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2013
Review Article
ABSTRACT
The interest of dental research in metal-free restorations has been rising in the last 20 years
following the introduction of innovative all-ceramic materials in the daily practice. In particular,
high-strength ceramics and related CAD/CAM techniques have widely increased the clinical
indications of metal-free restorations, showing more favorable mechanical characteristics
compared to the early ceramic materials. Zirconia has been recently introduced in prosthetic
dentistry for the fabrication of crowns and fixed partial dentures, in combination with CAD/CAM
techniques. The aim of the present paper was to provide a brief review on some aspects of zirconia
dental restorations with focus on recent scientific researches.
accumulation.(13)
STRUCTURE
functional
load
service.
and
To
date,
parafunctional
zirconia
has
been
tooth-colored
and
and
low
natural
plaque
Zirconia
(zirconium
Tel09125421693 E.mailshaneldent@gmail.com
Khamverdi et al.
The
referred to as stabilizers.(5)
fracture
crack;
concentration
remarkable
increase
tensile
Increasing
stress
the
in
crystal
volume,
grain
size
influences
the
decreases.
cracks.(7)
This
limits
growth
of
However,
the
sintering
properties
zirconia.(11)
CLASSIFICATION OF ZIRCONIA-
BASED CERAMICS
of
other
materials:
generates
the
temperature
zirconia
among
all
the
relaxation
thermal
of
process
of
and
the
stability
glass-infiltrated
of
zirconia-
risk
for
such
transformation.(1)
detrimental
reverse
Khamverdi et al.
TZP.(14,15)
high-performance
According
ceramic
material.
to
the
manufacturers
mol%
stabilized
exhibits
translucency;
The
transformation
of
within
alumina
cerium-partially
toughening
matrix
surrounding
the
intense
opacity
despite
microstructure
cubic
10%
applications,
processes:
(Denzir-MDentronic
machining
or
slip
low
providing
of
an
magnesium
stabilized zirconia
soft
mol).
and
As
regards
with
dental
some exceptions
AB),
such
casting.
neither
popularity
time,
higher
it
due
encountered
to
its
large
remarkable
and
poorer
than
yttrium
mechanical
porosity
has
properties
polycrystal (3Y-TZP),
(13)
the strongest
3Y-TZP.(17)
stability
and
resistance
to
low
Khamverdi et al.
computer-aided
designing
and
was
frequently
happens
used
commercially
form
of
available
for
zirconia
dental
shown
in
after
low
grinding
temperatures
and
use.(18)
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
ZIRCONIA
ceramics
applications.
percentage
and
stabilizing
oxides
restorations
higher
disilicate.(20)
properties.(23)
for
dental
zirconia
yields
distribution
and
of
processing
Khamverdi et al.
PREFABRICATION
compensate
PROCEDURES
Two
commonly
techniques
used
are
different
available
for
shrinkage.
In
CAM
Since linear
framework
(24)
volume
shrinkage
reverses
of
previous
blocks.
provide
This
mechanical
an
this
hardness,
important
parameter
factor
because
influences
an
material.(11)
unstable
coloration
does
properties
of
zirconia
(Nobel
Germany)
for
an
Moreover,
(1)
CAD
software
Cercon
Goteborg,
(Dentsply
and
AB,
affect
machinability.
Biocare
not
Khamverdi et al.
most
soft-
more
major
Recently,
important
problem
disadvantage
of
in
the
hard
important
role
cerium
than
oxide
surface
has
been
applications.
zirconia
resistance
demonstrates
provides various
types
of surface
The
ceria-stabilized
(Ce-TZP)
than
the
exhibits
more
Y-TZP.
Ce-TZP
highest
bending
yellow-brownish
discoloration
effective.(26)
Surface
treatments
provide
more
Other
color
of
factors
such
and
future
ceria-containing
as
framework
coefficient
zirconia
the restoration.(27,28)
framework thickness
necessary
and
microcracking.(11)
There
is
of
thermal
frameworks.
for
Minimum
(0.5
copings
to
mm) is
support
stress in restorations.(16,29)
FITNESS
expansion
Khamverdi et al.
(15,30)
73.8 m.
Higher discrepancies
porcelain chipping.(35)
(19)
crowns
with
all-ceramic
other
and
8710,
respectively.
is
curved
finish
Marginal
zirconia
with
(93.3%)
dense
chamfer
milled
results
lines:
opening
frameworks
have
all-ceramic
restorations
have
of
machining
has
for
complex
restorations
some
been
advised
by
studies.(19)
30
CAD/CAM zirconia-ceramic
COMPLICATIONS OF ZIRCONIA-
BASED RESTORATIONS
SURVIVAL
RATES
Khamverdi et al.
service.
Successful
soft
tissue
of
implants.(38)
composition
(composed
reliable
ceramics),
comparison
of
studies
is
differences
in
of
of
the
material
ceramic
systems
metal,
different
alumina
treatments
or
are
parameters,
surfaces
research
methodology,
after
chipping.
Use
of
framework
of
repair.(44)
BONDING TO ZIRCONIA
fractures,
chipping
(40)
Range of
zirconia-based
Routine
restorations
was
methods
for
bonding
of
failures
such
as
(40,41)
chipping.
desired
bond
strength
for
ZrO2
in different applications.(46)
Conventional
techniques
(typically
in
CTEs
between
framework
and
surface
are
(1)
HF),
(2)
treatment
acid
etching
abrasion
with
Khamverdi et al.
surfaces.
mechanical
roughness.(47)
Zandparsa et al
(48)
interlocking
of
resin
etching
available
(Piranha
solution),
and
for
bonding.
This
was
concluded
abrasion
that
in
application
airborne
combination
of
particle
with
zirconia
the
primer
that
using
technique
traditional
may be
detrimental
might
for
enhance
organosilanes
the
the
for
Khamverdi et al.
Ural(59)
and
stable
surface
and
is
not
hydrolyzed.
An in
assessed
the
influence
of
that
studies
(54)
have
tribochemical
shown
coating,
that
before
indicated
of
surface
of
strength.(55,56)
restorations.
laser-based
primer
ceramic
reduced
evaluated
the
to
morphology
of
after
decrease
in
to
application
bond
Results
dentin
of
and
roughness
after
Nd:YAG
the
the
laser
containing
CO2
laser
highest
surface
irradiation.(60)
the
phosphate
and
abrasion
air
10
zirconia
and
that
Khamverdi et al.
structures.
cements
Resin-based
have
composite
compositions
and
adhesion
of
zirconia
to
different
REFERENCES
organic
Bis-GMA,
matrix
(e.g.
resin
cements
have
shown
good
ahead of print].
technologies
all-ceramic
fixed
partial
CONCLUSION
Zirconia-based
for
restorations
exhibit
6. Scotti
R,
Kantorski
KZ,
Monaco
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other
shown
all-ceramic
some
restorations
framework
have
fractures.
Transformation
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toughening
in
zirconia-
zirconia-based
posterior
fixed
dental
11
Khamverdi et al.
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complex-containing
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zirconia-
83:46187.
nanocomposite
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toughening
in
and
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Y-TZP
US
as
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Khamverdi et al.
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55. Aboushelib
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tribochemical
using
MN,
in
Mirmohamadi
bonding
Part
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to
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on
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different
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bond
to
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14
Khamverdi et al.
15