The quantum mechanical model is

based on mathematics. Although it

is more difficult to understand than
the Bohr model, it can be used to
explain observations made on
complex atoms.
The quantum mechanical model is
based on quantum theory, which
says matter also has properties
associated with waves. According
to quantum theory, its impossible
to know the exact position and
momentum of an electron at the
same time. This is known as
the Uncertainty Principle.
The quantum mechanical model of
the atom uses complex shapes
of orbitals(sometimes
called electron clouds), volumes of
space in which there is likelyto be
an electron. So, this model is based
on probability rather than certainty.
Four numbers, called quantum
numbers, were introduced to
describe the characteristics of
electrons and their orbitals:
Principal quantum number: n
Angular momentum quantum
number: l

Magnetic quantum number:

Spin quantum number:

A powerful model of the atom was

developed by Erwin Schrodinger
in 1926. Schrodinger combined
the equations for the behavior of
waves with the de Broglie
equation to generate a
mathematical model for the
distribution of electrons in an
atom. The advantage of this
model is that it consists of
mathematical equations known
as wave functions that satisfy the
requirements placed on the
behavior of electrons. The
disadvantage is that it is difficult
to imagine a physical model of
electrons as waves.
The three coordinates that
come from Schrodinger's wave
equations are the principal (n),
angular (l), and magnetic (m)
quantum numbers. These
quantum numbers describe the
size, shape, and orientation in
space of the orbitals on an
atom.

Werner Heisenberg-He devised a method to

formulate quantum mechanics
in terms of matrices, for which
he was awarded the 1932 Nobel
Prize for Physics.
-Heisenberg formulated the
quantum theory of
ferromagnetism, the neutronproton model of the nucleus,
the S-matrix theory in particle
Louis
de Broglie
scattering,
and various other
-best
known
his research in
significantfor
breakthroughs
on quantum
quantum theory
and for
field theory
and highpredicting
the
wavenature
energy particle physics are
of electrons.
washim
awarded the
associatedHe
with
1929 Nobel Prize for Physics.
-He developed new theories in
-De Broglies idea of an electron with
quantum mechanics about the
the properties of a wave offered an
behavior of electrons which
explanation of the restricted motion.
agreed
with the
results
of
A wave
confined
within
boundaries
previous
experiments.
imposed
by the
nuclear charge would
Heisenberg
mostand,
famous
be restricted in is
shape
thus,for
in
his
"uncertainty
principle",
motion, because any wave shape
which
explains
thethe
impossibility
that
did not
fit within
atomic
of
knowing
exactly
where
boundaries would interfere
with itself
something
is and
fast when
it is
and
be canceled
out. how
In 1923,
de moving.
Broglie put forward this idea,
there was no experimental evidence
whatsoever that the electron, the
corpuscular properties of which were
well established by experiment,
might under some conditions behave
as if it were radiant energy.