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x
Total raypath distance = 2 +d 2 = x 2 + (2d ) 2
2
2
2
2
1 2
x
2
d
x
2
Total raypath traveltime =
x +(2d) 2 = +
t
=
+
0
v
d
v
d
d
where t 0 =2 is the zero offset traveltime
v
x
t = t0 +
v
Hyperbolic
Moveout
x
t = t0 +
v
2
Hyperbolas flatten
at longer times
Hyperbolic
Moveout
The amount of moveout
determines what velocity
should be used.
This is called the
stacking velocity
The best stacking velocity
is the one that produces
the most coherent
reflections after stack!
Hyperbolas flatten
at longer times
NMO correction
x
x
t = t ( x) t0 = t0 + t0
v
2
NMO correction
NMO correction
x
t = t0 +
v(t )
2
Stacking velocity
Stacking velocity is the best apparent
velocity to stack with.
It depends on all the layer velocities above
the reflector so it is an average velocity
that turns out to be the rms velocity
1 N 2
vstack = vrms =
vi ti
t0 i =1
x cos
t = t0 +
Velocity spectrums
We can estimate the stacked trace strength for
different stacking velocities and then plot them
To do this for a specific cmp gather
Take gather and make nmo correction for a specific
velocity
Measure the rms (root-mean-square) of cmp gather at
specific times
Do this for different velocities
Plot these up and contour
Velocity
spectrum
For each velocity
NMO is applied to flatten reflectors
RMS strength is found at each time
strength is plotted and contoured
Velocity spectrum
Velocity spectrum