HVDC Unit 2

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The transformer utilization can be improved firther if t i.o valve groups can share a single
transfomer winding. IIl this case, the cunent (rms) mting of the winding can be increased by
a factor of .r[ while decreasing the number of windings by a factor of 2 For this case,
w.
\,
\9
=1.6a7
-$va"I a
E
o-
b,xÎt^qlt
I\J
Ys
o
7
l
Ys
is given bY
rmqFrating on the
For a 6 pulse converter, this can be easily arranged. The Graetz circuit shown in Fig. 2:1
is obtained when the two winding (sho\rn in Fig. 2.9) are combined into one. Tllis is possible
shce the terminals a and o' are at the same potential (with respect to the supply neutral point
,n). Thus, it is shown that both from valve and transformer utilization considentions, Graetz
cfucuit is the best circuit for a si( pulse converter.
Ttferrr.- ;_j
.,
-l
In I{\DC
the ease ofcontrol
pulse coBverter is
t etween the two sets
one bridee and Y/A
um value of q which
)
that the AC Power
ed.
6'
of
for
The use of 12 puls
flltering requirements.
the tutr-characteristic
etc.) are not eliminated.
the series conductjon ofconverter gtoups has been preferred because of

as well as the requirements ofhigh voltage mting. I'lous a 12
by the series comection oftwo bridges. The 30" phase displacement
voltages is aehieved by the transformer connections, Y/Y for feeding
ttre second bridge.
is prcferable over the six pulse converter because ofthe reduced
increase in pulse number beyond 12 is not pradical because
(which aiise due to as5'rnmetry in firing, imbalance in supply
J^$4^
r-,.f\^NDll0,A
AIJ\
L,l rAf"-
T\
,l-
- ^.^n'[h
__:-=aF
43.'ttf;r!(
sld lraD$ur u<r

power eno
the maritrum
ma:imu.ra DC lower
For a 12 pulse coDvert$ with q = 4, s = 3, . = 1, calculate tl
is I newort the
(valve
iatlng
windings)
if
PIv
rating
the
varve
of
i"
J. .-"
ratings
"'-"",
" ".a
problemifq-3,s-4.r-L
Solution
with
even value of q,
PItl = 2E -
n aB
V. -:sE sin"1t '-12V"inl=:Y'y=t-35y
- n ' a fi2
4 fi
1=J4=I-t-t.
=zt
r'lq
Pd^-=Vd.Id = 2'70v1
s,'' =oFy t =r4r =q.zqsw

J2 2^12
withg=3,s=4,r=1
PN
u*
2EÊos+=2E^t's30'
gt
\lst^
r.srv
"Î =t} k"; = =

Pd-d =vd.td =1sr<{3w
Id - Gn '&,
66'
- 3.3rw
s,,=e+1=1#=4.sw
with only six windings on the valve side
s,"
=ftw
'r'< .,r i1.rr!!,s q :

To analyze the
in Fis. 2.10. Tl]is

to the common supply
flowing in
tie
two
=s.+esw
']! ?:l:e aniiilerieis

of a 12 pulse converter, consider the convertr circuit diagram shown
,o transformers with primary windings connectd in star and connected
The currents supplied by the supply are the sums of the currents
windings. Thus,
+irol
ti",
In determining the voltage
that the turns ratio of the
transformer feedilg the second
current waveforms, therc is no loss ofgenerality, in assuming

:r feeding bridge 1 as 1:1 and the tums mtio of the
as 1 : 16. Assuming ideal transformers, we will get the
on
S!'temi
r. Vot. PAS'
6,
,..-/
(1
of Electdcal
IINE COMMUTATED AND VOTTAGE

E Spectrum,
SOURCE CONVERTERS
2.1
INTRODTJCTION
In this chapter we will take up the study ofconverter circuits used in both Line Commutated
(current source) Conve*erc (LCC) and Voltage Source Converter (VSC) stations.
ltre basic configuation of a three phase converter (both LCC and VSC) is a bridge converter
(also called Graetz Bridge) which can be fed from transformer windings connected in star or
delta. The converter transformer feeiling a Graetz br:idge sewes the objectives ofproviding
(i)
302, CIGRE,
galvanic separation between AC arld DC sides
(i) voltage bansformation between AC and DC networks

(ii) adjustment ofthe applied AC voltage by On Load Tap Changer
(OLTC).
P
ase Sourced
'Itage Ditect-
{ian, China,
s3
ss
S5
s,
E Power snd
oc
s4
Note that an autotransformer can meet the last two objectives but cannot provide galvanic
sepFatior. Ttre Graetz bridge circuii is shown in Fig. 2.1.
lLere are 6 switches numbered in the order in which they are turned on. In a LCC, the
switches are macle of thyristor vah,es, whereas in a VSC, they are made up of IGBT valves
IIYD c Pow er Tt ansmryUg!9!!-!
se
(a
es connection of IGBT and

sequence is'abc',
2.2
anti-parallel connected diode). It is assumeal that the phase
LINE COMMUTATED CONVERTER
2.2.1 AFllysis ri Graetz Biitlge i"leEiectins Overiap

the
alge is connecteal to thr:ee balanceil sinusoiilal voltage sources on
a LCC, the Graetz
AC siale and constant DC curent source on the DC side as shown inF19.2.2.
In
Fi.t 2.2 - : i.iri'.r!iair'r .!i\,.ief

Each of the switches Sr to 56 in the Graetz bridge are nade of series connected thynstor
given in
alevices (to provide the requied voltage rating) The description of th]'ristor valve is
Appendix A. The valve is denoted by the th,'ristor sFnbol showtr in Fig. 2 3'
K (Cath;de)
G (Gate)
A th,'dstor valve (ideally) can be vielted as a switch which can be tumed on when the
(6rillg) signal
ter-rnitral A (anode) is positiv;with respect to the terminal K (cathode) and a gate
tu?ne'l
off only
it
can
be
on'
is
turned
stor
switch
Once
the
th)'
prcvided
G.
at the teminal
is
(when
wten the cur-rent ihrcugh it goes to zero and there is a minimum comrnutation margin
the voltage across the tt1'risidr is reverse biased - the voltage at termitral A i6 negative with
respect tJ K). In modem high voltage th,..istor device (rated at 8 kV and above), the margia
required may be hundreds oirnicroseconds ln geneml, when no gate pulse is present, the switch
should withstand both positive and negative voltages. Neglecting losses in the th]'ristor valves'
th voltage acmss the device is zero when it is tumed on alrd the current through the devices
is zero rpiren it is not conducting. In other wcrds, the valves can be ilewed as ideal si(itches
subject to the conshaints mentioned above.
(frorB
Note that the currcnt can flow only in one direction through the thlristor switch
the
towards
current
carry
S3
alld
55
51,
Thus,
the
switches
when
it
is
on.
to
cathocle)
anoale
--.{'
terminal ?'\vhile the s$ritches 52, Sa and Sd carIy current fiom the terminal 'N' The direct
cunent Id has to flow through at lea8t one valve in the upper group (S1, $ and S) and one
valve il the lower group (Sr, Sa add S5). Neglecting overlap between any two valves in a group,
we can state that;nly one,ralve conducts itt the uppel group ol lower gtoup Thus, in a cycle
ofthe applied AC voltage, these are six equal intervals as shown i4 Fig. 2.4.
N
l
tr
ul
F
c
q + 360'
FiE.2.:r: ;,l-. :,
,.r:-
ihat the switch Ss is turned on at o, = c[. Prior to fhis, switches S1 and 52 are
we
also assume that the switch Sr turas Qff as soon as the switch Sa tums on
and
conilucting
(neglecting the overlapl Overlap between the switches 51 and 53 cannot be negle'fed ifthere
are inductors in the circuit (due to leakage reactance of the convetter transformer) We will
analyze the converter circuit $/ith overlap in the nert chapter. Table 2 1 shows the DC voltages
across the colverter (VpN) for each of the six intervals.
We assuse
Tabie
lntewal
,3
V"l*s C".d*tt-q
Voltage
2.1: Da liL,; lalilt. D,ii . i'ii

gA
lv
4,5
5S
VI
6J
(VpN)
Note that the voltage a$oss the valve (switch Ss) is
ebo
before
it is fired (turned
otr).
Ilwe
denote ero
ebn
: {24rsir.rr*
S3 is negative when irt < 0 and becomes positive when

> 0. For a thyristor valve, w can delay the iuin on by a delay angle (c{) by applying a gate
pulse at ot = c. It is assumed that the delay angle is constant in steady state.
The expression for e6o given itr Equation (2.1) implies that
the voltage across the stjtch

(D,
6
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Jle-.r',.,
t,t
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ce,^
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The waveforms ofthe valve currents and the cu-rrent in the valve winding aro distorted Thus,
the elrplession for the fundamental compoaent of the AC current derived for the case with no
overlair is Dot valid. :[he actual expression for the cuirent can be clerived ftom Fourier analysis
and is given by
t,
=1t1, + tlrlLt2
1rr=1rcosQ-frl*-+*-I
1,, f,sinq= 'G
[ 2z + sin 2o - sin l 6
;"1
'where
iB t}le power factor angle
and
6 =d +
q""""-*.0, l
From the above expressionE, the power factor atrgle can b obtaineal as
2z
+ sin 2cc
cos2d
- sin 25
cop26
Tlle harmordc components in tl1e AC current are also altered. ltese are reduced from the values
calcu.lated wif.h no overlap. fhe reduction factor is givea by
=
+ K2
*r'
zaKeos(2& +
ct
lrl
F
A
dln
whe
.i"f,r
*'ril
H= Li-i -"K
"r[rr-ri]
hl
r=1lcosft-co6ro-&)]
2'
- = J6I'
I*
;;
= hamonic comporent with no overlaP. Figure 3 ? shows this rcduction factor
fo! the case d = 30'. It can be seer1 that all the haxmoEies especially ofhighet order, alecrease
shaaply with inereasing values of a and the reductiotr factor lies in the range 0.1 td 0.2.
' The harmonies in the direet voltage are also alteritd due to overlap. It can be sho*n tbat
vu=
Ya.
wher
p=
lFz +G2 - 2FG eost2a
"o.fta*rr!l
L
").(]=
i+t
*"ft,,
L
u))rt2
-t,iz)l
h.-1
''t
0.9
0.8
o.7
0.6
4.4
0.3
0.2
o1
0
20
10
30
40
u(deg.)
,.ic _.::..,r,.,:, t,
lv." \
;L
r:.4
i:.-:,r:.ir.r..::!
I for ditrerenr values

\',1" )
Figure 3.8 slows |
ofa and
'rrih cveisp
cc
01
h=12
0.09
o=45'
d = ab; :
0.06
!
.
d=
15"
005
0.04
'.:
d: O'
0.03
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and is are shown in Fig' 2'11' In deriving the waveform
l2O''
is to be noted that l6p lags i65 by 30i and i"p lags i6p by
supply current in
It can be shown that the rms value of the fundamental component of the
a 12 pulse converter is given bY
it
,t|=z.-Id
- r&,
I
The harmonic current /, is given
r.
-t-\
\ _.r,
by
'ot7(
1'-
,h h
where h = l2n ! L, n is an integer

= 6m ! l, rn is an even integer.
it is obvious that the
i In co-ptring *ith the harmonic currents of a six pulse converter'
This can be
fifth and seventh harmonics flowing in the two transforrners cancel each other'
generalized to the case whenever m is an odd integer'
(Lu^jr"Lt 6 k"M IL
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rJ \ '. i r (' ( r I I ! I I rf, 11 ;rrrrl rii
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r
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r'\t
The Convertor operating equations for voltage Vd and cunent Id are expressed as follows.
sJjglcosa+cosw)
,o=----,
-
vd_c
{
.\1 -
r...n
r+
to=-!-(
42 a
7,
cosa-cos w /
V"*
,+
.-',i
'!\
./
Figure 11.23 - Per unit convEttor chart
?,.''
j,{
/<)be
l'-
c,,n>'
( t,
The convertor operating equations for voltage Vd and cunent Id are expressed as follows.
E ( cosa+cos
,,Y ,l _3NE
-
Lt=,l _
,1,.-,,{'^'
w,)
-'-,E
2a7"
-(
cosa-cosw.)
r.t )
(t
,i
i..'1
L.'i)
'
!'
\, \
1^.
O'
a=
L,
t5
w =l 8O'
Figure 11.23 - Per unit conv6ltor chart
It is useful to draw the convertor chart in per unit. For this purpose the natural selection for the base voltage I
the maximum direct voltage output Vdo. There is no such natural curent base. Thus it is convenient to sele(
the constant appearing in equation (11.5) for current as the base quantity. Thus the selected base quantities ar
as given in equation ( 11.15).
wDc
64
First range:
<
Slstems'
Potti'* r'ransmissinn
60"
,:t
=\
tf
Secondrange: 60"<F<90'
E=60'-11=y-(9-60')
Third mnge:
0t90"
ljl.4il)
E=Y-30'
margrn angle (1 This

is necessary to maintain a certain minim 'm
described below'
In the inverter operation, it

results in 3 sub-modes ortrt" nt"t
Moile 1
1(a)
-oa" tt""oi""uili"#J"u"t"tl"ti""
< 60'for values ofu < (60'
The characteistics
"te
fu)
'Y=10=Eo
'linear defined by
aJe
Y. =
"o"10
13.+.!l
-f
l(b) 60'<p<90'for
a=
60'-Eo
60'-10
= constaut
AsdiscuBsedearlier,thechara.ctensticsareellipiicatdefaedbyequation(3.38)
the range
1(c) 90' < < 90' + Eo for the values of 4 irl
0
60'-le<a<60'
The characteristics iD
this
case are again
= cos(16 -
30'r-
liaear defined by
16
Mode 2
For !, > 60" corresponditrg to
> 90'+10
,Thecharacteristrcsareagairlinearbutwithadifferentslopeaaddefiredby
r.
[=.i5cos1o-3f
Fig 313'
a value of t0 = 15' is shovn in
The boundary of the irverter operation for
2'
* nttutB a, b, c, antl f otr the boundary are giver ia Table 3
*"
"""*t"*"
'l
efle tI-rrc!;rsii"'
Talrle 3-i: ScLlrdaiv ci
Point
a
b
c
15'
td
15.
0.3s4
t2-5.
450
o.27
.oi4
!!'l
Slstems
@,
Analysis of HWC Conoerters

The rna-ximum power supplied by the inverter occurs
at
y=
22.5.
and. & =
450 (point e).
In the normal operation of the converter 14 is in the range ofO.08 to 0.1. Hence, only the
fiIst linear portion
of the characteristics (both for
rectifier and inverter) is ofimpodance in the
converter control,
E1.i
\.r
'.
le Q. This
rcd below.
:'.
A Graetz bridge operates s'ith a delay angle of 15". The Ieakage reactance of the transformer is
10 ohms. I'he line to line AC voltag is 85 kV. Compute the overiap angle and DC voltage for
(i)
Ia=
2OOO
A- (tr ld = 4500 A.
5.1. . .'
A rectifier can operat with (;) a < 60", (ii) u = 600, or (t;) > 60". 1b determine the operatins mode,
'
vre need to kaos' the boundades of the firct two modes. The bounalery (lpper limit for td) for mode 1
gi"""
rr
!["o"(,-cos(cr+oo')]
14
ril r I
[cos15. -cos75"]
r-=f1!9-.po
" 2x10
e)
Idr = 4 25]cJ\
lrj
Similarly the upper limit or Id, when & = 60" is given by
o-
Id, =i" [cos3o" cosso"]= 5.2lv\

(i) When
Ir = 2000A
, we have mode 1 n
Yd
cosq
ith z < 600
-- // - cos ll)"
2000
2000
U,a
v-=?Jt E" J'!E ' 85 tt+akv

nft
vd = 0.8 vdo =
91.8kv
The overlap angle u js obiained from
'2lt,_9.3.13.
, -;1"*t"
cos{ls-& rl
Ih solution for L = 35.8"

(ij) When /d 4500 A. tbc Eode js d
=
= 6qd
= =i45 =0 375. Vd can be fouDd fiom
1d
I v,),1"1_
l'r
f
rlcos"l+
I sin"1=l
t 2) \ 2)
I
t,d- rr .l937s
I'lt"o"ro"=o.srs
I sD3o'r
L-
Vd = 0 573xydo = 0
5?3x114 8= 65
kV
The 6riAg angl c is obtained ftom
v1=cosc-I,
"os
a six puse mverer rs
o =V,
f,
= O SZS
+0 375
= 0 948
u""""'"" " - """";;';;;
o"l"r"'-"'
(line to line) snd the lalase reactance of the
vortace whn (l rd = 2500 A ad
r'
;;;"*'i;;;iJ;.;c
to
"l-"-
c.mput the extinction
conduction mode) or Mode 2
op".ut" io no uoa" I o eo'' t*o

e.r' irrn'
"i
(l/ > 60", ihree and folrl valve conductioD mode) Mode
'
""-"*
(a) F < 60"

(b) 60"sP<90"
(c) 90'< B < 90"+ q
To idntify the
of the various modes or sub

openting mod' it is necessarj to know the bouldaries
Model(a):0<Id<Idt
r" @tt- hl:7r|;7

r = = 1s',p= 60'' n"o"" i =z zsst"L
rd, =
Mode 1 (b):
'ffien
1d
1o'1 < ,Id <
/.(cosY
""'p1'
sue
Id2
=fdr,9=90", Y=e+30'
Hence, 16, = r" (cosv -cosB)= 3
346
kA
Mode 1 (c): Id, < Id < I,r3
When I, = Ids, P =90'+q
=108', "/=e+30'
Id3 = 5x(cos48" -os108) = 4 891 LA
(i) when Id
= 2500.4, the inverter is operatins
1+1.[r"l=,
in Mode 1 (b)- Here'
',
= 60
r"'z]=ozs
["'"rJ i"""t i
-(
= 42" = consiant
I4s
Analysis of EWC Conoet'ters
l e).
the
Vd
O.66A9,Vd
"
-Vd.Vd - 0.6689I \
% = cos 1 - id, cosr =vd +4
100
63 88
kV
the
= 0.6689 + 0.25
T cos 1(0.9189)= m.2"

=
(ii) Id
= 4200A. The invrter is operating irx Mode

Va = cosf - -I, = cos4"
Va
--id
To coEpute ove ap angie
I;= =
'<Vd"
1d = 0.42, T = 48"
- O.249\
O.42
= 2379kY
t.
- u)l
tlcos1 -cos(r
cos (4
I (c).
8'-
u) = cos
{s" -
= cos48"-0.84
= B-Y = 99 8"-48'= 51.8'
o
0
u
F
CHARACiERISTICS OF A TWELVE PULSE CONVERTER
o
As long as the AC voltages at tbe converter bus rcmain siDlsoidal ($ith effective filtering), the
operatror of oDe briclge is unafrectd by the operation of the other bridge connected in series. In J
this case, the converter characteristics are as shown in Fig. 3.13.nith the assumption that the
AC voltages at the converter bus re@ai4 cgnstsnt. ltre region ofrectifier operation can be divideal
itrto five mocles as follows:
Mode 1 : 4 and 5 velve conaluction
0<r<30"
Mode 2 : 5 and 6 valve conduction
30"<a<60"
Mode 3 : 6 valve ionduction
0<,d<30';&=60'
Mode 4 : 6 and ? valve conduction
60"<u<90o
Mode 5 : 7 and 8 va.lve conduction
90"<z<120"
It is to be noted that the seconil mode is a continuation of the fimt atrd Bimilarly fifth is a
coBtinuation of the fourth. Five valve and se\n valve conduetion modes are just poiDts on the
bounalaries coresponding to their previous and followi g modes. The regron corresponding to
rBode 3 shrinks to a point when o exceeds 30'.
The characteristics of the inverter are similar except that a sub-mode can exist for mode
1 or 2 depending on the value of margin angle chosen (usually for mode 2). The characterjstics
ofthfu sub-mode are elliptical as explained in the previous section.
(a
u.t
o.
I
WDC Poaer Trdnsttfissidn Systems
68
WlrennoACfiltersareprovi'le'landtheso\ucereactanceisnotzerotf,reoperationofeither
ln this case tle
*-tutu"oo p'o"""t i"li"* oit"" i" t'ft" "ther bddge
be addidonal modestf'"t"
oDerat-ion oflhe lwelv" put." toot "t"t 'J"q-J-t" "ot-pti* ôa
tttere could be new oode o[
iif er*' "ould
tit 5 valve cond+trion uoa u" o-i - s-; 'uli" """-i"i-tl"ta"p""ai"g
th" value of coupling factor
col'J"6""i
uaru-e
rinstead ot o
bridge is affected b) the
""
5-6-7-6 valve conducLion

defined bY
,, xs
'' X..Xr
reactance'
X? is the converter traDsfor@er leakage
where Xs is the source reactance an'l
if the
Deglected
be
bd'lges
It is to be noted that the interact;n bgtwee ailjacent
-can
the presence of
ffowever'
pto"ia"al'
0t1"""
convelter bus voltages are sinusoidal tfienfC
tle bus'voltage (udess voltage
9t
the sorrce reactance res,rlts in tle "aaatio'n "iir'"
of the converter
control is proviileil at the converter
"tutio"l
""
-tc"t*i"
fiti"""t" affect
the shape
characteristics
reactor is
impedance' filterB and finite smoothing
The analysis of a converter with source
described in the 1e:t section'
AILED ANALYSIS OF CONVERTERS

.""'*prio* or.0,,.r"o, Dc
3.5
;--*""Jh"
*Tl'tr,T iT'ii'l?$;"#;ffi
'o"""t '"d::T:Tl'iTl"E*;:t:1-tr""::**i"'
edances inboth the
;";;;;;imf
ic T1.",9 i:l*-":.11:
_"-"
;ffi ;;ffi ;;;;"'i*".e"""i1"1,'111Er:;:l:il:",1*l,iTffiTffi
::
': 1.e rleauJ'!!4!e

steady-stat
plecewlse rnear' A method for obtaiiing fast
eLements,lhe equal,ions sre also
next'
is
for the-general case
;;
'lescribe'L
ov'
tili'";ffi il;;;;s
is baseil oo the followilg assumptions:

The
'^'" method
set is applicable
* u*cribed by sets oflinear differential equations and each
bridge
in
valves
the
of
pattern
r". p?tti"J^t .""a"ctioa
an'L source voltages are balanced-
i-' *" ""*' Z. l-
i"
"1--etrical
"y"t"pulses are genera!d at equal iotervals oftiroe
**ons' the solution canbe :t:*1"T:rfi:l:
Grven tne ro'i'ra wuu""'- .-'-'-t'ii'tt""
""uThe
ls per:iodic in steady-stat' each period can be
sr
'"**
over each interval or sub-interval
;-+^-,-r ii4 mne"t
--, D^-L
seneral'
Eachintervar'
orthe converter'
3. Firing
a#;:"'# ;;i"*
tJ"";;";
"'Tfi:;ci:r'ffffii:'JJi"iiiil"i",i""
t" aiulaia i"to t o sub-intervals as follows:
"rn
+ 1) valves
, < ,1, correspoBding to the coDduciiol of(m
valves (! = 4p , ? is the period of the
2. li < t < ?r correspon dling to the cooduction of rz
1.
0<
AC voltage).
ihe dorsal motle coasists of 3 aad 2 valve conduction

proceeils from first computitrg t' from a
tm
"olution
"t"tav-"itt"
"r
non-linear equation of the form
T'or example,
in a
6-pu1se converter,
-*r'i'ji.tt" i"t*ti"
f(t)=o'
l
ri
Anabtsis of INDC Converters
Orce ,l is obtained, the initial cotrditiods can be

sets of linear algebraic
equations. These equations are deriveil from bounddy conditions
-,
a"a
In geaerat, the following conshaints apply in dete;ining rhe
"y"-"t ""Ja";'"tr""".
1. Magnetic fluies and elect c charges must be coDtitruous fuDctions oftime.
2. The current in th outgoing valve i6 zero at , = tr.
boundart;;it;;".
O3
r!o
p,'--!e
iit
tf
ti-ie il.|eth9C {Dr lcst 9trad./.::-,a.ri4
It is already mentioned that there
iti.rilji!:
are two sub-inte.vals to be considered. Let the systen be
described by the fo]lorring stare equar ions.
ir(t)
= lArlx
1ft) +
lB
lu1(r),
<,
t
<\
<
i2(.t) = lA;x2G) +LB2lu2G), tt <t

T'he
ofthe state vectors xland,2 are D + 1 anal7? respectively, Since.the outgoing
valve
-mders
current
becomes zero at t = ,r, otre state var.iable is eliminated in the
second sub,interval. The
solutioaE ofthe above equations are:
rr(l)
,,
"
= ssl(t) + eal
2(t) = xs2?)
[.)c1(O)
e4tta)
r:..
-x61(0)]
1y2
(tr ) _:r:s2 (4 )j
wherersr(t) is the forced rcsponse in sub_idterval;.

GI
There is no loss of generality in a.ssuming the current in the outgoing
tr
valve as ,i+1, IJJ
superscript iadicates rhe (n + l)* variable in the vector:r,. Thus, *" 1ul,? '
F
*i*1(tl) = 0.+ Crr01) = 0

'where C [0 1] is a row veetor.
=
The vector rr2 (t) is the subset of the vector
.rr(t). From the consideration of cootinuity i" tfr"
A
I
,r
(r)
"tat"
rllith the last variable

*-' removed from
v""iall"",
*;;"t
x2(t) = tI, :01er({) = trJrl(4)

i'here 1, is the idetrtity matrix ofnth oftler. From consialerations
of sJ,rrj@etry, we have
rr(0) = [SJr2{fi)
''where S is a constant
matrix of dioension (z +1) x r,.
The elernent ofthe matdx [s] can be o]taioed from
the fonowiag considerations.
1. The nC quantities are periodic with period
For exemple, the DC current ir, satisfies
4.
the relation
,"(0r. L(4)
2.
The AC quantities satisfir the following relations (assuming

?, =
3u
angurar
1,
frequency)
ro
is the system
t"(0)
= -x"(77)
x6@) = -r,(71)
x"l1) = -x6Tr)

HVDC Unit 2

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that the AC Power

The use of 12 puls

the series conductjon ofconverter gtoups has been preferred because of

sld lraD$ur u<r

s,'' =oFy t =r4r =q.zqsw

"^I =t} k"; = =

'r'< .,r i1.rr!!,s q :

in Fis. 2.10. Tl]is

']! ?:l:e aniiilerieis

current waveforms, therc is no loss ofgenerality, in assuming

IINE COMMUTATED AND VOTTAGE

galvanic separation between AC arld DC sides

(i) voltage bansformation between AC and DC networks

IIYD c Pow er Tt ansmryUg!9!!-!

es connection of IGBT and

anti-parallel connected diode). It is assumeal that the phase

LINE COMMUTATED CONVERTER

2.2.1 AFllysis ri Graetz Biitlge i"leEiectins Overiap

Fi.t 2.2 - : i.iri'.r!iair'r .!i\,.ief

2.1: Da liL,; lalilt. D,ii . i'ii

Note that the voltage a$oss the valve (switch Ss) is

S3 is negative when irt < 0 and becomes positive when

the voltage across the stjtch

vll . "- ilt Eg-9wua1

/\ !.t t^ a" A"RJ-"d

iB t}le power factor angle

= hamonic comporent with no overlaP. Figure 3 ? shows this rcduction factor

lFz +G2 - 2FG eost2a

I for ditrerenr values

Figure 3.8 slows |

"ilj dii":il? Eit-e Qu)'rtsu-z

,,ao err-. .*Lust+,sj-{--5)

l"-* /L{\"w'r\4er4 t..r-e lto'""'a (e) .6-u\,.*";. { c""r-l-''L

c.d 1x+ 6o'

=-Eia,'[t*.qt *** +zzl

0y ncrrldrri r,r rnq L,,ror

ffi* t": -I:

{tks '^ fuf-

Qbo=7_4::'*3 Ir*1 ffi

0e) /3= V4' Wgo

+Vd.l =- 6"3 + QaLD

c,? (uft +-rg

Xbrlz- v-w,i [.--us[xtaS+t{)

The waveform of ias,

where h = l2n ! L, n is an integer

,1/s , ,A{d t*t)

Lc{ h{ h=([-l' fPu"a

[_* 4"i h e+sn

'- crrd- D4'

Cu\r.r-iA Alr -luq"t

!"t*rd n^rtrU h - t.= *4*r, p ; t** ht

ul-ret * tt$ (^q't

d = s6 (e+l|) rk (H) __.@

Vf= 9C rnrc+ '"'tc+t!

p= yt+l C*,) n-4

fi Vtlll;t1.',t' ;tl. t'{r}.{ r'lrl'.r l, ;itllll r":tltttltlrrl;rtillg 'rnlt:lg*r

Figure 11.23 - Per unit convEttor chart

Figure 11.23 - Per unit conv6ltor chart

margrn angle (1 This

In the inverter operation, it

< 60'for values ofu < (60'

case are again

Analysis of HWC Conoerters

Qbo=7_4::'3 Ir1 ffi

!"trd n^rtrU h - t.= 4*r, p ; t** ht

i-' " ""' Z. l-

i1(tl) = 0.+ Crr01) = 0