Toxic and Hazardous Waste: Grading System

GRADING SYSTEM
Toxic and
Hazardous Waste
Quizzes
30%
Report
20%
Project
20%
Research critic
FE
ESE 183
10%
-
20%
Toxic and
Hazardous Waste
ESE 183
Hazardous substances
are substances which
present either:
Toxic and
Hazardous Waste
1. short-term acute hazards, such as

acute toxicity by ingestion, inhalation
or skin absorption, corrosivity or
Hazardous waste is a waste

with properties that make it
dangerous or potentially
harmful to human health or the
environment.
other skin or eye contact hazards or

the risk of fire or explosion;
Hazardous substances
are substances which
present either:
Toxic and
Hazardous Waste
2. long-term environmental hazards,

including chronic toxicity upon repeated
exposure, carcinogenicity, resistance to
detoxification process such as

environment.
biodegradation, the potential to pollute

underground or surface waters, or
aesthetically objectionable properties
such as offensive odors.
Hazardous wastes shall also refer to

by-products, side-products, process
Toxic and
Hazardous Waste
residues, contaminated plant or

equipment or other substances from
manufacturing operations, and as
consumer discards of manufacture

environment.
products.
Hazardous wastes are defined also as

substances that are without any safe
Toxic and
Hazardous Waste
commercial, industrial, agricultural or

economic usage and are shipped,
transported or brought from the country
of origin for dumping or disposal into or

environment.
in transit through any part of the territory
of the Philippines.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
IDENTIFICATION PROCESS
Proper hazardous waste identification is essential
to the success of the hazardous waste
management program.
Hazardous waste identification begins with an obvious point: in
order for any material to be a hazardous waste, it must first be a
waste.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
But, deciding whether an item is or is not a waste is not always easy. For
example, a material (like an aluminum can) that one person discards
could seem valuable to another person who recycles that material.
IS THE WASTE A SOLID WASTE?
EPA developed a set of regulations to assist in
determining whether a material is a waste. RCRA
uses the term "solid waste" in place of the common
term "waste." Under RCRA, the term "solid waste"
means any waste, whether it is a solid, semisolid, or
liquid.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
IS THE WASTE EXCLUDED?
At first glance, one would imagine that distinguishing between hazardous
and nonhazardous wastes is a simple matter of chemical and toxicological

analysis.
Other factors must be considered, however, before
evaluating the actual hazard that a waste's chemical
composition poses. Regulation of certain wastes
may be impractical, unfair, or otherwise undesirable,
regardless of the hazards they pose.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
For instance, household waste can contain dangerous chemicals, like
solvents and pesticides, but making households subject to the strict
RCRA waste management regulations would create a number of
practical problems.
Congress and EPA exempted or excluded certain
wastes, like household wastes, from the hazardous
waste definition and regulations. Determining
whether or not a waste is excluded or exempted from
hazardous waste regulation is the second step in the
RCRA hazardous waste identification process.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
DEFINITION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
A solid waste, or combination of solid waste, which
because of its quantity, concentration, or physical,
chemical, or infectious characteristics may (a) cause, or
significantly contribute to, an increase in mortality or an
increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating
reversible, illness; or (b) pose a substantial present or

potential hazard to human health or the environment
when improperly treated, stored, transported, or
disposed of, or otherwise managed.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
It obviously does not provide the clear distinctions
necessary for industrial waste handlers to determine
whether their wastes pose a sufficient threat to warrant
regulation or not.
EPA is tasked to fulfill the task of developing a regulatory
definition of hazardous waste by using two different

mechanisms: by listing certain specific wastes as hazardous
and by identifying characteristics which, when present in a
waste, make it hazardous.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
HAZARDOUS WASTE LISTINGS
A hazardous waste listing is a narrative description
of a specific type of waste that EPA considers

dangerous enough to warrant regulation.
Hazardous waste listings describe wastes from
various industrial processes, wastes from specific
sectors of industry, or wastes in the form of
specific chemical formulations.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Before developing a hazardous waste listing, EPA

thoroughly studies a particular wastestream and the
threat it can pose to human health and the
environment.
If the waste poses enough of a threat, EPA includes a

precise description of that waste on one of the
hazardous waste lists in the regulations. Thereafter,
any waste fitting that narrative listing description is
considered hazardous, regardless of its chemical
composition or any other potential variable.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
For example, one of the current hazardous waste
listings reads as: "API separator sludge from the
petroleum refining industry." An API separator is a
device commonly used by the petroleum refining
industry to separate contaminants from refinery
wastewaters. After studying the petroleum refining
industry and typical sludges from API separators, EPA
decided these sludges were dangerous enough to
warrant regulation as hazardous waste under all
circumstances. The listing therefore designates all
petroleum refinery API separator sludges as
hazardous. Chemical composition or other factors
about a specific sample of API separator sludge are not
relevant to its status as hazardous waste under the
RCRA program.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Using listings to define hazardous wastes presents certain
advantages and disadvantages
ADVANTAGES
make the hazardous waste identification process easy for

industrial waste handlers
laboratory analysis is unnecessary
by comparing any waste to narrative listing

descriptions, one can easily determine whether
or not the waste is hazardous
HAZARDOUS WASTE
DISADVANTAGES
listing a waste as hazardous demands extensive study of
that waste
EPA lacks the resources to investigate the

countless types of chemical wastes produced in
the United States the hazardous waste listings
simply cannot address all dangerous wastes
lack of flexibility
HAZARDOUS WASTE
DISADVANTAGES
the hazardous waste listings can unnecessarily regulate some
wastes that do not pose a significant health threat
It is also possible for industries to substantially

change their processes so that wastes would no
longer meet a listing description in spite of the
presence of hazardous constituents
HAZARDOUS WASTE
The hazardous waste characteristics provide an important
complement to listings by addressing most of the shortcomings of the
listing methodology of hazardous waste identification.
HAZARDOUS WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

A hazardous waste characteristic is a property which, when present in
a waste, indicates that the waste poses a sufficient threat to merit
regulation as hazardous.
"what properties or qualities can a waste have

which cause that waste to be dangerous?"
HAZARDOUS WASTE
For example, ignitability or the tendency for a waste to easily catch
fire and burn, is a dangerous property.
Thus, ignitability is one of the hazardous waste characteristics and a
waste displaying that property is regulated as hazardous, regardless
of whether the waste is listed.
When defining hazardous waste characteristics, EPA
identifies, where practicable, analytical tests capable
of detecting or demonstrating the presence of the
characteristic. For instance, EPA regulations
reference a laboratory flash point test to be used
when deciding if a liquid waste is ignitable.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Using characteristics to define hazardous wastes presents certain
advantages over designating hazardous wastes by listings
ADVANTAGES
hazardous characteristics and the tests used to evaluate their
presence have broad applicability
Once EPA has defined a characteristic and selected a test for
use in identifying it, waste handlers can evaluate any
wastestream to see if it is classified as a hazardous waste
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Using characteristics to define hazardous wastes presents certain
advantages over designating hazardous wastes by listings
ADVANTAGES
use of characteristics can be a more equitable way of
designating wastes as hazardous
Instead of categorizing an entire group of wastes as hazardous,
characteristics allow a waste handler to evaluate each waste
sample on its own merits and classify it according to the actual
danger it poses.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Aware of these advantages, EPA originally planned to use
characteristics as the primary means of identifying hazardous waste.
EPA hoped to define and select test methods for identifying all
hazardous characteristics, including organic toxicity, mutagenicity (the
tendency to cause mutations), teratogenicity (the tendency to cause
defects in offspring), bioaccumulation potential, and phytotoxicity
(toxicity to plants).
EPA encountered problems, however, when trying to
develop regulatory definitions of these properties.
One primary problem was that no straightforward
testing protocols were available for use in determining
if a waste possessed any of these characteristics.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
For example, deciding if a particular wastestream poses an
unacceptable cancer risk demands extensive laboratory
experimentation. Requiring such analysis on a routine basis from
industrial waste handlers would be impractical.
Therefore, EPA developed a hazardous waste
definition that relies on both listings and
characteristics to define hazardous wastes.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
LISTED HAZARDOUS WASTES
Before listing any waste as hazardous, the Agency developed a
set of criteria to use as a guide when determining whether or not
a waste should be listed. These listing criteria provide a
consistent frame of reference when EPA considers listing a
wastestream.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Listing Criteria
The four criteria EPA may use to list a waste are:
1.
The waste typically contains harmful chemicals, and

other factors indicate that it could pose a threat to
human health and the environment in the absence of
special regulation. Such wastes are known as toxic
listed wastes.
The waste contains such dangerous

chemicals that it could pose a threat to
human health and the environment
even when properly managed. Such
wastes are known as acutely hazardous
wastes.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Listing Criteria
The four criteria EPA may use to list a waste are:
3.
The waste typically exhibits one of the four

characteristics of hazardous waste described in the
hazardous waste identification regulations (ignitability,
corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity).
4.
When EPA has a cause to believe for

some other reason, the waste typically
fits within the statutory definition of
hazardous waste.
EPA may list a waste as hazardous for

any and all of the above reasons.
End of second
presentation
HAZARDOUS WASTE
LISTED HAZARDOUS WASTES
EPA has studied and listed as hazardous hundreds of specific
industrial wastestreams. These wastes are described or listed
on four different lists:
Listed
Hazardous Wastes
1. The F-list (non-specific source wastes)
The F list wastes usually consist of chemicals that have been used
for their intended purpose in an industrial process. That is why F
list wastes are known as
wastes."
"manufacturing process
The F list wastes can be divided into seven groups,

depending on the type of manufacturing or industrial operation that
creates them. The seven categories of F-listed wastes are:
The F-list (non-specific

source wastes)
Spent Solvent Wastes
Solvents are chemicals with many uses, although they are most often used
in degreasing or cleaning.
The solvents covered by the F listings are commonly
used in industries ranging from mechanical repair
to dry cleaning to electronics manufacturing.

source wastes)
Wastes from electroplating and other metal finishing operations
are wastes commonly produced during electroplating and other metal
finishing operations. Diverse industries use electroplating and other
methods to change the surface of metal objects in order to enhance the
appearance of the objects, make them more resistant to corrosion, or impart
some other desirable property to them.
Industries involved in plating and metal finishing range from jewelry

manufacture to automobile production.

source wastes)
Dioxin-bearing wastes
These listings describe a number of wastestreams that EPA believes are
likely to contain dioxins, which are considered to be among the most
dangerous known chemical compounds. The dioxin listings apply primarily
to manufacturing process wastes from the production of specific pesticides
or specific chemicals used in the production of pesticides.
These wastes are therefore subject to stricter

management standards than other hazardous wastes.

source wastes)
Wastes from the production of certain chlorinated
aliphatic hydrocarbons
These listings stand out on the F list (the list of wastes from nonspecific
sources) because they focus on wastes from a very narrow industrial sector.
Many other wastestreams from the manufacture of organic chemicals are
listed on the K list.

source wastes)
Wastes from wood preserving
These listings apply to certain wastes from wood preserving
operations. Many types of wood used for construction or other nonfuel applications is chemically treated to slow the deterioration
caused by decay and insects. Such chemical treatment is commonly
used in telephone poles, railroad ties, and other wood products
prepared to withstand the rigors of outdoor use.
Wood preservation typically involves pressure
treating the lumber with pentachlorophenol, creosote,
or preservatives containing arsenic or chromium.
The wood preserving process creates a number of
common wastestreams containing these chemicals.
.

source wastes)
Wastes from wood preserving
These listings apply to certain wastes from wood preserving
operations. Many types of wood used for construction or other nonfuel applications is chemically treated to slow the deterioration
caused by decay and insects. Such chemical treatment is commonly
used in telephone poles, railroad ties, and other wood products
prepared to withstand the rigors of outdoor use.
Wood preservation typically involves pressure
treating the lumber with pentachlorophenol, creosote,
or preservatives containing arsenic or chromium.
The wood preserving process creates a number of
common wastestreams containing these chemicals.
.

source wastes)
Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment Sludges
These listings apply to specific wastestreams from petroleum
refineries. The petroleum refining process typically creates large
quantities of contaminated wastewater. Before this wastewater can
be discharged to a river or sewer, it must be treated to remove oil,
solid material, and chemical pollutants. Gravity provides a simple
way of separating these pollutants from refinery wastewaters. Over
time, solids and heavier pollutants precipitate from
wastewaters to form a sludge. Other less dense
pollutants accumulate on the surface of wastewaters,
Forming a material known as float. These gravitational
separation processes can be encouraged through
chemical or mechanical means.
.

source wastes)
Multisource Leachate
Leaching occurs when liquids such as rainwater filter through soil or
buried materials, such as wastes placed in a landfill. When this liquid
comes in contact with buried wastes, it leaches or draws chemicals
out of those wastes. This liquid (called leachate) can then carry the
leached chemical contaminants further into the ground, eventually
depositing them elsewhere in the subsurface or in groundwater.
The leachate that percolates through landfills,
particularly hazardous waste landfills, usually
contains high concentrations of chemicals, and is
often collected to minimize the potential that it may
enter the subsurface environment and contaminate
soil or groundwater.
THE K LIST (Wastes from

Specific Sources)
The K list of hazardous wastes designates particular wastes
from specific sectors of industry and manufacturing as
hazardous. The K list wastes are therefore known as wastes
from specific sources. Like F list wastes, K list wastes are
manufacturing process wastes. They contain chemicals that
have been used for their intended purpose.
In general, the K listings target much more specific
wastestreams than the F listings.
THE K LIST (Wastes from

Specific Sources)
The 13 industries that can generate K list wastes are:
wood preservation
inorganic pigment manufacturing
organic chemicals manufacturing
inorganic chemicals manufacturing
pesticides manufacturing
explosives manufacturing
petroleum refining
iron and steel production
primary aluminum production
secondary lead processing
veterinary pharmaceuticals manufacturing
ink formulation
coking (processing of coal to produce coke, a material

used in iron and steel production).
THE P AND U LISTS (Discarded

Commercial Chemical Products)
The P and U lists designate as hazardous pure or commercial
grade formulations of certain unused chemicals. These listings
apply to unused chemicals that become wastes.
Unused chemicals become wastes for a number of reasons.
For example, some unused chemicals are spilled by accident.
Others are intentionally discarded because they
are off-specification and cannot serve the
purpose for which they were originally produced.
Listed
Hazardous Wastes
To indicate its reason for listing a waste, EPA

assigns a hazard code to each waste listed on the
F, K, P, and U lists.
The hazard codes indicating the basis for listing a
waste are:
Listed
Hazardous Wastes
The hazard codes assigned to listed wastes affect

the regulations that apply to handling the waste.
For instance, acute hazardous wastes
accompanied by the hazard code (H) are subject to
stricter management standards than most other
wastes.
Listed
Hazardous Wastes
The majority of listed wastes fall into the toxic

waste category.
List of chemical compounds or elements
which scientific studies show to have
toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or
teratogenic effects on humans or other
life forms.
Listed
Hazardous Wastes
Acutely hazardous wastes are the second most

common type of listed waste. EPA designates a
waste as acutely hazardous if it contains
constituents that scientific studies show to be fatal
to humans or animals in low doses.
End of third
presentation
Universal Wastes
This is a special subset of hazardous wastes that

are regulated under a streamlined set of
regulations called The Universal Waste Rule.
These wastes include:

Batteries. Covered batteries include lead-acid
batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, silver cells and
mercury-containing batteries.
Cancelled and recalled pesticides.
Mercury thermostats and other mercurycontaining equipment (e.g., mercury switches,
barometers, sphygmomanometers, etc.).
Universal Wastes


Mercury-containing lamps. This includes
fluorescent lamps (including compact fluorescent
lamps), mercury vapor lamps, and other lamps that
contain mercury.
Universal Wastes


Used electronics. This includes desk top and lap
top computers, computer peripherals, monitors,
copying machines, scanners, printers, radios,
televisions, camcorders, video cassette recorders
(VCRs), compact disc players, digital video disc
players, MP3 players, telephones, including cellular
and portable telephones, and stereos.
Used Oil
Just as with Universal Waste, the hazardous waste

regulations also have a special set of requirements
for used oil. The term used oil means any oil
refined from crude oil or synthetic oil, that: (A) has
been used and as a result of such use is
contaminated by physical or chemical impurities; or
(B) is no longer suitable for the services for which it
was manufactured due to the presence of
impurities or a loss of original properties. This
includes both used and unused oils that are being
discarded.
International
Agreements
Khian Sea waste disposal
incident
Exposure to these pollutants and chemicals can be

harmful.(Photo: Roi Brooks/iStock/Getty Images)
in which a ship carrying incinerator ash from

the city of Philadelphia in the United States
dumped half of its load on a beach in Haiti
before being forced away. It sailed for many
months, changing its name several times.
Unable to unload the cargo in any port, the
crew was believed to have dumped much of
it at sea.
International
Agreements
Koko case

Another is the 1988 Koko case in which 5

ships transported 8,000 barrels of hazardous
waste from Italy to the small town of Koko in
Nigeria in exchange for $100 monthly rent
which was paid to a Nigerian for the use of
his farmland.
Human exposure to
hazardous chemicals
Human exposure to hazardous

chemicals can occur at the source
or the chemical could move to a place
where people can come into contact
with it.
Chemicals can move through air, soil,
and water. They can also be on plants
or animals, and can get into the air we
breathe, the food we eat and the water
we drink.
Human exposure to
hazardous chemicals
The different ways a person can come

into contact with hazardous chemicals
are called exposure pathways.
There are three basic exposure

pathways:
1. inhalation
2. ingestion
3. skin contact
Human exposure to
hazardous chemicals
1. inhalation - is breathing or inhaling
into the lungs.
2. ingestion - is taking something in by
mouth.
3. skin contact - occurs when
something comes in direct contact with
the skin. Ingestion can be a secondary
exposure pathway after skin contact
has occurred, if you put your hands in
your mouth and transfer the chemical
from your hands to your mouth.
Human exposure to
hazardous chemicals
Some common ways a person may be

exposed to hazardous chemicals
include:
1. Water. Exposure can occur when
people drink contaminated groundwater
or surface water, or accidentally ingest it
while swimming or showering. Direct skin
contact also is an exposure pathway that
occurs during activities like swimming
and showering.
Human exposure to
hazardous chemicals
2. Soil, Sediment, or Dust. People can
be exposed to hazardous chemicals in
soil, sediment, or dust if they accidentally
ingest it, breathe it in, or have direct skin
contact. Children are highly susceptible
to these exposure pathways. In their daily
activities, children have a tendency to
have frequent hand-to-mouth contact and
introduce non-food items into their
mouths.
Human exposure to
hazardous chemicals
3. Air. Exposure can occur when people
breathe in hazardous chemical vapors or
air that is contaminated by hazardous
chemicals or dust.
Human exposure to
hazardous chemicals
4. Food. People can be exposed to
hazardous chemicals through the food
they eat. Food contamination can occur if
the food has come into contact with
hazardous chemicals. It can also occur
further down the food chain such as
through eating contaminated fish.
Human exposure to
hazardous chemicals
Exposure, the chemical getting into or on
your body, has to occur to make you sick
or cause adverse health effects, or have
any affect on your health. If you are not
exposed to the chemical, it cannot make
you sick. Also, even if exposure has
occurred, adverse health effects may not
occur.
Human exposure to
hazardous chemicals
Adverse health effects are dependent on the
factors of the exposure.
Factors that play a part in whether or not adverse
health effects may result from an exposure are:
1. the type of chemical
2. the amount or dose (the amount or
level of a chemical a person was
exposed to
3. the duration (how long did exposure
occur)
4. the frequency (how many times the
person was exposed)
Human exposure to
hazardous chemicals
Also, the occurrence of adverse health
effects can depend on the way the
chemical enters your body. Some
chemicals rapidly absorb through skin,
others not at all. Health effects also
depend on the toxicity of the chemical
that entered your body. Some chemicals
are very toxic in small amounts; others
are only toxic in large volumes.
Human exposure to
hazardous chemicals
Also, people respond to chemical
exposure in different ways. Some people
may be exposed to a chemical and not
get sick. Other people may be more
sensitive to chemicals and get sick more
rapidly or have more severe reactions
than others. Certain variables play a role
in a person's susceptibility to exposure
and adverse health effects such as age,
gender, genetics, pregnancy or other
health conditions.
Human exposure to
hazardous chemicals
Example:
For the fetus, the adverse health effects
from exposure to chemicals can be much
greater than for adults. The factors that
affect their susceptibility include their
stage of development and level of activity
in the environment. The fetus is the most
susceptible because their developing
organs may be permanently damaged.
Human exposure to
hazardous chemicals
The body naturally attempts to eliminate
substances that are harmful or are not
used. The kidneys filter substances out of
the blood and excrete them in urine. Also,
chemicals are removed from the body in
feces, sweat and exhalation. However,
the body may not be able to remove all
the chemicals. The amount, type, and
length of time you are exposed to harmful
substances will determine if you are at
risk for adverse health effects.
Human exposure to
hazardous chemicals
The human body has the ability to
tolerate certain amounts of chemicals and
the ability to excrete chemicals from the
body. Once a person is exposed to a
chemical, it may enter the blood stream,
and eventually reach the liver. The liver
attempts to detoxify harmful chemicals in
the body by converting them to less toxic
ones or ones that could be used by the
body
What are the health hazards

associated with HW?
Health hazard: chronic or acute
Chronic HH: occurs as a result of

long-term exposure
Acute HH: occurs rapidly as a result
of a short-term exposure
Health Hazards may also be

classified as follows
carcinogens: cancer causing agent

as evaluated by IARC.
Classification of Health
Hazards(OSHA)
Toxic: may be highly toxic or toxic (see OSHA

criteria)
Corrosives: cause a visible destruction of living
tissue.
Irritants: cause reversible inflammatory effect on
skin or eyes.
Sensitizer: if large number of people or animals
develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after
repeated exposure
Health Hazards
Cancer
American farmers apply more than 300 million

pounds of pesticides to farmlands each year.
Of the 27 most commonly used pesticides, the
EPA has classified 15 of them as carcinogens

or cancer-causing agents. Cancer has also
been linked to air pollution from industry as well
as in the home. Radon, for example, is a
radioactive
by-product
of
uranium
decay.
Uranium is found within the Earth's crust and is

everywhere
in
the
environment.
Radon
exposure is the second leading cause of lung

Many pesticides are carcinogens.(Photo: Alistair
Scott/iStock/Getty
cancer according to the National Cancer

Institute.
Health Hazards
Respiratory Conditions
A direct link exists between air pollution and

respiratory
conditions
such
as
asthma.
Exposure to hazardous waste from emissions
irritates the mucous membranes of your mouth

and throat. A 2008 study published in the
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
found that individuals merely living near a
hazardous waste site had an increased risk of

developing respiratory diseases.
A direct link exists between air pollution and

respiratory conditions such as asthma.(Photo:
PeterTG/iStock/Getty Images)
Health Hazards
Heart Disease
The risks of living near hazardous waste sites

do not stop with increased risk for respiratory
disease. A 2004 study published in the Archives
of Environmental Health found an elevated risk
of the development of congenital heart disease
in the offspring of pregnant women living within
one mile of a hazardous waste site. The threat
is also more innocuous. Auto emissions also
carry an increased risk of heart attack and
stroke from thickening of arteries. Fossil-fuel
emissions contain several toxins considered
Auto emissions also carry an increased risk of heart

attack and stroke from thickening of arteries.(Photo:
Fontanis/iStock/Getty Images)
non-specific hazardous waste by the EPA. A
non-specific hazardous waste is one without a

readily identifiable source.
Health Hazards
Exposure Effects
The
health effects from some
types
of
hazardous waste may be temporary, with no

link
to
other
conditions
having
been
determined. Xylene, for example, is one of the

most widely used chemicals in the United
States. It is an ingredient found in paints,
solvents,
and
varnishes.
Although
not
considered a carcinogen, exposure to the

chemical causes dizziness and headaches. A
person
may
also
experience
stomach
discomfort. At high levels, xylene may cause

unconsciousness and even death.
Health Hazards
CASE STUDY: Sapang Palay
In March 26, 2003, 53 patients from Sapang Palay

District Hospital were referred to East Avenue
Medical Center.
Signs and Symptoms of the 53 patients were:
Dizziness, Headache, Vomiting, Malaise, Difficulty
in breathing ,Cyanosis
Yellowish discoloration of palms and soles
Upon investigation, it was discovered that this
was a case of Chemical Poisoning in Sapang
Palay, San Jose Del Monte City, Bulacan
History of the patients revealed inhalation of

yellowish powder chemical from the dumpsite in
Brgy. Citrus, San Jose del Monte;
Unknown people dumped 25 40 drums in March
25, 2002
Drums contained textile dyes with the following
Exposure to these pollutants and chemicals can be chemicals; phatologen (blue dye), brenthamine
(red blue), acid brown, orange and fast red
Environmental Impact of THW

1. Water pollution contaminates ground water and other water
bodies (e.g. disinfectants, pesticides, lab reagents, etc.)
2.
Air pollution (e.g. lead, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxide, nitrogen

oxide, dioxin, furan, etc.)
3. Soil pollution (e.g. lead, mercury, cadmium, waste disposal of

sludge)
4. Habitat destruction of major ecosystem
RA 6969: Toxic Substances and

Hazardous and Nuclear Waste
(TSHNW) Act
Regulate, restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture,
processing, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical
substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk and/or
injury to health or the environment;
Prohibit the entry, even in transit of hazardous and nuclear
wastes and their disposal into the Philippine territorial limits for
whatever purpose
Provide advancement and facilitate research and studies on

toxic chemicals.
Toxic and Hazardous Waste

Management Process
Treatment Methods
The following treatment methods for THW are currently available in the Philippines.
There are currently facilities accredited by the Environment Management Bureau:

Physical/chemical treatment soil washing, solvent extraction, filtration,
distillation
Neutralization (for acidic or alkaline waste)
Stabilization/solidification (heavy metals)
Remediation
Encapsulation
Fuel Substitution

Management Process
Industrial THWM Plan
Requirements of an Industrial THWM plan are the following:
THW registration of waste generators and transporters

THW reduction at source
THW categorized, labeled and stored properly
Recycling/reuse
Processing/reprocessing
Collection/treatment-neutralization, smelting, acidification, distillation, encapsulation

Management Process
DAO No. 29 Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA 6969
This DAO outlines the requirements of THWM plan in Industries. LGUs must be vigilant
in monitoring the compliance of industries to these provisions:
Section 24 - Minimization of waste generation

Recycling and reuse of hazardous waste
Treatment of hazardous wastes
Landfill of inert hazardous waste residues

Management Process
Section 25 Waste Identification
Identified broad classes and subcategories of hazardous wastes
Established broad exemptions of certain waste streams

Management Process
Section 26 Generators
Requirement for waste generators: Notification, Reporting, Planning, Training

Management Process
Section 27 and 28 Transporter and Transport Record
Established a permitting program for transporters of hazardous waste
Required that generators only use authorized transporters to transport hazardous
waste
Required tracking the movement of hazardous wastes from the point of generation to
the ultimate disposal location (cradle to grave)

Management Process
Section 29 Hazardous Waste Storage and Labeling
Required that vessels, containers and tanks storing hazardous waste be clearly
labeled with proper information

Management Process
Section 30 Waste Treatment and Disposal Premises
Defined categories of acceptable waste management premises (also referred to as
hazardous waste treatment, storage or disposal facilities)
Required that all waste management premises must receive permits from DENR
before accepting hazardous wastes form off-site sources

Management Process
Storage of Industry THW- all THWs must be properly labeled

Treatment Process: Solidification Stabilization
This is applied to wet sludge or solid wastes containing heavy metals such as lead,
arsenic, chromium, cadmium, boron, selenium and mercury.
Disposal of Industrial THW2
Siting of THWM disposal facility must not be in sensitive areas (e.g. flood plains, wet
lands, ground water, earthquake zones
Consider non-technical factors: people, infrastructure, emergency evacuation
STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS & WASTES
What is storage?
Storage: holding of hazardous wastes for a

temporary period, at the end of which the HW
is treated, disposed or stored elsewhere
HW Containers
Container must be compatible with the

wastes
Good condition and leak free
Unacceptable containers: household
detergents, food service containers
Best container: original chemical container
Labeling HW Containers
Tags are necessary

from start of use.
Name, tel. No., buildg
no., room no., and
exact content
date when the container
is already full
Mixing HW
Whenever possible, wastes chemicals must

be separately contained
Do not mixed hazardous with non-hazardous
Mixing HW with other HWs - increases cost
of disposal
halogenated wastes is more costly than nonhalogenated wastes
HW Container Storage
A designated place for storage should be available

May be for each laboratory room or for all laboratory rooms
HW Container must be stored in secondary containment to
prevent spills in hood, sink or floor drain
Incompatible HWs must be segregated to prevent reaction
storing in separate cabinets
storing in separate hood

storing in separate secondary containment
Which is correct?
What is wrong ?
HW Storage Limit
Laboratory should not store more than 55

gallons of HW or one quart of acute HW at
one time
Must be collected at frequency as not to
exceed this limit
All laboratory personnel should be trained on
proper handling of HWs
DAO 29
Storage in Above-Ground &

Underground Storage Tanks
Certification of structural integrity

Secondary containment and release
detection
Operation requirements
Self-inspection
Compatibility of wastes
Closure
Storage in Lagoons
Liners and leachate collection system

Maintaining adequate freeboard
Waste analysis
Monitoring of leachate collection system &
groundwater
Self-inspection
Closure and/or post-closure
Storage in Piles
Liner & leachate collection

Run-off and wind dispersion
control
Waste analysis
Monitoring
Self-inspection
Closure & post-closure
Labeling
labels containing the words "caution", "danger",

"warning" or "poison" should be treated with special
care
Other words on labels that can signal of hazardous

nature include "corrosive", "toxic", "flammable"
and "explosive". These wastes should be stored
properly until the collection event.
Store wastes in original containers away from

extreme temperatures and out of reach of children.
Product labels may also state other specific
precautions.
Two Major Categories:

U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
1. Characteristic hazardous wastes
2. Listed hazardous wastes

1. Characteristic hazardous wastes

are materials that are known or tested to exhibit one or more
of the following four hazardous traits:
ignitability (i.e., flammable)
reactivity
corrosivity
toxicity
END OF PRESENTATION
Characteristic
Hazardous Wastes
2. Corrosivity
Corrosive wastes, such as battery acid, are acids or bases (pH less
than or equal to 2, or greater than or equal to 12.5) that are
capable of corroding metal containers, such as storage tanks,
drums, and barrels.

2. Listed hazardous wastes

are materials specifically listed by regulatory authorities as a
hazardous waste which are from non-specific sources,
specific sources, or discarded chemical products.
Characteristic
Hazardous Wastes
1. Ignitability
Ignitable wastes, such as wastes oils and solvents, can create fires
under certain conditions, are spontaneously combustible, or have a
flash point less than 60 C (140 F).
Characteristic
Hazardous Wastes
3. Reactivity
Reactive wastes, such as lithium-sulfur batteries and explosives,
are unstable under "normal" conditions. They can cause
explosions, toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when heated,
compressed, or mixed with water.
Characteristic
Hazardous Wastes
4. Toxicity
Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed (e.g.,
containing mercury, lead, etc.). When toxic wastes are land
disposed, contaminated liquid may leach from the waste and
pollute ground water.
Listed
Hazardous Wastes
1. The F-list (non-specific source wastes)
Identifies wastes from common manufacturing and industrial
processes, such as solvents that have been used in cleaning or
degreasing operations. Because the processes producing these
wastes can occur in different sectors of industry, the F-listed wastes
are known as wastes from non-specific sources.
Listed
Hazardous Wastes
2. The K-list (source-specific wastes)
This list includes certain wastes from specific industries, such as
petroleum refining or pesticide manufacturing. Certain sludges and
wastewaters from treatment and production processes in these
industries are examples of source-specific wastes.
Listed
Hazardous Wastes
3. The P-list and the U-list (discarded commercial
chemical products).
These lists include specific commercial chemical products in an
unused form. Some pesticides and some pharmaceutical products
become hazardous waste when discarded.

Toxic and Hazardous Waste: Grading System

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Toxic and Hazardous Waste: Grading System

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

GRADING SYSTEM

1. short-term acute hazards, such as

Hazardous waste is a waste

other skin or eye contact hazards or

2. long-term environmental hazards,

Hazardous waste is a waste

biodegradation, the potential to pollute

Hazardous wastes shall also refer to

residues, contaminated plant or

Hazardous waste is a waste

Hazardous wastes are defined also as

commercial, industrial, agricultural or

Hazardous waste is a waste

in transit through any part of the territory

and nonhazardous wastes is a simple matter of chemical and toxicological

RCRA hazardous waste identification process.

reversible, illness; or (b) pose a substantial present or

definition of hazardous waste by using two different

of a specific type of waste that EPA considers

Before developing a hazardous waste listing, EPA

If the waste poses enough of a threat, EPA includes a

make the hazardous waste identification process easy for

laboratory analysis is unnecessary

by comparing any waste to narrative listing

EPA lacks the resources to investigate the

It is also possible for industries to substantially

HAZARDOUS WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

"what properties or qualities can a waste have

The waste typically contains harmful chemicals, and

The waste contains such dangerous

The waste typically exhibits one of the four

When EPA has a cause to believe for

EPA may list a waste as hazardous for

The F list wastes can be divided into seven groups,

The F-list (non-specific

The F-list (non-specific

Industries involved in plating and metal finishing range from jewelry

The F-list (non-specific

These wastes are therefore subject to stricter

The F-list (non-specific

The F-list (non-specific

The F-list (non-specific

The F-list (non-specific

The F-list (non-specific

THE K LIST (Wastes from

THE K LIST (Wastes from

inorganic pigment manufacturing

organic chemicals manufacturing

inorganic chemicals manufacturing

iron and steel production

primary aluminum production

secondary lead processing

veterinary pharmaceuticals manufacturing

coking (processing of coal to produce coke, a material

THE P AND U LISTS (Discarded

To indicate its reason for listing a waste, EPA

The hazard codes assigned to listed wastes affect

The majority of listed wastes fall into the toxic

Acutely hazardous wastes are the second most

This is a special subset of hazardous wastes that

These wastes include:

This is a special subset of hazardous wastes that