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HW: 5.1,9 by hand and 2 meshes w/NENastran, # 15 (use 2 elements by hand, 4, &
8 elements w/CST.xls)
Due April 14, 2005.
What if we have a 2-d problem with
surface tractions, point loads, acting in the
plane of a relatively thin structure?
With

We can take the preceding problem and Discretize it:

How can we model the problem better?

Constant Strain Triangle Element

2 dof per node (x,y),
3 nodes per element (6 x 6 stiffness matrix)

Shape Functions

Shape functions are just

ratios of areas:

Representing Displacements:

or

Finding the Stiffness Matrix, and assembling the Force Vector:

the element stiffness matrix:

The point loads are given by:

The surface Tractions are given by:

Example: 2 Constant strain triangular elements, Steel plate

E :=

30000000

t :=

.125

v :=

.32

A1 :=

5.25

x23 := 2.9 x32 := x23

y13 :=

K :=

y23
0

E t
y31

2 0
4 A1 1 v
y12
0

y31 := y13

x13 := 6
y23 := 1.75

x12 := 3.1
y32 := y23

x21 := x12
y12 :=

1.75

x31 := x13
y21 := y12

x32

1 v 0

y23 0 y31 0 y12 0

x13 v 1
0

0 x32 0 x13 0 x21

y31
1 v
0 0
x32 y23 x13 y31 x21 y12

x21
2

y12

x32 y23
0
x13
0
x21

6
5
6
5
3
3
1.178 10 6.664 10 1.177 10 6.684 10 1.174 10 2.089 10

6.664 105 1.88 106 7.102 105 3.462 106 4.387 104 1.581 106

6
5
6
6
5
0
1.258 10 7.102 10
1.177 10 7.102 10 2.435 10
K=

5
6
6
5
6
6.684 10 3.462 10
0
7.162 10 6.684 10 3.7 10

1.174 103 4.387 104 1.258 106 6.684 105 1.259 106 7.123 105

3
6
5
6
5
6

7.123 10 2.119 10
2.089 10 1.581 10 7.102 10 3.7 10
Note that the initial row and column start at 0 rather than 1, so K00 is the first
stiffness value, rather than K11
Looking at the figure, we see that node 1, in element 1, and node 1 and 4, in element 2 are restrained. If we use the elimination method, the reduced stiffness
matrix for element 1 is:

K2 , 2

K
3, 2
Kreduce :=
K
4, 2
K
5, 2

2, 5

2, 3
3, 3
4, 3
5, 3

2, 4
3, 4
4, 4
5, 4

3, 5
4, 5
5, 5

6
0
2.435 10

0
7.162 10
Kreduce =
1.258 106 6.684 105

5
6
7.102 10 3.7 10

1.258

10

6.684

10

6
5

1.259 10

7.123 10

7.102

10

5
7.123 10

3.7

10

2.119 10

Looking at Element 2 now:

E :=

K2 :=

30000000

t :=

y23
0

E t
y31

2 0
4 A2 1 v
y12
0

.125

v :=

.32

A2 :=

5.565

x23 :=

3.1

y13 :=

3.59

x32 := x23

y31 := y13

x32

1 v 0

y23 0 y31 0 y12 0

x13 v 1
0

0 x32 0 x13 0 x21

y31
1 v
0 0
x32 y23 x13 y31 x21 y12

x21
2

y12

x32 y23
0
x13
0
x21

x13 :=

y23 :=

x12 := 3.1

1.79

6
1.215 10

6.874 105

6
1.206 10

K2 =

5
7.102 10

2.532 104

1.292 10

x21 := x12

y32 := y23

6.874

10

x31 := x13

y12 :=

1.206

1.75

10

y21 := y12

7.102 10

2.532

10

1.292

10

6
10

5
6
6
5
6.684 10 2.419 10
0
1.179 10 6.684 10
5
5
5
5
4.101 10
0
8.224 10 7.102 10 4.009 10

4
6
5
6
5
2.828 10 1.179 10 7.102 10 1.188 10
6.72 10

2.008 10

1.604

10

6.684 10

6.684

10

4.101

10

4.009

10

2.828 10

6.72 10

1.604

1.999 10

Combining Elements 1 and 2, and reducing:

Defining the Force Vector:
K22 , 2

K23 , 2
Kall := Kreduce +

0
0

0 0
2, 3

K2
0 0
3, 3

0 0 0
0 0 0
K2

6
6
5
0
1.258 10 7.102 10
4.854 10

6
5
6

0
7.984 10 6.684 10 3.7 10
Kall =

1.258 106 6.684 105 1.259 106 7.123 105

5
6
5
6
7.123 10 2.119 10
7.102 10 3.7 10

What if we assume that there is only a body force from the

weight of each element, 0.5 lbs per cubic inch?

0
0
Fall :=
0
0

A1

t
A2

0.5

+
3
3
+

A1 t

0.5

1
Uall := Kall Fall

8
7.515 10

7
4.066 10
Uall =

1.904 10 7

7
8.508 10

u2
v2
Uall :=
u3

v3

0
0
Fall :=

0
25

1
Uall := Kall Fall

6
8.319 10

5
4.502 10
Uall =

2.533 10 5

4
1.017 10

What if we assume that a body force from the weight of each

element, 0.5 lbs per cubic inch, is added to the 25 lbs?

0
0
Fall :=

0
25

0.5 A1 t + A2 t

3
3
+

A1

0.5

1
Uall := Kall Fall

6
8.244 10

5
4.462 10
Uall =

2.514 10 5

4
1.009 10