Preparation for Calculus

Chapter P Larsons textbook

Mrs. Shak

http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/c/calculus.asp

Some Calculus Humor

Some might feel this way after the

AP Calculus exam -- Mrs. Shak

Mathematical Cartoons inspired by Sharpie Fumes

http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/c/calculus.asp

http://brownsharpie.courtneygibbons.org/?cat=13

Calculus Enthusiasm YEAH!!!

http://designatedderiver.wikispaces.com/First+week+stuff

Summer Homework
CALC BC Students: Skim thru ChP-Ch2.4
Work out sample problems
BC students should have learned these sections
already, so we will breeze through these topics!

Summer Packet
Algebra, Composite Functions, Points of
Intersection, Domain/Range, Eqn of Line, Limits,
Trig Functions of basic angles, Unit Circle

DUE TODAY!! If for some reason you did

not receive summer HW assignment,
come see me TODAY!

Prerequisites for AP Calculus

Studied algebra, geometry, algebra 2,
trigonometry
BC Students: pre-calculus (Calculus A)

Familiar with
properties/algebra/graphs of functions
Understand language of functions:
domain/range, intercepts, zeros,
symmetry, etc

Know the values of trigonometric

functions of the numbers: 0, /6, /4,
/3, /2, and their multiples

Unit Circle

(x,y) = (

( ____, ____ )
( ____, ____ )

( ____, ____ )

( ____, ____ )

( ____, ____ )

( ____, ____ )

( ____, ____ )

( ____, ____ )
( ____, ____ )

( ____, ____ )

( ____, ____ )

( ____, ____ )

( ____, ____ )
( ____, ____ )

( ____, ____ )

( ____, ____ )

Hints for Remembering Unit Circle

o
o
o

Learn 1st quadrant

All others are a reflection
Know the ordering of values
o

Know your trig identities

o
o

o
o
o

0, , sqrt(2)/2, sqrt(3)/2, 1
tan=sin/cos, csc=1/sin, sec=1/cos,
cot=cos/sin

sin(+2n) = sin()
cos(+2n) = cos()
GOOD NEWS: Almost everything you need
to know from Trig is summarized in one page
front of Larson textbook!!!

Topics
P1: Graphs and Models
Symmetry (to x-axis, y-axis, origin)
Find points of intersection

P2: Linear Models and Rates of Change

Writing equation of line
Slope for parallel and perpendicular lines

P3: Functions and Their Graphs

Definition of a function
Domain and Range
Even and odd functions

P4: Fitting Models to Data

Interesting, but you will not be tested on this

P1:Symmetry of a Graph
Symmetric with respect to
the Y-axis

Replacing x by x yields an
equivalent equation

Symmetric with respect to

the X-axis

Replacing y by y yields an
equivalent equation

Symmetric with respect to

the Origin

Replacing x by x and y by
y yields an equivalent
equation
Graph is unchanged by a
rotation of 180 about the
origin

Example Testing for Y-Axis

Symmetry
Test the graph of y = 2x3 x for symmetry with respect to
the y-axis and to the origin.
Solution:
y-axis Symmetry:
Write original equation.
Replace x by x.

Simplify. It is not an equivalent

equation.

Example Testing for Origin

Symmetry

contd

Origin Symmetry:
original equation.
Replace x by x and y by y.

Equivalent equation.
Yes, replacing (x,y)
by (-x,-y) gives us the
same equation.

P1: Intercepts of a Graph

How many intercepts?

ANALYTICALLY:
Find intercepts by setting x or y to
0 and factor
NUMERICALLY:
Guess and check values of x and
y
GRAPHICALLY:
Use calculator function
CALC->#2 zero to determine x
intercepts

To find x-intercepts, set y=0

To find y-intercepts, set x=0

Evaluate Y1(0) to determine y

intercept
Use CALC->#1 VALUE to find
value of Y1 at x = 0

Intercepts of a Graph
How many intercepts do the following
graphs have?
Yes, graphs can have 0,1, or more than 1 intercept

X-Intercepts _______

_________

________

_______

Y-Intercepts _______

_________

________

_______

Figure P.5

Finding Points of Intersection

Find all point of intersection of graphs

y = x2 2 x 6

and

y = x+4

Analytically: solve simultaneous equations

Use CALC->5:intersect
Move cursor to 1st function ENTER
Move cursor to 2nd function ENTER
Move cursor to point close to
intersection ENTER
Coordinates are displayed as answer

NOTE: This
form is
used more
extensively
in Calculus

P2: Equations of a Line

Point Slope Form

y y1 = m(x x1)

Slope-intercept Form

Slope

y = mx + b

Parallel lines have equal slopes:

Perpendicular lines: m = 1/ m
1

m1 = m2

Another word for perpendicular: normal

i.e. NORMAL = PERPENDICULAR

P2: Equations of Lines

Finding the equation of a line with
a slope of 3 and passing through
the point (1,-2)
Equation of the line:

y y1 = m( x x1 )

Substitute:

y (2) = 3(x 1)

Simplify & Solve for y:

y = 3x 5

P2: Slope as Rate of Change

If x and y have different units of measure, then slope =
rate of change
Example:
+Population

Rateofchange =

+Years

Example from AP 2004 Free Response Question (#1):

Traffic flow defined as the rate at which cars pass thru an
intersection
F(t) = cars/ minute
Average rate of change of traffic flow between t=10 and
15?

Averagerateofchange =

F (15) F (10)
15 10

P3: Use the Vertical Line Test to

determine which are functions?

For each value

of x, there can
exist at most
one value of y

P3: Function
Definition of a function
For each value x, there is exactly one
value Y
Definition of domain and range
Domain is all values of x
Range is all values of y or the image of x
under f denoted by f(x)
2
Ex. f ( x) = 1/( x 4)
F(x) has an implied domain

{x : x 2}

P3: Function Defined by more than

One Equation (Piecewise Function)
Determine Domain
& Range of
piecewise function
Domain goes from
- to 1 and from
1 to , so exists
for all xs
,

Range:

[0, )

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P3: Transformation of Functions

P3: Composite Functions

(fg)(x) = f(g(x)) is called the composite of f with
g
To compute f(g(x)), just substitute g(x) for x in
f(x)
EX:

1
, g ( x) = 1 x 2
x
f ( g ( x)) =

f ( x) =

11

P3: Functions
Test for even and odd functions
Y = f(x) is even if

f(-x) = f(x)

Symmetric with respect to the y-axis

Y = f(x) is odd if

f(-x) = -f(x)

Symmetric with respect to the origin

NOTE: except for the constant function f(x)= 0, f(x) cannot
have symmetry with respect to x-axis because it would fail
the vertical line test for functions

Knowing whether a function is even or odd will be helpful when

we work with definite integrals

P4: Mathematical Models

Real-life applications of mathematics often fit
mathematical models to data. Examples of math
models:
linear
quadratic
trigonometric

In selecting a model, we strive for the following goals:

accuracy
Simplicity

These goals are often conflicting.

Calculators have the REGRESS capability for this purpose

12

P4: Mathematical Models

contd

Although interesting, the topic of mathematical

models is not considered a calculus topic.
We will NOT use regress capabilities in this class.
Instead, we will use calculus methods to find
solutions.

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