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Abstract
The possibility of controlling two modes of structural vibration due to earthquake excitation by considering the sloshing
action in the vertical limbs of the liquid column vibration absorber (LCVA) has been explored in this paper. The structure
has been modeled as a linear, viscously damped multi-degree-of-freedom (m.d.f.) system. The governing differential
equations of motion for the damper liquid and for the coupled structure-LCVA system have been derived from dynamic
equilibrium. The nonlinear orifice damping in the LCVA has been linearized by a stochastic equivalent linearization
technique. A displacement transfer function formulation for the structure-LCVA system has been presented.
The study has been carried out on a 2-d.f. example structure for which both the modes have significant contribution
to the total response. The performance of the LCVA has been evaluated in the frequency domain with the base
input characterized by a white noise power spectral density function and through a simulation study by subjecting the
example structure-LCVA system to a recorded accelerogram. The results are compared with that of the liquid column
damper and indicate superior performance of the LCVA. Furthermore, an LCVA has been designed for the example
structure.
Keywords
Bimodal vibration control, liquid column vibration absorber, power spectral density function, seismic vibration, simulation, sloshing mode
Received: 14 June 2011; accepted: 10 October 2011
1. Introduction
The liquid column vibration absorber (LCVA) is a variation of the conventional liquid column damper (LCD)
and a relatively recent type of liquid damper. Like the
LCD, the LCVA has liquid moving in a rigid U-shaped
container; however, unlike the LCD the LCVA has different cross-sectional areas in the vertical and horizontal columns of the container. The natural frequency of
the LCVA depends not only on the length of the liquid
column but also on the area ratio, i.e. the ratio of the
cross-sectional areas of the vertical and the horizontal columns. For the same mass ratio, a properly
designed LCVA can perform better than the LCD
(Chang and Hsu, 1998; Konar and Ghosh, 2010). The
LCVA also aords greater architectural adaptability.
Further, the cross-sectional area changes between the
vertical and horizontal columns of the LCVA induces a
386
with the experimental results. Hitchcock et al. (1997b)
investigated the eect of the geometric conguration of
the LCVA, without orice, on its natural frequency and
damping ratio. The eectiveness of the LCVA to mitigate wind-induced vibrations of structures has been
investigated by several researchers, for example Chang
and Hsu (1998), Chang and Qu (1998), Hitchcock et al.
(1999) and Samali et al. (2001, 2004) amongst others.
Wu et al. (2008) investigated the wind-induced interaction between a tuned liquid column damper (TLCD)
with non-uniform cross-section, i.e. LCVA, and a
bridge deck in pitching motion. Kim et al. (2008) examined the performance of an LCVA installed in a 64-story
building for mitigation of wind-induced motion and
found that the LCVA increases the energy dissipation
capacity of the building signicantly. Taanidis et al.
(2005) studied the rotational vibration reduction capacity of the LCD and the LCVA and aimed to nd the
optimum design parameters of the dampers. Optimal
design parameters of LCVAs, were also studied by Wu
et al. (2009) for single-degree-of-freedom (s.d.f.) systems
subjected to harmonic type of wind loading and presented in the form of design tables. Chaiviriyawong
et al. (2007) investigated the eect of the variation in
the liquid velocity in the relatively large transition
zones between the vertical columns and the horizontal
column on the natural frequency of the LCD or LCVA.
Tainidis et al. (2007) proposed a robust reliability
based design of the TLCD and LCVA under earthquake
excitation for systems that involve model uncertainty.
Control of seismically excited structures by the LCVA
was also studied by Konar and Ghosh (2010). The general conclusion from these works is that the LCVA is a
very eective passive control device for exible structures, with several advantages, both performance as
well as functional based, over the LCD.
In all the studies carried out on the LCD and LCVA
so far, the liquid motion considered is the oscillation of
the liquid column in the U-tube container. However,
when subjected to horizontal excitation, the liquid in
the vertical limbs of the damper will also be subjected
to sloshing. It has been reported (Chang and Hsu, 1998;
Konar and Ghosh, 2010) that LCVA performance
superior to that of the LCD may be achieved by
having the area ratio greater than unity. Moreover,
higher value of length ratio (i.e. the ratio of the horizontal length to the eective length of the liquid
column) is desirable, which would lead to shallow
water depth in the vertical limbs of the damper.
Under these conditions, the sloshing action of the
liquid in the vertical limbs may not be insignicant.
In the normal design of the LCVA, the frequency of
the oscillating liquid in the damper is tuned to the frequency of that mode of the structure which contributes
the maximum to the structural vibration, mostly the
387
y(t)
(a)
(b)
LCVA
Experience
sloshing
xn(t)
Still water
level
Mn
Cn
Kn
H
Cj+1
Kj+1
xj(t)
dh
CL of
horizontal limb
Mj
u1(t)
(c)
k1
Cj
Kj
C3
K3
c1
ls
ls
u2(t)
k2
m1
c2
m2
xn(t)
Mn
x2(t)
M2
C2
K2
Kn
C1
K1
x1(t)
M1
C1
Cn
z ( t )
K1
z (t )
Figure 1. (a) n-degree-of-freedom structure-liquid column vibration absorber model, (b) Model of the liquid column vibration
absorber, (c) Model of sloshing modes of vibration of liquid column vibration absorber.
r
r !
1 5 ls
5h
tanh
3 2h
2 ls
388
Let xt denote the displacements along the d.f.s of
the structure relative to the ground and yt be the
change in elevation of the liquid column in the damper.
F1 Ah B x n t ryt
where,
r is the area ratio which is given by Av =Ah and
zt
, is the absolute acceleration of the
x n t ryt
liquid in the horizontal portion of the damper.
The force due to head loss caused by the orice and
sudden change in the cross-sectional area between vertical and horizontal portion of the LCVA is given by,
1
_ yt
_
F2 Ah r2 j ytj
2
F3 Ah h yt g yt
On consideration of the horizontal dynamic equilibrium of the liquid in the horizontal portion of the
LCVA, we get,
F1 F2 F3 F4 0
{ x n ( t ) + r ( t ) +
F1
F2
1
_ yt
_ 2gAh yt
Ah r2 yt
Ah Le yt
2
Ah B x n t zt
z ( t )}
F4
10
Ah B x n t zt
11
_
where, ryt
is the velocity of liquid in the horizontal
portion of the LCVA.
The hydrostatic pressure force from the left limb of
the damper on the horizontal portion may be written as,
F3
12
where, y2_ is the standard deviation of the liquid velocity, y_t, which is modeled as a zero mean stationary
Gaussian process. On normalizing equation (11) with
respect to Ah Le we obtain,
yt
2Cp
_ !2l yt x n t zt
yt
Le
13
p
where, !l 2g=Le is the natural frequency of the
LCVA, i.e., the oscillating frequency of the liquid in
the LCVA and B=Le is the length ratio i.e., the
ratio of the length of the horizontal portion of the
LCVA to its eective length.
The force transmitted from the LCVA to the structure due to liquid oscillation may be expressed as,
zt
2Av h x n t zt
14
15
m2 u 2 t x n t zt c2 u_ 2 t k2 u2 t 0
16
389
17
With reference to equations (1) and (17), equations (15) and (16) reduce to
m u t x n t zt cu_ t ku t 0
18
19
q j t 2 j !j q_ j t !2j qj t j zt
j T
f t , for j 1, 2, . . . , n
T
where, j is the transpose of the jth mode shape and
j is the jth modal participation factor given by
j T
Mf1g. Further, in equation (26), !j and j
denote the undamped natural frequency and damping
ratio in the jth mode respectively. In equation (26),
j T
f t may be written as nj vt , where nj is
the nth element of j . The Fourier transformation of
equation (26) leads to,
Q j ! H j ! j A! nj V! ,
for j 1, 2, . . . . . . : , n
27
!2
j
21
26
!2
1
,
2i j !j !
for j 1, 2, . . . . . . : , n
28
22
_
M xt
C xt
K xt
f t
Mf1gzt
23
T
Here, f t 0 :: :0 vt denotes the interactive force between the structure and the damper with
vt being expressed as
vt 2 cu_ t ku t Ah B x n t ry t
zt 2Av h x n t zt
24
29
where, Xn !, Y! and U!
are the Fourier transforms of the corresponding time-dependent variables
respectively.
xn t, yt and ut
The Fourier transformation of equation (13)
leads to,
Y! H1 ! !2 Xn ! A!
30
where, H1 ! is the transfer function relating the vertical liquid displacement of the LCVA to the ground
acceleration and the expression is given by,
390
!2l
!2
1
2Cp =Le i!
31
32
where, H!
is the transfer function relating the displacement of equivalent s.d.f. systems representing the
sloshing of liquid of the LCVA to the ground acceleration and may be expressed as,
H!
1
2 !2 2i !
33
n
X
kj Q j !, for k 1, 2, . . . . . . , n 34
j1
"
j1
n n
X
kj H j !j
#
o
T kj !
A!,
j1
for k 1, 2, . . . : , n
35
where,
Tkj ! kj H j !nj 2H !i!c k
m0
36
Ah rB!2 H1 !
"
#
n
P
In equation (36), m0
Mj represents the total
j1
4. Numerical study
4.1. Example structure and LCVA system
To demonstrate the eectiveness of the LCVA to control two modes of vibration of the structure, an example structure should be so chosen such that two or more
modes participate signicantly in the response of the
structure. Tapered buildings, which have more than
one mode contributing signicantly to the horizontal
displacement response, may be considered for this purpose. An example of this kind of tapered building is the
Transamerica building in San Francisco. The rst two
frequencies of this pyramid-shaped building are
0.330 Hz and 0.616 Hz respectively (Stephen et al.,
1973). In this paper, a two-d.f. structure having the
same natural frequencies as the rst two frequencies
of the Transamerica building is considered. The
masses lumped at the rst and second story levels are
assumed to be 462.19 tons and 194.72 tons respectively.
The structural damping ratio is assumed to be 2%.
The LCVA parameters which are generally guided
by practical constraints like availability of space, load
carrying capacity of structure etc., are the mass ratio
(
) and length ratio (). The values of
and for the
case under study here are taken as 1.5% and 0.7 respectively. For this chosen value of the maximum value of
area ratio (r) is 1.425 (refer to equation (10)), which is
derived from the condition that the height of the liquid
in the vertical limbs (h) should not be negative. As has
been mentioned earlier, greater r leads to higher
response reduction. However, to maintain the
U-shape of the liquid h obviously has some positive
value and so a value of r lower than the optimum
value has to be considered. Considering the range
between 1.0 to 1.425, the value of r for this study has
arbitrarily been taken as 1.25. The liquid in the damper
is considered to be water.
391
10.0000
without damper
with LCVA
with LCD
0.1000
IH
(n)
()I
1.0000
0.0100
0.0010
0.0001
0
5
(rad/s)
Figure 3. Displacement transfer function for the top mass of the structure for white noise input.
10
392
0.20
Without damper
0.15
With LCD
With LCVA
Displacement (m)
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Time (s)
80
90
100
110
120
130
Figure 4. Displacement time history of 2-degree-of-freedom system for Bhuj (2001) excitation.
0:1 1:6
1 2
37
For the case under study here, the solution of equation (37) for 7:7 leads to a blocking ratio of 0.4575.
Consequently, the opening of the orice is obtained as
about 0.815 m. The maximum depth of the liquid is
1.831 m. In addition to this some free board should
be provided. Considering a free board of 0.269 m, the
total height of the LCVA is 2.10 m. Thus, a feasible
geometric conguration is obtained for the LCVA
(see Figure 5).
The performance of the LCVA designed for the
example structure is assessed through a simulation
393
404
1878
815
1503
104
1607
493
1878
1483
4160
Note: a) All dimensions are in mm.
b) The values indicated are the inner dimensions of the container.
0.20
without damper
0.15
with the designed
LCVA
displacement (m)
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
time (s)
Figure 6. Displacement time history of the example structure for Bhuj (2001) excitation.
6. Conclusions
In this paper, the sloshing of liquid in the vertical limbs
of the liquid column in the LCVA has been modeled
394
is greater than that by the LCD. A simulation study
using a real accelerogram yields similar results. Finally,
an LCVA has been designed for the example structure
subjected to a recorded accelerogram.
Funding
This research received no specic grant from any funding
agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-prot sectors.
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