est correta. A interveno certamente est a
caminho (on the way) o mesmo que dizer a interveno est se
aproximando (in coming)

e) seems highly questionable.


A opo E est incorreta. No h no texto qualquer indicao de
que a interveno parece (seems) altamente questionvel, duvidosa
(questionable).

VOCABULRIO-CHAVE
refer: referir-se
massive: massiva/o
government intervention: interveno
would worsen: pioraria
scenario: cenrio
presently: agora, logo
out of the question: fora de questo
would provoke: provocaria
constraints: constrangimento
certainly: certamente, seguramente
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on the way: a caminho
seem: parecer
highly: altamente
questionable: questionvel

Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra D.

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REVISO DO VOCABULRIO-CHAVE

A partir deste momento vamos revisar a aula por meio do quadro


do vocabulrio-chave.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE
annual: anual
accounts: balano, oramento, conta
resource: recursos, riquezas (pas)
management: administrao, gesto
overseen by: inspecionar, examinar, superintender, supervisionar
external: externo
auditor: auditor
check: conferir, controlar, verificar
had been supervised: tinham sido supervisionados
draw: traar, delinear, desenhar
devise: planejar, delinear, projetar
regulation: regulamentao
insurance: seguro
company: companhia
solvency: solvncia, solvibilidade
function: funo
state: Estado
propose: proposto
should be: deveria ser
would have to be: deveria ser
scope: mbito, alada
clearly: claramente
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states liabilities: responsabilidades de Estado
growth: crescimento
new order: nova ordem
world economy: economia mundial
getting back to normal: voltando ao normal
will be: futuro do verbo be (ser) - ser
subdued: passado do verbo subdue (reduzir) reduzido, reduziu
unemployment: desemprego
will remain: futuro do verbo remain (continuar) - continur
high: alto
GDP (Gross Domestic Product): PIB (Produto Interno Bruto)
fell: caiu (passado do verbo fall)
went up: subiu, aumentou (passado do verbo go up)
prevented: impedido, evitado (passado do verbo prevent)
increasing: aumento
recession: recesso
remained: mantido (passado do verbo remain)
less: menos, mnimo, inferior
severe: severo, rigoroso
kept: mantido (passado do verbo keep)
deepening: aprofundando
continued: continuou (passado do verbo continue)
lower: abaixar, diminuir
fought: combateu (passado do verbo fight)
sensible: perceptvel
optimistic: otimista
absolutely: absolutamente
gloomy: pessimista
favourable: favorvel
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less: menos
pessimistic: pessimista
refer: referir-se
massive: massiva/o
government intervention: interveno
would worsen: pioraria
scenario: cenrio
presently: agora, logo
out of the question: fora de questo
would provoke: provocaria
constraints: constrangimento
certainly: certamente, seguramente
on the way: a caminho
seem: parecer
highly: altamente
questionable: questionvel

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QUESTES DA AULA

External Audit
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/budget
Jan 16th, 2008 (Adapted)

1.

The European Unions (EU) annual accounts and resource

management are overseen by its external auditor, the European


Court of Auditors, which draws up an annual report for the Council
and the European Parliament. The Courts main task is to conduct
an external, independent audit of the European Communities
annual accounts. As part of its activities, the Court of Auditors
produces:
. an annual report on the activities financed from the general
budget, detailing its observations on the annual accounts and
underlying transactions;
. an opinion, based on its audits and given in the annual report in
the form of a statement of assurance, on (i) the reliability of the
accounts and (ii) the legality and regularity of the underlying
transactions involving both revenue collected from taxable persons
and payments to final beneficiaries;
. special reports giving the findings of audits covering specific
areas of management.
2.

The

Court

of

Auditors

is

entitled

to

access

all

documents required during the course of its audit.

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1. (ESAF/CGU/2008) In paragraph 1, the text reports that the EUs
annual accounts and resource management are overseen by its external
auditor. In other words, they
a) were audited by it.
b) had been supervised by it.
c) have been drawn by it.
d) will be devised by it.
e) are checked by it.

Insolvencies/Guaranty Funds
Source: www.iii.org
Feb/ 2006 (Adapted)

1.

The regulation of insurance company solvency is a function of

the state. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act


of 1999, which allowed banks, securities firms, insurance companies and
other financial services entities to affiliate and sell one anothers
products, continues this practice. State regulators monitor the financial
health of companies licensed to provide insurance in their state through
analysis of the detailed annual financial statements that insurers are
required to file and periodic on-site examinations. When a company is
found to be in poor financial condition, regulators can take various
actions to try to save it. Insolvencies do occur, however, despite the
best efforts of regulators.

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2. (ESAF/SUSEP/2006)

According to the text, the regulation of

insurance company solvency

a) should be in the states hands.


b) has been proposed by the private sector.
c) would have to be one of the states functions.
d) has not been within the scope of the state.
e) is clearly one of the states liabilities.

The long climb


Source: www.economist.com
st Oct, 2009 (Adapted)
1.

The world economy is fitfully getting back to normal, but it

will be a new normal. This phrase has caught on, even if people
disagree about what it means. In the new normal, as defined by
Pimcos

CEO,

Mohamed

El-Erian,

growth

will

be

subdued

and

unemployment will remain high. The banking system will be a shadow


of its former self, and the securitization markets, which buy and sell
marketable bundles of debt, will presumably be a shadow of a shadow.
Finance will be costlier and investment weak, so the stock of physical
capital, on which prosperity depends, will erode.
2.

The crisis invited a forceful government entry into several of

capitalisms inner sanctums, such as banking, American carmaking and


the commercial-paper market. Mr El-Erian worries that the state may
overstay its welcome. In addition, national exchequers may start to feel

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some measure of the fiscal strain now hobbling California. Americas
Treasury, in particular, must demonstrate that it is still a responsible
shepherd of other countries savings.

3. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009)

In paragraph 1, growth in the new order is

defined as
a) both real and active.
b) absolutely extraordinary.
c) not very active or busy.
d) sustainable and rapid.
e) unpredictable

4. (ESAF/IPEA/2004) Os ltimos indicadores de atividades tm sido


mais favorveis.
a) Have been more sensible.
b) Had been more optimistic.
c) Would be absolutely gloomy.
d) Have been more favourable.
e) Will be less pessimistic.

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While Rome burns


Source: www.economist.co.uk
Sep 25th, 2008 (Adapted)

1.

American plans to buy up assets that are clogging the

financial system lack detail but no one doubts that a massive


government intervention is coming. In Europe jittery investors have no
such reassurance. European governments have yet to respond publicly
to calls from Hank Paulson, the treasury secretary, to follow his lead.
They look set to keep faith with the approach that they have used to
handle the crisis so far staving off liquidity worries by allowing banks
to use facilities at central banks to swap their assets in exchange for
ready cash.
2.

That makes many watchers nervous. The crisis in America

has dramatically grown from one of liquidity to one of solvency as well.


Lehman Brothers had access to the Federal Reserves discount window,
after all, but still went under. The burning question now is whether
banks have enough capital. On some measures, European banks look
pretty well capitalized. The average tier-one ratio, which measures
capital based on the riskiness of bank assets, stood at 8% in the first
half of the year. That looks solid enough, if you assume that banks have
a good handle on risk.

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5. (ESAF/ STN/2008)

In paragraph 1, the author refers to a massive

government intervention which


a) would worsen the scenario.
b) is presently out of the question.
c) would provoke constraints.
d) is certainly on the way.
e) seems highly questionable.

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GABARITO

1-E

2-E

3-C

4-D

5-D

Prezados(as) alunos(as),
Espero que tenham gostado da nossa primeira aula. No
deixem de tirar dvidas no Frum.
At a prxima aula!
Forte abrao.
Aline Andrade

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