Managing Absenteeism Theories In Organisational Behaviour Management Essay

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Absenteeism is the term generally used to pass on to rash employee absences from
the workplace. Many causes of absenteeism are legal personal illness or family issues
for example but absenteeism also can often be traced to other factors such as a
reduced work environment or workers who are not devoted to their jobs. If such
absences become extreme they can have a critically adverse crash on a business's
operations and finally its success.
A three part model of organizational commitment was used to study job removal
intentions proceeds and absenteeism. Affective commitment emerged as the most
reliable analyst of these result variables and was the only view of commitment related
to turnover and to absenteeism. In difference normative commitment was linked
only to removal intentions while no direct belongings for maintenance obligation
were experiential. Resolution commitment however interacts with emotional
commitment in predicting job removal intentions and absenteeism. The form of the
interaction was such that high sunk costs tempered contact between moving
commitment and the associated outcome variables.

Recent thinking about top management has been unfair by alternative models of
man. Economic approaches to governance such as agency theory tend to believe
some form of homo-economics, which show subordinates as strange opportunistic
and self serving. Alternatively sociological and psychological approaches to control
such as stewardship theory describe subordinates as collectivists pro-organizational
and dependable. Through this research we effort to settle the difference between
these assumptions by proposing a model based upon the subordinate's psychological
attributes and the organization's situational personality.

Absenteeism Measure
Absence measurement is necessary in order for management to evaluate between
person absence and departmental absences. Measuring absence is serious to

recognize the different patterns of employee absence and aim the variables moving it.
There are different ways to calculate absenteeism the most typically used is the lost
time rate formula and the person frequency formula.

Absenteeism rate = Number of Man days lost

*100
Individual frequency = number of absent
employees/average number of employees*100
Boundaries do live when trying to measure absenteeism whether with data
compilation or data appropriateness thus managers should be attentive to stay on
top of such limitations and grip them with mind and rightness.

Types of absenteeism
Absenteeism are classified in to four types

Authorized Absenteeism
If and employee absent himself from work by taking permission form his better and
applying for leave.

Unauthorized Absenteeism
If an employee absent himself from work without informing or taking permission
and without applying for leave.

Willful Absenteeism
If an employee absents himself from duty willfully.

Absenteeism caused by circumstances beyond

one's control
If an employee absents himself from duty owing to the situation past his control likes
accidents or infection.

Causes for Absenteeism

In order to recognize the causes and amount of absenteeism proper report should be
kept in every section for various causes of absenteeism such as age sex days of the
week and classes of jobs by each division. Generally following reasons are
attributable for absenteeism at work
Nature of the work
Poor working conditions
Absence of regular leave arrangements
Accidents
Poor control
Irregular transport facilities
Lack of interest
Indebt ness
Alcoholism and gambling habits
Low level of wages
Miscellaneous causes
The responsibilities of the manager about absenteeism. In addition to ensuring that
work is suitably enclosed during the employee's absence there are a number of her
grave proceedings that supervisors need to take to manage absenteeism, they should:
assurance that all employees are fully conscious of the organization's policies and
events for trade with absence be the first point of make get in touch with with when
an employee phones in poor health, preserve suitably full accreted up to date absence
report for their staff recognize any patterns or trends of absence which reason
anxiety behavior return to work interviews and apply punitive procedures where
necessary.
Looking at reasons for unscheduled absence the CCH survey found only 34 percent
were for individual illness but more than two out of three 66% were for other reasons
including family issues 22% personal needs 18% right attitude 13% and workplace
demands said Wolf. Another key finding of the review was how important employee

confidence was in the workplace. The survey identified a strong link between
employee morale and absenteeism. "For example, twice as many employers with
poor or fair morale view absenteeism as a serious problem (44%), in contrast with 21
percent of employers whose firm has employees with good or very good morale," said
Wolf. Not surprisingly, absenteeism is higher in companies where morale is low. In
2007, the higher rate was 2.7 percent, and the average was 2.3 percent. The future of
a company's absenteeism is also conditioned by employee morale. The survey found
one in three companies (36%) with low or poor employee morale expected an
increase of absenteeism in the next two years, whereas only 19 percent of firms with
good morale expected such an increase.

Effects of Absenteeism
Absenteeism cause harmful to both the employees and the workers for the following
reasons.
Normal work - flow in the factory is disturbed.
Overall production in the factory goes down.
Difficulty is faced in executing the orders in time.
Casual workers may have to be employed to meet production schedules. Such
workers are not trained properly.
Overtime allowance bill increases considerably because of higher absenteeism.
When a number of workers absent themselves there is extra pressure of work on
their colleagues who are present.
Workers lose wages for the unauthorized absence from work.
Habitual absentees may be removed from services causing them great hardship.

Motivation Theory
Motives initiate sustain and channel behaviour.

Managers and employees may often confuse them they are separate and distinct
concepts. Performance implies evaluation after it occurs and therefore it suggests the
presence of some sort of measuring system. Motivation on the other hand is only one
of several psychological states that influence performance. For instance an engineer's
performance is reflected in the quality of his designs the number of patents he
obtains and the customers satisfaction with cost and performance of his new
product. While we would expect a highly motivated engineer to produce excellent
products that satisfy the needs of customers it would also be true that his
performance could be affected by many other factors besides his motivation level.
Such factors include
His ability.
His need for achievement or his type.
The difficultly of the design task.
The extent of job resources available.
His working conditions.
His organizational commitment and job involvement.

Content theory of Motivation

Motivation theories are of two types
content theory
process theory
a content theory of motivation specifies those human needs which activate
behaviours aimed at need reduction. Therefore a content theory of motivation
answers the question what specific needs cause motivation?

Maslow's Hierarchy
Abraham Maslow according to professor's Lawler and suttle 1972 believed that
motivation could be explained by organizing human needs into five levels. He made
his theory sufficiently broad to address human behaviour in all settings. Not to his

surprise his theory was quickly applied to the narrower range of human behaviour in
organizational settings. The five levels of Maslow's hierarchy are shown

The five needs

Physiological needs are to do with the preservation of the human body. If we are
unwell then little also matters until we get well.
Safety needs are about putting a roof above our heads and custody us from damage.
If we are rich strong and powerful, or have good friends we can make ourselves safe.
Belonging needs introduce our tribal nature. If we are obliging and type to others
they will want us as friends.
Esteem needs are for a higher place within a collection. If people respect us, we have
greater power.
Self-actualization needs are to become what we are able of becoming which would
our greatest achievement.

Managing absenteeism and Maslow's hierarchy

The need hierarchy tends to parallel employee career development. Early career
stages are characterized by security concerns and learning organizational values.
After five years or so the employee's concern shifts to the establishment of a
professional identity in the firm and in his chosen profession both forms of
recognition help to meet esteem needs. At the same time that esteem needs become
active the employee will pursue increased autonomy via promotion and choice
project assignments. Increases in authority and responsibility at the expected times
on a career path will help employees satisfy esteem needs. Self-actualisation is active
during career progress but it evolves in scope.

ERG Theory
Clayton Alderfer extended and simplified Maslow's Hierarchy into a shorter set of
three needs

Existence
Relatedness

Growth
At the lowest level is the need to stay alive and safe now and in the predictable future.
When we have content existence needs we feel safe and physically at ease. The next
level once we are safe and secure we consider our social needs. We are not interested
in relations with other people and what they think of us. When we are connected we
sense logic of individuality and position within our direct society. This encompasses
Maslow's love/belonging and Esteem needs. At the highest level we look for to grow
be creative for ourselves and for our environment. When we are successfully growing
we feel a sense of completeness success and completion. This covers Maslow's selfactualization and transcendence.

Hertzberg's two factor theory of motivation

A content theory of work motivation which is closely related to Maslow's hierarchy is
Professor Herzberg's two factor theory or the motivator hygiene theory. In this study
of engineers and accountants, Herzberg discovered that the reasons these
professionals gave for experiencing motivation were quite different. The employee's
motivation range from: unmotivated dissatisfaction: to neutral: to
motivation/satisfaction with the job. The level of experience job
motivation/satisfaction depends on the availability of hygiene and motivators. It is
apparent that hygiene by them is insufficient to sustain motivation and satisfaction.

Process theories of motivation

Now we turn our attention to those process theories of motivation that help us
understand how employees decide to be motivated. Process theories target decision
making perception and element of the work environment: especially the available
rewards. In this section we will return to equity theory and discuss its important
contributions to managers understanding of employee motivation in organizations.

Equity Theory
Equity theory as developed by Professor Stacy Adams (1965) makes a contribution to
understanding how employees react to incentives and outcomes in the context of the
performance job satisfaction relationship. On its own equity theory is a prominent
process theory of motivation. The theory proposes that employees gauge the fairness
of their work outcomes in comparison to the work outcomes received by others who

perform comparable jobs. To the extent that employees feel that their rewards are
inadequate they experience a state of imbalance or perceive inequity. Felt or
perceived inequity motivates the employee to take action to address his
dissatisfaction. Inequities at work exist whenever employees feel that their rewards
for their efforts are less than the rewards or inducements received by others for their
efforts or contributions. Both of these mental states are motivating and the employee
in question seeks to remove the felt inequity and return to a state of balance or
equity. To restore a state of equity and employee might:
change work inputs and reduce performance efforts
change the outcomes received
exist the circumstances
change the people who are used for comparison
mentally distort or alter the comparison
take a decision to alter the inputs or outcomes of the comparison other

Expectancy Theory
Expectancy theory is a useful managerial tool for understanding employee behaviour.
It specifies the relationships between effort performance and rewards. The theory
articulates the significance of expectancy instrumentality and valence. These
concepts can be applied to work to help employees understand the crucial
relationship between performance and rewards. The components of expectancy
theory are sensitive to individual differences and organizational factors.

Goal Theory (Locke)

values
emotions and desires
goals or intentions
responses, actions, work behaviour, performance
consequences, feedback

challenging goals stretch goals lead to higher performance

specific goals lead to higher performance
participation in goal setting increases performance
knowledge of results in necessary for effective achieving of goals

X and Y theory
Theory X
The standard person dislikes work and will avoid it he/she can.
Therefore most people must be forced with the risk of punishment to work towards
organizational objectives.
The average person prefers to be directed to avoid responsibility is relatively
unambitious and wants security above all else.
Theory Y
Effort in work is as usual as work and play.
People will apply personality manage and self direction in the chase of organizational
objectives without outer control or the threat of punishment.
Commitment to objectives is a function of rewards linked with their achievement.
People usually accept and often seek responsibility.
The ability to use a high degree of mind's eye ingenuity and originality in solving
organizational problem is extensively not narrowly dispersed in the population.
In industry the thinker possible of the average person is only partly utillised.

Organizational Life- Cycle Theory

Like the people who work in them organizations progress through stages.
Organizations are started and if they avoid early failure they expand and mature.
Through these various stages the challenges and questions they face change.
Understanding the firms life cycle helps managers to recognize signs of an aging and

less relevant business model. They need to realize that the kind of structures and
activities which work in one stage of a company's life cycle may not work in another.
Therefore the criteria used to judge success and competitiveness may vary with a
company stage of development. Organizational life cycle theory has four stages of
development.
There are five level/stages in any organization.
Birth
Growth
Maturity
Decline
Death

Locus of Control
Locus of control refers to one's beliefs about what cause outcomes in life. Internals
believe in the causality of personal behavior while externals believe in the causality of
environmental forces. Internals connect responsibility to outcomes in life while
externals believe outcomes are created by forces and events outside themselves.

Survey Background and analysis

The unscheduled absence rate for 2007 was 2.3 percent down slightly from 2006
when it was at 2.5 percent according to the CCH survey. Broken down in working
hours this means that for every 100 hours of paid productive time companies are also
paying for 2.3 hours for unproductive time due to an unscheduled absence. Although
this rate seems low at first glance. Wolf said when taken into account the economic
costs to an organization can be enormous. The survey tracked rates costs and reasons
for unscheduled absences programs used to control these absences most and least
effective programs impact of morale on unscheduled absenteeism and presenteeism.
If your company suffers from high absenteeism, Wolf suggests measuring and
tracking it to focus efforts to reduce absence identifying pockets of absenteeism in
particular groups within departments and developing objectives.

Absence control and work/life programs

Most companies must nip the situation at the bud if they want this developing
problem to be curbed. According to the survey nearly 66 percent of survey
respondents offer flu shot programs to employees. This number has risen from 2006
64 percent. Another option being offered by many firms are health maintenance
programs which include proper fitness diet and hygiene classes. Gorovsky suggested
these tips for controlling absenteeism and presenteeism:
Use absence control programs, such as paid leave banks. This eliminates the
differentiation between absence types such as vacation illness or personal leave. This
also provides employees with more discretion flexibility and control. The survey
findings revealed that 69 percent of employers use paid leave banks or paid time off
to control presenteeism.
Don't discipline employees for legitimate absences such as illnesses when they have
depleted their regularly scheduled leave.

Allow employees to carry over unused sick days.

Allow employees to telecommute the survey found 30 percent employers use
telecommuting programs to control presenteeism.
Absenteeism cannot be eliminated altogether, so measures should be taken to
minimize the rate of absenteeism. Measures are as follows

Popper hiring
It is necessary that people with rights skills and experience are selected. Every
employee should as far as possible be assigned work according to capabilities
aptitude and interest.

Good working condition

Proper sanitation drinking water canteen first aid rest pauses and mechanization can
help to reduce absenteeism by making work environment pleasant.

Housing and Transport facilities

Provision of housing accommodation preferably neat the factory and bus facility will
ensure regular attendance of workers.

Safety programmes
Adequate safety measures help to minimize industrial accidents and reduce fear of
injury among employees. As a result attendance becomes improved.

Incentives
Special bonus cash prizes and preference in promotion to regular employees
encourage workers to be regular in their attendance.

Effective supervision
Supervisors can considerably reduce absenteeism by earning the confidence and
commitment of workers.

Disciplinary Action
Suitable action should be taken against chronic absentees. Punitive action may be in
the form of publishing their names in company house magazines fines withholding
pay increatment denial of promotion suspension dismissal etc.

Regular leave provision

A provision should be made wherein every worker can avail a few days of leave
during a year. Holidays with pay will enable a worker to attend to his private affairs.

Employee counseling
Guidance and counseling help employees to eliminate bad habits like drinking and
gambling. Habitual absentees can be persuaded become regulate by impressing upon
them the loss arising to them due to absenteeism. Education and training can be
used to develop a sense of responsibility.

proper records
Detailed and update records of absenteeism should be maintained. Absenteeism
above the predetermined level should be carefully analyzed age wise sex month wise
and other bases.

Organizational behaviour theory

Completion of this task, reflect In general relates to everyday practice.

Orgaianisation behaviour is used big or small firms. It is practices used theories. All
theories of organization behaviour are very use full. First of all I describe the
motivation theory is helpful to the management to solve the problem of absenteeism.
The effect of absenteeism in the entire world in daily normal work. In this case the
production of the firms goes down. If manager apply the motivation theory then they
get positive result. The management understands the employee's behaviour. They are
motivating all employees. In Maslow's Hierarchy needs theory is very important
because management knows that the problem of employees that they are absent.
Management complete or fulfill the basic needs of employees. In equity theory the
manager checks the employer and if they are in dribble or not good performs and
absenteeism are increasing the management change work and reduce performance
efforts. One more thing they change the people who are used for comparison and less
motivated. Expectancy theory is useful full for manager because it helps the manager
to understand the employee behaviour. In organization must be used reward system
because all employee work hard and good performance in organization. Reward
system is good tool to reduce the absenteeism. In organization have positive
punishment which is reduce the absenteeism. In organization behaviour locus of
control is very important. Locus of control is basically believed of management or
employers. Some workers are believes in internal or some of them externals. So
management understands the employee believes and solves the problem which
employee is faced in organization. Organization achieve target when they gets the
interest of employee and known about employee values, emotions, desires, work
behaviour, action and higher performance. If organization give specific goals of
employee then it will depends of these factor. All firms have two types of
management or employee divided in two categories are X and Y. In all organization
have five stags. If organization is going good and all employees are motivated and
give good result. If organization is going down then employee are absent or other
effect occurred. Organization needs to commute the employee they makes a record of
all employees and updated.