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UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO OBJECT ORIENTED MODELING
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Q2.
Explain the processes that object oriented modeling passes through during
modeling.
Object oriented modeling passes through the following processes
System Analysis
System Design
Object Design
Final Implementation
Ans:
System Analysis
In this state a statement of the problem is formulated and a model is build by the
analyst in encouraging real world situation. The phase show the important
properties associated with the situation. In system analysis the objective is to
provide a model that can be understood and criticized by any application experts
in the area whether the expert is a programmer or not.
System Design
At this stage, the complete system architecture is designed. This is the stage where
the whole system is divided into sub-systems, based on both the system analysis
model and the proposed architecture of the system.
Object Design
In object design, a design model is developed based on the analysis model which
is already developed in the earlier phase of development. The object design
decides the data structures and algorithms needed to implement each of the
classes in the system with the help of implementation details given in the analysis
model.
Final Implementation
The final implementation of classes and relationships developed during object
design takes place a particular programming language, database, hardware
implementation, etc.
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Q4.
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Explain the difference between structural approach and object oriented approach
in software development.
In structural approach, the main emphasis is on specifying and decomposing
system functionality. Structured approach is seen as the most direct way of
implementing a desired goal. A structured approach has certain basic problem
such as if the requirements of system change then a system based on decomposing
functionality may require massive restructuring and the system gradually becomes
unmanageable.
In contrast to structured approach, the basic focus of object oriented approach is
to identify objects from the application domain, and then to associate procedure or
methods around these identified objects. We can also say that object oriented
development is an indirect way of system development because in this approach,
a holistic view of application domain is considered and objects are identified in
the related problem domain. Taking holistic view of the problem domain rather
than considering function requirements of single problem give an edge to object
oriented development.
Q5.
3
(c)
Polymorphism
A concept in type theory, according to which a name (such as a
variable declaration) may denote objects of many different
classes that are related by some common super class; thus, any
object denoted by this name is able to respond to some common
set of operations in different ways.
(d)
Inheritance
Inheritance defines an "is-a" hierarchy among classes in which a
subclass inherits from one or more generalized super classes; a
subclass typically specializes its super classes by augmenting or
redefining existing structure and behavior. A relationship among
classes, wherein one class shares the structure or behavior
defined in one (single inheritance) or more (multiple inheritance)
other classes.
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Q11. What are the advantages or benefits are of object oriented
modeling?
Ans: There are several advantages and benefits of object oriented
modeling which are given below:
(1)
Faster development
(2)
Increased quality
(3)
Easier maintenance
(4)
Reuse of software and designs, frameworks
(5)
Reduced
development
risks
for
complex
system
integration.
Q12. What is UML?
Ans: Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a well accepted language for
Object Oriented Analysis Design. It is used for visualizing,
specifying, constructing, and in final documentation. The basic
building blocks of UML used for Object Oriented Analysis and
Design are things, relationships, and diagrams.
UNIT 2
OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS
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What do you meant by typing? Differentiate between strong and weak typing.
The enforcement of the class of an object, which prevents
objects of different types from being interchanged or, at the
most, allows them to be interchanged only in very restricted
ways is called typing.
Strong Typing
When any operation upon an object which is defined can be
checked at compile time, i.e. type is confirmed forcefully is called
strong typing.
Weak Typing
In weak typing, operations on any object can be performed and
you can send any message to any class. Type confirmation is not
essential but in these types of language more errors at execution
time may occur.
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Q6.
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Q7.
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What do you meant by object modeling? What are the steps of designing object
modeling?
Object modeling means identifying objects and classes of a system or it describes
real world object classes and their relationships to each other.
The steps of object modeling are
i)
Identify objects
ii)
Create user object model diagram
iii)
Define user object attributes
iv)
Define user object actions
v)
Create action object matrix
vi)
Check for dynamic behavior
vii)
Review glossary
Q8.
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Q9.
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What is dynamic modeling? What are the steps required for designing dynamic
modeling?
Dynamic modeling is a way of describing how an individual object responds to
events, either internal events triggered by other objects or external events
triggered by the outside world.
The steps required for dynamic modeling are given below:
i)
Analyze applicability of actions
ii)
Identify object states
iii)
Draw dynamic model diagram
iv)
Express each state in terms of object attributes
v)
Validate dynamic model
vi)
Concepts.
Q10.
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Q12.
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Define
(a) State
An object may have one or more states stable point in its life, expressed by the
objects attributes and relationships.
(b) Events
Something that happens to an object. Atomic in that it either has happened or it
has not. An event causes an action.
What is functional modeling? Describe the steps in constructing functional
model.
Functional modeling describes the data transformations. Data model consists of a
number of processes which exchange information.
The steps in constructing functional model are:
i)
Identify input and output values
ii)
Build data flow diagrams showing functional dependencies
iii)
Describe functions
iv)
Identify constraints.
v)
Specify optimization criteria.
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UNIT 3
USING UML
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(c)
Activity Diagram
Activity diagrams show the flow from one activity to another. An activity is an
ongoing non-atomic execution within a state machine. It contains activity states,
action states, transition states and objects.
(d)
State chart diagram
A state chart shows a state machine, emphasizing the flow of control from one
state to another. It contains simple states, composite states, transitions, events, and
actions.
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UNIT 1
SYSTEM DESIGN
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Concurrency in objects can be identified by the way they change state. Current
objects can change state independently. Aggregation implies concurrency in the
system.
Concurrency can be dealt by having the following keys.
i)
Develop a clear strategy for dealing with all concurrency issues during
system design.
ii)
Concurrency must be dealt with during the design process as dealing with
concurrency after the system is implemented is difficult.
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Q8.
Relational Database
Based on mathematical principles
called relational algebra.
Data are represented by a two
dimensional table with columns and
rows.
Implements standard query language
called SQL
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UNIT 2
OBJECT DESIGN
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UNIT 3
ADVANCE OBJECT DESIGN
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What is stub?
The minimal definition of a function or sub-routine without any internal code is
called stub.
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UNIT 1
OBJECT MODELING
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Define composition.
A stronger form of aggregation is called composition, which implies exclusive
ownership of the part of classes by the whole class. This means that parts may be
created after a composite is created but such parts will be explicitly removed
before the destruction of the composite.
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What is generalization?
Generalization means extracting common properties from a collection of classes
and placing them higher in the inheritance in a super class. Generalization and
specialization are the reverse of each other. Specialization is a top down activity
that refines the abstract class into more concrete classes and generalization is a
bottom up activity that abstracts certain properties from existing classes, in order
to find more abstract classes.
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UNIT 2
DYNAMIC MODELING
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Define scenario?
A sequence of events that occurs during one particular execution of a system is
called scenario.
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UNIT 3
FUNCTIONAL MODELING
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Define process.
The term process means all the computation activities that are involved from the
input phase to the output phase. A process is represented with the ellipse symbol
and the name of process is written in it. Each process has a fixed number of input
and output data arrows, each of which carries a value of a given type.
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UNIT 1
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
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What do you mean by persistence? How will you make your data persistent?
Persistent data is data, which has a longer lifetime than the program that created
it. Enabling data to be stored on a permanent storage medium provides
persistency. The most common techniques used are to store data is in the form of
files or make use of back-end database system.
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UNIT 2
OBJECT MAPPING WITH DATABASE
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