High Voltage Transmission System

SASTRA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

BEEDEE 709/ MPSDEE 709
VII SEMESTER
B.TECH./ M.TECH. (Integrated)
COURSE INSTRUCTOR: Dr. S. VENKATESH/ SAP-SEEE

1
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Provide insights into modelling and design of EHV lines which cater to the following:
Computational methods to obtain the line inductance and capacitance for various
configurations
Various factors that affect the design of line parameters
Present an overview of HVDC converter operation and strategies for control of power
flow in DC lines
Generic Converter Configuration
Graetz Bridge Converter Operation (Rectifier and Inverter)
Detailed Analysis Graetz Bridge Converter (With and Without Overlap Angle)
Control Aspects and Control Characteristics
De-energization and Energization of DC LInks
Provide an overview of the various types of overvoltages
Ferroresonance
Switching
Lightning
Deliberate on the Methods of protection of HVAC and HVDC transmission systems
2
COURSE CONTENT
UNIT- I: Introduction
(10 Periods)
EHVAC and HVDC transmission - Comparison between HVAC and HVDC overhead and underground transmission
scheme - Standard transmission voltages - Factors concerning choice of HVAC and HVDC transmission - Block
diagram of HVAC and HVDC transmission schemes Modern trends in EHVAC and HVDC transmission systems.
UNIT- II: EHVAC Transmission and Corona
(18 Periods)
Problems of EHVAC transmission at power frequency - Generalized constants - Power circle diagram and its use Voltage control using compensators - Properties of bundled conductors - Inductance and capacitance of EHV line Surface voltage gradient on single, double and more than three conductor bundles - Design aspects of EHV Lines.
Corona effects - Power loss - Increase in radius of conductors - Qualitative study of corona pulses - Corona pulse
generation and properties.
UNIT- III: HVDC Converters and control
(15 Periods)
Converter configurations for HVDC system - Three-phase fully controlled Graetz Bridge converters for HVDC
system - Operation as rectifiers and line commutated inverters - Analysis of Bridge Converters (Without and With
Overlap Two & Three Valve Conduction mode)- Converter equivalent circuits.
Basic means of control - Desired features of control - Control characteristics - Power reversal - Constant current
control - Constant extinction angle control- Energization and de-energization of DC links.
UNIT- IV: Overvoltage in EHV Systems
(12 Periods)
Origin and types - Ferroresonance overvoltage - Switching surges, reduction of switching surges on EHV systems Introduction to EHV cable transmission, electrical characteristics of EHV cables, properties of cable insulation
materials - EHV insulators - Characteristics and pollution performance - Protection of HVAC and HVDC systems.
REFERENCES
Rakosh Das Begamudre, EHV AC Transmission Engineering, Wiley
Eastern Limited, 2006.
E.W.Kimbark, Direct Current Transmission, Volume- I, Wiley
Interscience , 1971
Prabha Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, 2nd Reprint
Edition, Tata McGraw Hill (P) Limited, New Delhi, 2006.
K. R. Padiyar, HVDC Power Transmission Systems: Technology and
System Interactions, New Age International Pvt. Ltd, First Edition 1990,
Reprint 2005.
J. Arillaga, High Voltage Direct Current Transmission, Peter Pregrinus,
London, 1983.
Dr. S. N. Singh, High Voltage DC Transmission, National Programme on
Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL) Web Course Series
IEC 60038: 2002-07, IEC Standard Voltages, Edition 6.2, 2002
www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/What_We_Do/activities/HVDC_Training
/Presentations/Day_1/1_HVDC_SYSTEMS_IN_INDIA.pdf, HVDC Systems in
India, Powergrid Report
4
EVOLUTION OF EHVAC AND

HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
The first public power station

Holborn , London 1882
Produced direct current (DC) at low-voltage
Service limited to localized areas and used mainly for electric lighting
The first major a.c. power station
EHVAC transmission has seen its development since the end of the Second World War
(1945)
Deptford, London - 1890

Supplying power to central London
Distance - 28 miles
Operating Voltage- 10 kV
Installation of 345 kV in North America

400 kV in Europe
In 70 years, the highest commercial voltage has increased globally substantially due to the
raising demand
1200 kV Ultra High Voltage AC Transmission (UHVAC)
800kV Ultra High Voltage DC Transmission (UHVDC)
India has embarked on setting up 1200kV a.c. transmission system
The first step towards this is the implementation of 1200kV D/C/ Bina Test Station)
India is also implementing power transmission projects to transmit HVDC power at 800kV
transmission
5
Including the first 800kV Multi Terminal HVDC Project in the world: Biswanath- Agra
MAJOR HVAC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS IN

CRONOLOGICAL ORDER
Year Power Transmission

Voltage Level (kV)
1890
10kV
1907
50kV
1912
110kV
1926
220kV
1936
287kV
1952
380kV
1959
525kV
1965
735kV
1967
765kV
1969
1985
1150kV
1999
1000kV
2009
1000kV
2013
1200kV
Location and Country
Deptford, London
Munich, Germany
Lauchhammer, Germany
North Pennsylvania, U.S.
Boulder Dam, Arizon- Nevada, U.S.
Harsprnget Hallsberg, Sweden
Russia, Formerly USSR
Manicouagan- Montreal, Canada
Ohio-Kentucky, AEP, U.S.
Kita- Iwaki Powerline, Japan
China
Bina Test Station, Madha Pradesh, India (Results will be
utilized for Wardha- Aurangabad 1200kV Project- 6
MAJOR HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS IN

CRONOLOGICAL ORDER
Year
Power Transmission
Voltage Level (kV)
Location and Country
1954
1961
1970
1972
1978
1978
1985
1984
1986
1986
1987
1990
1991
2002
2003
100kV, 96km, 20MW

100kV, 64km, 160MW
400kV, 1362km, 1440MW
450kV, 892km, 1620MW
533kV, 1414km, 1920MW
250kV, 930km, 900MW
500kV, 892km, 1800MW
300kV, 785km, 200MW
600kV, 892km, 2383MW
500kV, 784km, 1920MW
600kV, 805km, 3150MW
500kV, 1000km, 1200MW
500kV, 910km, 1500MW
500kV, 960km, 3000MW
500kV, 1369km, 2000MW
Gottland, Sweden
England- France
Pacific Intertie, U.S.
Nelson River 1, Canada
Cabora Bassa, South Africa
Nelson River 2, Canada
Ongoing
800kV, 1728km, 6000MW
7
Biswanath- Agra, India (First Multi-
Itaipu 1, Brazil
Intermountain, U.S.
Itaipu 2, Brazil
Gezhouba Shanghai, China
Rihand-Delhi, India
Three Gorges, China
Talcher- Kolar, India
NEED FOR UHV/ EHV AC & DC TRANSMISSION

FOR BULK POWER TRANSFER
High Power Transfer/ Evacuation Requirements:

Electric power (P) transmitted on an overhead a.c. line increases approximately with the surge
impedance loading or the square of the systems operating voltage ( P= V2/ Zs with Zs 250)
V (kV)
400
700
1000
1200
1500
P (MW)
640
2000
4000
5800
9000
Aspects related to Right of Way (RoW):

Erecting power transmission lines involves obtaining the extremely elusive RoW
The difference in RoW requirement for a 400kV line and a 1,200kV is not extremely
significant.
Source: Technical Report, HVDC Systems in India, Powergrid, India
NEED FOR UHV/ EHV AC & DC TRANSMISSION

FOR BULK POWER TRANSFER
Power Demand-Supply Situation: (In the Indian Context)

Power generation centres are typically in eastern and north-east regions while
consumption centres are spread across rest of India North, West and South
Generation hubs are limited consumers, warranting the need for carrying power across
long distances
Provides possibility to import power from hydropower-rich neighbours (Bhutan
INCREASE IN TRANSMISSION VOLTAGE IN INDIA
10
MAJOR MILESTONES IN HVDC

TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS IN INDIA
Power Transmission
Voltage Level (kV)
Location
2 x 250MW, 70kV, Back-to-Back Link

500kV, 814km, 1500MW, Bipolar Link
2 x 250MW, 140kV, Back-to-Back Link
500MW, 140kV, Back-to-Back Link
500MW, 140kV, Back-to-Back Link
2 x 500MW, 140kV, back-to-Back Link
800kV, 1728km, 3000MW/ 6000MW,
Multi-terminal HVDC Link
1 x 500MW Interconnector Project
400 kV, 334km, 4 x 250 MW, Bipolar Link
with Submarine Cable ( app 90 Km)
Vindhyachal
Rihand- Dadri (Northern Region)
Chandrapur (Southern & Western Region)
Chandrapur-Padghe (Western Region)
Vishakapatnam (Southern- Eastern Region)
Sasaram (Northern- Eastern Region)
Gazuwaka (Eastern- Northeastern)
Talcher- Kolar (Eastern- Southern Region)
Ballia- Bhiwadi
Biswanath- Agra (North Eastern i.e. AssamWest Bengal- Bihar- Uttar Pradesh)- Ongoing
India- Bangladesh Grid Under Consideration
Indo-Sri Lanka Inteconnector Link (Madurai- Sri
Anuradhapura)- Under Consideration
11
SOME IMPORTANT ISSUES RELATED

TO UTILITY OF EHV/ UHV
Complexities related to bundled conductors
Need for detailed studies related to spacers, spacer span calculation, Phase Pull
Force Calculation etc
High surface voltage gradient on conductors:

Inhomogeneous/ Non-Uniform Electric Field
Effect of Corona Discharges

Audible Noise, Radio Interference, Corona Energy Loss, Carrier Interference and TV
Interference.
High electrostatic field under the line- environmental challenges:

Effect of Electrostatic field on human, animal, plants
Switching Surge Overvoltages which cause more devastation to air-gap

insulation (than lightning or power frequency voltages)
Increased Short-Circuit currents and possibility of ferro-resonance
Use of gapless metal-oxide arresters replacing the conventional gap-type
Silicon Carbide arresters-lightning and switching-surge duty
Limitations related to Energy Capability
Complexities related to overlapping requirements of Lightning and Switching
overvoltages
Insulation coordination based on switching impulse levels

12
STANDARD TRANSMISSION VOLTAGES
Voltages adopted for transmission of bulk power have to conform to standard

specifications formulated internationally. (IEC 60038)
A.C. three-phase systems having a nominal voltage above 35 kV and not exceeding 1200 kV
Source: IEC 60038: 2002-07, IEC Standard Voltages, Edition 6.2, 2002
13
COMPARISON OF HVAC AND HVDC

TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Major factors considered by a system planner of Power System for the choice
Choice of Power Transmission
(HVAC/ HVDC)
Economics of Transmission
Investment Cost
ROW
Operational Cost
Technical Performance
Aspects related to Power
Electronics Devices and
Converters
Line Losses
Stability Limits
Transmission
Towers
Dielectric
Power Losses
Voltage Control
Conductors
Corona
Losses
Line Charging Current
Skin Effect
Line Compensation
Insulators
Terminal
Equipment
Problems of Interconnections
Reliability
Energy
Availability
Transient Reliability
MTTF
MTTR
14
ECONOMICS OF POWER TRANSMISSIONINVESTMENT COST

Investment Cost:
Right of Way (RoW)
Lesser in HVDC than HVAC Systems
Source: IS 5613: 1989 (Part 3/ Sec 2), Code of Practice for Design, Installation and Maintenance of Overhead 15
Power Lines- Part 3: 400kV Lines, Reaffirmed 2004
Transmission Towers
Simpler in Construction and Cheaper for HVDC
Associated number of conductors are reduced (2 as compared to 3 for a S/C Transmission Line)
Number of Insulator Strings are reduced (2 sets as compared to 3 for a S/C Transmission Line)
Source: Technical Report, High Voltage Direct Current Transmission- Proven Technology for
16
CONFIGURATION OF TYPICAL
TRANSMISSION TOWERS
Source: Robert D Castro, Overview of the Transmission Line Design Process, Electrical Power
Systems Research , 35, pp. 109-118, 1995
17
Number of Conductors:
Reduced in the case of HVDC ( 2 instead of 3 for S/C Configuration)
Power handling Capability: (assuming similar Insulator Characteristics- Insulation Level )

Can carry as much power as AC does ( 2 instead of 3 for S/C Configuration)
Insulators/ Insulation:
Reduced requirements in the case of HVDC
Terminal Equipment:
Cost increases in HVDC transmission system due to the following:
Metal Oxide Surge Arresters for DC Applications

Conversion Equipment- Increased Ratings of Thyristor Valves
Filters (DC and AC) for suppression of Harmonics
Non- availability of Voltage transformation equipment (transformers) in DC
Operational Cost:
Line Losses: [2I2R= 3I2R]
About 67% that of AC system (assuming same current carrying capacity)
18
ECONOMICS OF POWER TRANSMISSIONOPERATIONAL COST
Dielectric Power Losses:

Reduced in the case of HVDC ( more-so with DC power cables)
P= (V2/ R)
From Phasor Diagram: tan = (V/R)/VC;
V/R= V C tan ;
Therefore P = V2 C tan = V2
2f C tan
19
ECONOMICS OF POWER TRANSMISSIONOPERATIONAL COST
Corona Losses:
Peeks Empirical Formula:
f 25
2
P 214 x105
V p Vo
r
kW / km / ph
d
where f is the supply frequency

Vp is the operating voltage in kV
V ois the critical disruptive discharge voltage in kV
is the air density correction factor
r is the radius of the conductor
d is the spacing between conductors
Corona Losses due to DC are far lesser than AC (due to the

term f in the equation above
Skin Effect:
Absence of skin effect in DC reduces marginally the power losses
20
ECONOMICS OF POWER TRANSMISSIONCOMPARISON OF COST
Source: Technical Report, High Voltage Direct Current Transmission- Proven Technology for
Power Exchange, Siemens, Germany
21
TYPES OF HVDC LINKS
Monopolar Link
Homopolar Link
Bipolar Link
Back-to- Back Link
22
TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE- ASPECTS RELATED TO

POWER ELECTRONICS DEVICES AND CONVERTERS
Fast Controllability of Power Transmitted

HVDC transmission system provides better avenues due to the advent of developments in
fast switching high power rated power electronic devices (SCR, GTO, MCT)
Full Control over the of Power Transmitted

HVDC transmission system offers facility to control the firing angle () and extinction angle
() of the converters which regulates the power flow magnitude and direction
23
TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE- ASPECTS RELATED TO

POWER ELECTRONICS DEVICES AND CONVERTERS
Id
VdorCos VdoiCos
Rcr RL Rci
24
TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE- STABILITY LIMITS
Stability Limit:
Ability of an ac system to operate with all synchronous machines in synchronism
If a long line is loaded to a certain values (steady state stability limit) the
synchronous machine accelerates and goes out of synchronism with those in
the receiving end.
This slipping out of the electro-dynamic system results in
failing to transmit power
leads to objectionable fluctuation in the voltage
Even if a line is operated below steady-state limit, the machine at sending

end and receiving end may lose synchronism after a large disturbance (short
circuit) unless the line is operated below its transient stability limit (lower
than the steady state stability limit)
Practically, for small disturbances the transient stability limit becomes the
measure of the steady state stability limit
P
V s VR
Sin
X
25
TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE- STABILITY LIMITS

In DC transmission link there is no direct influence of stability
problems due to the following aspects:
Two separate as systems interconnected by a dc link need not necessarily
operate in synchronism (even if their nominal frequencies are equal)
No influence of X
Each of the separate as systems may have its own internal stability issues
Sustained interruptions of the power on the dc line constitutes a mild threat to
stability (caused by loss of a large load in the sending end system/ loss of a
generator in the receiving end system)
26
TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE- VOLTAGE CONTROL
Assuming that transmission line is lossless,

Reactive power absorbed by the line
Q L = I2L
Reactive power supplied by the line
Q C = V2C
When reactive power supplied and absorbed by the line are equal the
resultant leads to the concept of SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING (Zs)
V2C = I2L
Zs
At SIL:
voltage throughout the length of the line is the same
transmission line is terminated by a load corresponding to its surge impedance
with the voltage at both ends being constant
27
TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE- VOLTAGE CONTROL
In practice the load given to a overhead line is larger than SIL

The net reactive power absorbed by the line must be provided from one/ both
ends of the line and from intermediate series capacitors
When I2L > V2C VOLTAGE SAG

When I2L < V2C VOLTAGE RISE
Maintenance of constant voltage requires REACTIVE POWER CONTROL IN AC

SYSTEMS
HVDC transmission system does not require reactive power control
However, converters at both ends of the DC line require reactive power from the
ac systems
28
TECHNICAL PERFORMANCELINE CHARGING CURRENTS
Line charging current in AC more over

poses serious problems in cables
As length increases (for a lightly loaded
system) the capacitance increases
Receiving end voltage becomes more than
sending end voltage (Ferranti Effect in the
case of Overhead lightly loaded/ no load
transmission line)
29
TECHNICAL PERFORMANCEAC INTERCONNECTION
Line Compensation
AC lines require reactive power compensation systems to overcome issues related
to line charging currents and stability limitations
Series Capacitors and Shunt Inductors
Issues related to AC Interconnection

Two power systems connected with an AC tie (synchronous interconnection),
Automatic Generation Control of both systems have to be coordinated
Using Tie- line power and frequency signals
Problems arise due to:
Presence of large power oscillations
Increase in fault level
disturbance from one system to the other
Two separate as systems interconnected by a dc link NEED NOT necessarily
operate in synchronism (even if their nominal frequencies are equal)
30
TECHNICAL PERFORMANCEGROUND RETURN
Role of Ground Impedance in AC transmission

Presence of zero-sequence currents cannot be permitted due to high ground
impedance
Leads to poor efficiency of power transfer
Increase in RI
Role of Ground Impedance in DC transmission
Negligible in DC currents
DC links can operate using one conductor with ground return (Monopolar Mode)
In Monopolar Mode:
AC network feeding the DC converter station operates with balanced
voltages and current (single pole operation of DC is possible for extended
periods)
Objectionable only when buried metallic structures (pipes) are present
Leading to corrosion due to DC current flow
31
APPLICATIONS & LIMITATIONS OF

HVDC TRANSMISSION
Applications
Long distance bulk power transmission
Underground or underwater cables
Asynchronous interconnection of AC systems operating at different
frequencies
Control and stabilization of power flows in AC ties
Limitations
Difficulty in breaking DC currents
Inability to use transformers to transform voltage levels (transformer)
High cost of conversion equipment
Generation of harmonics which necessitate AC and DC filters are costly
Complexities of control
32
RELIABILITY
Energy Availability
equivalent outage time

%
Energy Availability 100 1
total
time
Equivalent time is product of

outage time
fraction of system capacity lost due to outage
Transient Reliability
No. of times HVDC system performed as designed
Transient Re liability 100
No. of recordable AC faults
Recordable AC faults
cause one or more AC bus phase voltage to drop below 90% of voltage prior
to fault
Energy Availability and Transient Reliability of existing HVDC systems

> 95%
Developments in technology have ensured improved reliability
Control and Protection
LTT has lead to elimination of high voltage pulse transformer and auxiliary supplies
33
FACTORS INFLUENCING
THE CHOICE OF TRANSMISSION
CHOICE BASED ON VOLTAGE LEVEL

CHOICE BASED ON INSULATION RATIO
CHOICE BASED ON POWER TRANSFER CAPABILITY
Choice Based on Voltage Level:
Objective: Choice made such that cost for transmission of power (P) is
minimized
The following are the costs:
Cost due to Investment (C1)

Cost due to Losses (C2)
Cost due to Investment (C1):
Proportional to Voltage Level (V)
Proportional to number of conductors (n) and area of cross-section (q)
Overhead charges (A0)
C1= A0 + A1 nV + A2 nq
34
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF

TRANSMISSION- VOLTAGE LEVEL
Cost due to Losses (C2):
Loss/ length of transmission
Time of operation of the transmission system (T)
Load Loss Factor (L)
Cost/ Energy (p)
C2 = Loss x Time of Operation x Loss Load Factor x Cost/ energy

Losses = n I2R
P

n
I / cond P
nV
V
P
P P
Loss / length n

R n
nV
nV q V nq
2
35

P
C 2 A3
V nq
2
where A3 LTp
Total Cost (C) = C1 + C2

To optimize the transmission system cost the material cost (nq) should be minimized
P
C A0 A1 nV A2 nq A3
V nq
2
dC
P
A2 A3
2 0
d ( nq)
V nq
2
nq A2 A3 P
V
2
P
A2 A3
V
nq
P
V
nq
A3
A2
36

P
C A0 A1 nV A2
V
2
A3
P
A3
A2
V P A3
V
A2
C min
P
A0 A1 nV 2 A2 A3
V
37

TRANSMISSION- INSULATION RATIO
Factors that affect insulation of overhead transmission lines:

Operating Voltage
Switching Surge Overvoltage
Lightning Overvoltage
Operating Voltage influences the Leakage Distance

Switching and lightning over-voltages influence the required insulator chain length and
striking distance
38

Withstand Voltage Factor (K Factor):
Ratio of d.c. voltage and a.c. voltage with respect to ground
K = d.c. withstand voltage level/ a.c. (rms) withstand voltage level
Typical values of K:
K=2 Indoor Porcelain

K=1 Outdoor Porcelain (implies poor wet flashover performance)
K- 2 to 6- Power Cables
O/H lines are insulated for over-voltages expected during faults, switching
operations etc
AC transmission lines are normally insulated against over-voltages > 4
times rated voltage
AC insulation Factor (K1):
K 1= a.c. insulation level/ rated a.c. voltage (rms) level
K 1= a.c. insulation level/ Ep 2.5
39

For d.c. lines,

DC Insulation Factor (K2):
K 2= d.c. insulation level/ rated d.c. voltage

K 2= d.c. insulation level/ Vd 1.7
Insulation Ratio:
Insulation Ratio = Insulation required by 1 AC phase/ Insulation required by 1 DC pole
a .c . insulation level
a .c . withstad voltage
Insulation Ratio
d .c . insulation level
d .c . withstad voltage
40

a .c . insulation level
a .c . withstad voltage
Insulation Ratio
d .c . insulation level
d .c . withstad voltage
a .c . insulation level a .c . rated voltage

a .c . rated voltage a .c .withsand voltage
Insulation Ratio
d .c . insulation level d .c . rated voltage

d .c . rated voltage d .c .withsand voltage
K1 Vp
a .c .withsand voltage
Insulation Ratio
K 2 Vd
d .c .withsand voltage
41

Insulation Ratio
K 1V p
K 2Vd
d .c . withsand voltage
d .c . withsand voltage
KK 1V p
Insulation Ratio
K 2Vd
Assuming same Power Transmitted (P) equal losses in both transmission

systems
Power Loss in a.c. system (Lac):
Lac 3 I p2 R
Power Loss in d.c system (Ldc):
Ldc 2 I d2 R
2
2
Assuming equal losses: 2 I d R 3 I p R
Id
3
Ip
2
42

Power Transmitted by a.c. (Pac):
Pac 3V p I p
Power Transmitted by d.c . (Pdc):
Pdc 2Vd I d
3V p I p 2Vd I d
Vd
3V p I p
2Id
3V p I p 2
2 3I p
Vp
2
Insulation Ratio:
Insulation Ratio
KK 1V p
K 2Vd
Insulation Ratio
KK 1
K2
2
3
If K=1, K1=2.5 and K2=1.7

Insulation Ratio = 1.2
INSULATON REQUIRED FOR AC IS MORE THAN THAT FOR DC SYSTEM
43
FACTORS INFLUENCING CHOICE OF TRANSMISSION- POWER HANDLING CAPABILITY

Conversion of Double Circuit 3 Phase AC Line to 3 DC Circuits of 2 Conductors:
Power Transmitted by a.c . (Pac):
Pac 6V p I L
Power Transmitted by a.c . (Pdc):
Pdc 6Vd I d
Considering that equal current and insulation are considered:

IL = Id
KK 1V p
Insulation Ratio
K 2Vd
Power Ratio:
KK 1
V p
Vd
K2
Pdc Vdc KK 1

Pac V p K 2
If =1, K1=2.5 and K2=1.7

Power transmitted with DC can be increased to 147% (47% > AC)
44
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HVAC AND HVDC

TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
45
COMPONENTS OF HVDC LINK
Source: S. Kamakshaiah, V. Kamaraju, 'HVDC Transmission', 1st Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2011
46
47
Converter (Bridge) Unit:

Located in VALVE HALL
Single (or) Multi- Bridge (Series/ Parallel)
Valve Configuration- Single/ Double/ Quadri
Cooling Arrangement- Air/ Oil/ Water/ Freon/ De-ionized Water
Valve Firing Strategy- Light guide system using Optic fiber
Protection- Snubber Circuits, Surge Arresters
Converter Transformer:
Winding- 3, 2 winding/ 1, 3 winding/ 1, 2 winding
Vector Group- Star- Star and Star- Delta
Valve side of the transformer- Neutral point is ungrounded
AC side of transformer- grounded
Leakage reactance of transformer chosen to limit S/C current
DC magnetization & Core Saturation
Designed to withstand DC voltage stresses
K factor based Transformer- accommodate harmonic currents generated
by non-linear loads
K factor is a weighting factor of the harmonic currents in the load according to
their effects on transformer heating (ANSI- IEEE C57.110)
48
Source: Valve Hall in Chandrapur, India, ABB constructed Chandrapur- Padghe HVDC Link
49
Smoothing Reactor
Reduce incidence of commutation failure in inverter (due to dip in AC
voltage)
Smooth ripples in DC current (during lightly loaded condition)
Limit the value of peak current in rectifier (due to S/C on DC line)
Limit current in valves during bypass pair operation (due to discharge of
shunt capacitance of DC line)
Prevent commutation failures in inverter (reducing rate of rise of DC in
bridges when direct voltage of another series connected bride collapses)
Source: Songo- Mozambique Converter
Station, Hidroelctrica De Cahora Bassa
(HCB) in Mozambique and Eskom in South
Africa, 2013
50
FILTERS
Provide a path of low impedance to AC harmonics
Tuned filters- Single & Double Tuned
Damped Filters
Connected between converter transformer and AC station
Suppress HF currents
Filtering oscillations and ripples in DC
REACTIVE POWER SOURCE
Huge reactive power requirements at the converter terminal

Reactive power requirement of about 50- 60% of active power
Provided by AC Filters (partly)
Shunt Capacitors (switched)
Synchronous Condensers
Static VAR Systems
51
DC CIRCUIT BREAKER
No natural current zero in the case of DC circuit
Can be brought to zero ONLY by applying a counter voltage higher
than system voltage
Need for dissipation of large energy stored in the inductance of the DC
circuit
52
RECENT TRENDS IN HVDC

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Developments in major aspects:

Power Semiconductor Devices
Digital Electronics & Control
Protection Equipment
Power Semiconductor Devices:

New devices- GTO: 8kV, 4kA; IGBT: 6.5kV, 1kA; Thyristor: 6kV
Size of device- >100mm (diameter) leading to reduced no. of
parallel connections
Increase in current rating (higher overload capacity)
Increase in voltage rating
Manufacturing Process- Silicion cost reduced by 15-20% using
magnetic CZ (czochralski) method instead of conventional method
Development of LTT (improved reliability of converter operation)
ZnO arresters
Cooling Methods (Deionized water cooling- Two phase flow using
forced vaporization)
53

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Development of HVDC- VSC Stations:

Interconnecting weak AC systems
Connecting large-scale wind power to the grid
HVDC interconnections to be expanded to become Multi-terminal link
54

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Suspended Valves:
Quadri-valve structure leads to compact
assembly BUT they are tall (about 16m)
In regions where seismic effects are observed
appropriate to suspend the valves from ceiling
Comprises spring and damper arrangement for
mechanical isolation of valve (from building due
to vibrations)
Connection to wall bushings and between walls
Flexible Bus
Static Induction Thyristor:

Thyristor with a buried gate structure (gate
electrodes are placed in n-base region)
Normally ON-state
Gate electrodes must be negatively biased to
hold off-state
Rating: 4000V, 400A (developed in Japan as an
alternative to GTO)
55

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Assymetrical Thyristor:
Blocking voltage for symmetrical thyristors < 4 to
5kV
Series Connection of Asymmetrical Thyristors (ASCR)
and a diode
Possibility of adjusting the turn OFF time
Not used in HVDC (under experimentation)
Light Triggered Thyristor:
Infinite gate isolation

Total noise immunity (control circuit)
Fast Turn-On time
Elimination of HV Pulse Transformer and Power
Auxiliaries
Light Sources- Gallium Arsanide LED, Laser Diodes
56
COMPARISON OF DEVELOPMENTS IN
RATINGS OF POWER ELECTRONIC DEVICES
57

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Converter Control:
Development of Micro-computer based Converter Control Equipment
Redundant Converter Control
Possibility to perform scheduled preventive maintenance on stand-by
system (due to reduced outage rate)
Possibility for adaptive control algorithms/ expert systems for fault
diagnosis and protection
Conversion of Existing AC Lines

Constraints of RoW in AC
Issues related to Electromagnetic Induction in AC Lines
58
RECENT TRENDS IN HVAC

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM- FACTS
Issues related to Reactive Power Flow in AC Transmission
Systems:
Consumer loads require reactive power (continuously varying and
increases the transmission losses and affect voltage in the tranmission
network)
Slow mechanically switched components which are used for reactive
power compensation leads to less precise and less efficient control of
transmission characteristics (use of passive elements such as reactors and
capacitors)
Leads to limitations in power transfer, steady state and dynamic stability
limits
Aspects related to Long Distance High Voltage large Power

Transfer Capacity
Offshore wind farms also have very long transmission lines (can be tens
to hundreds of miles)
59
RECENT TRENDS IN HVAC

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM- FACTS
FACTS (Flexible Alternationg Current Transmission System)
Developed in 1986 by EPRI, USA

Slatt Substation in Northern region. 500 kV, 3-phase 60 Hz substation,
developed by EPRI (Bonneville Power Administration and General Electric
Company)
"A power electronic based system and other static equipment that provide
control of one or more AC tranmission system parameters to enhance
controllability and increase in power transfer capability
Merits of FACTS:
Reactive Power Control

Power Oscillation Damping
Improved Power Transfer Capability
Enhanced Steady State, Transient and Dynamic Stability
Improved Voltage Quality due to enhanced Voltage Control
60
RECENT TRENDS IN HVAC TRANSMISSIONIMPROVEMENTS IN POWER TRANSFER CAPABILITY
In the case of a no-loss line, voltage magnitude at

the receiving end is the same as voltage magnitude
at the sending end: Vs = Vr=V.
Transmission results in a phase lag that depends
on line reactance X.
Active power P is the same at any point of line
Reactive power at sending end is the opposite of

reactive power at receiving end
Active power mainly depends on

Reactive power mainly depends on voltage magnitude
61

(SERIES COMPENSATION)
FACTS for series compensation modify

line impedance:
X is decreased so as to increase the
transmittable active power.
However, more reactive power must
be provided.
62

(SHUNT COMPENSATION)
Reactive current is injected into the line to

maintain voltage magnitude.
Transmittable active power is increased but
more reactive power is to be provided.
63
TYPES OF FACTS CONTROLLERS
Basic Types of FACTS Controllers

Series Controllers
Shunt Controllers
Combined Series- Series Controllers
Combined Series- Shunt Controllers
Series Controllers
Series controller could be a variable impedance or a variable source
both are power electronics based.
In principle, all series controllers inject voltage in series with the line.
Shunt Controllers
Shunt controllers may be variable impedance connected to the line
voltage causes a variable current flow
Represents injection of current into the line
64
TYPES OF SERIES CONTROLLERS

Types of Series
Controllers
Static Synchronous
Series Compensator
(SSSC)
Thyristor Controlled
Series Capacitor (TCSC)
Thyristor Switched Series
Capacitor (TSSC)
Thyristor Controlled
Series Reactor (TCSR)
Thyristor Switched Series
Reactor (TSSR)
Series capacitor bank is shunted by a thyristor

controlled reactor
Series reactor bank is shunted by a thyristor

controlled reactor
65
TYPES OF SHUNT CONTROLLERS

Types of Shunt Controllers
Static synchronous compensator
(STATCOM)
Static VAR compensator (SVC)
Thyristorcontrolled reactor (TCR)
Reactor is connected in series with
a bidirectional thyristor valve.
Thyristor valve is phase-controlled.
Equivalent reactance is varied
continuously
Thyristorswitched reactor (TSR)
Thyristor is either in zero- or fullconduction. Equivalent reactance
is varied in stepwise manner.
Thyristorswitched capacitor (TSC)
Capacitor is connected in series
with a bidirectional thyristor valve.
Thyristor is either in zero- or fullconduction. Equivalent reactance
is varied in stepwise manner.
Mechanicallyswitched capacitor
(MSC)
66
ENHANCEMENT OF STABILITY IN
POWER SYSTEM
Transient stability
analysis based on
Equal Area Criterion
If A2 >=A1, system is
stable; otherwise,
system is unstable
67

High Voltage Transmission System

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SASTRA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

COURSE INSTRUCTOR: Dr. S. VENKATESH/ SAP-SEEE

EVOLUTION OF EHVAC AND

The first public power station

Deptford, London - 1890

Installation of 345 kV in North America

MAJOR HVAC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS IN

Year Power Transmission

Location and Country

MAJOR HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS IN

Location and Country

100kV, 96km, 20MW

800kV, 1728km, 6000MW

NEED FOR UHV/ EHV AC & DC TRANSMISSION

High Power Transfer/ Evacuation Requirements:

Aspects related to Right of Way (RoW):

Source: Technical Report, HVDC Systems in India, Powergrid, India

NEED FOR UHV/ EHV AC & DC TRANSMISSION

Power Demand-Supply Situation: (In the Indian Context)

Source: Technical Report, HVDC Systems in India, Powergrid, India

INCREASE IN TRANSMISSION VOLTAGE IN INDIA

Source: Technical Report, HVDC Systems in India, Powergrid, India

MAJOR MILESTONES IN HVDC

2 x 250MW, 70kV, Back-to-Back Link

SOME IMPORTANT ISSUES RELATED

High surface voltage gradient on conductors:

Effect of Corona Discharges

High electrostatic field under the line- environmental challenges:

Switching Surge Overvoltages which cause more devastation to air-gap

Insulation coordination based on switching impulse levels

STANDARD TRANSMISSION VOLTAGES

Voltages adopted for transmission of bulk power have to conform to standard

COMPARISON OF HVAC AND HVDC

Line Charging Current

ECONOMICS OF POWER TRANSMISSIONINVESTMENT COST

ECONOMICS OF POWER TRANSMISSIONINVESTMENT COST

ECONOMICS OF POWER TRANSMISSIONINVESTMENT COST

Power handling Capability: (assuming similar Insulator Characteristics- Insulation Level )

Metal Oxide Surge Arresters for DC Applications

ECONOMICS OF POWER TRANSMISSIONOPERATIONAL COST

Dielectric Power Losses:

ECONOMICS OF POWER TRANSMISSIONOPERATIONAL COST

where f is the supply frequency

Corona Losses due to DC are far lesser than AC (due to the

ECONOMICS OF POWER TRANSMISSIONCOMPARISON OF COST

TYPES OF HVDC LINKS

Back-to- Back Link

TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE- ASPECTS RELATED TO

Fast Controllability of Power Transmitted

Full Control over the of Power Transmitted

TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE- ASPECTS RELATED TO

TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE- STABILITY LIMITS

Even if a line is operated below steady-state limit, the machine at sending

TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE- STABILITY LIMITS

TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE- VOLTAGE CONTROL

Assuming that transmission line is lossless,

TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE- VOLTAGE CONTROL

In practice the load given to a overhead line is larger than SIL

When I2L > V2C VOLTAGE SAG

Maintenance of constant voltage requires REACTIVE POWER CONTROL IN AC

TECHNICAL PERFORMANCELINE CHARGING CURRENTS

Line charging current in AC more over