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TEFL Training Program for Local and Cultural-based Instruction:

Case Studies in Thai Primary Schools
Sasiwan Potcharapanpong, Ph.D. (Corresponding author)
Department of Curriculum and Instruction, Faculty of Education
Surindra Rajabhat University, Muang District, Surin 32000, THAILAND
Tel: 66-87-9584749

E-mail: sasiwanp@hotmail.com

Sumlee Thongthew, Ph.D., Associate Professor

Department of Curriculum, Instruction and Educational Technology
Faculty of Education, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to develop an EFL Training Program based on the combination of three
theories: reflective teaching, brain-based learning, and school-based training. The program was voluntarily
applied by ten elementary teachers from Surin province, Thailand. The program included competency
assessment, EFL competency enhancement, EFL teaching activities development and practices, and program
evaluation. The activity created positive impacts to the EFL teaching particularly students in the program
asserted that there is a better environment of EFL study than their previous experiences. All directors have
assigned their EFL teachers to continue using this model in teaching EFL.
Keywords: English as a foreign language, Reflective teaching, Brain-based learning, School-based training,
Thailand elementary school
1. Introduction
English language in Thailand is considered as a foreign language (EFL) which had been instructed in the public
elementary school for decades. Recently, in 2001, the Thai government declared an educational reform with a
numbers of strategies to raise the quality of education system in Thailand. EFL was stated as one of the major
policy of this strategy by setting that EFL has to be instructed from the first year of primary educational level.
This policy has affected to the English language instruction systems in Thailand in particular the preparedness of
the EFL teachers. The major problem in the preparation of EFL teachers is the limitation of EFL teachers in the
existing primary educational system. In this matter, the Ministry of Education assigned teachers in other fields to
teach EFL as the Ministry could not employ new EFL teachers due to the constraint in the national budget. By
doing this, the Ministry required these teachers to attend numbers of EFL trainings in order to enhance teachers
competencies in EFL instructions.
In the EFL training contexts, the Ministry required these teachers to participate in training programs by
providing teachers with knowledge on EFL techniques and methods without linkages or concerns on teachers
contexts (Thongtew, 2007). After the training, most EFL teachers could not adapt methods or from the training
programmes to their teaching contexts as most teachers still followed the English textbooks to instruct in the
EFL classes (Thongtew, 2007). In this matter, two concerns can be pointed out: the training program and the
EFL teachers behaviours. Most EFL teaching programs are conducted in a training room for a period of a
couple of days and are focused on the EFL instruction methods with little pedagogical understanding of the
theory or reasons behind the methods (Labmala, 2003). As a result, this training is only a one-shot affair which
has no continuity and no connection with the real practices at the school contexts. For the second concern on the
characteristics of Thai EFL teachers, most EFL teachers tend to be passive participants in the training contexts.
They just listen to the instructors with little attempts to adapt to their real practices (Thongtew, 2007) which is
similar to the argument of Buripakdi and Mahakhan, 1980 and Ballard, 1996 that Thai teachers seem to have
limitation of "critical questioning", and are unable to think critically, can only be "reproductive" in learning.

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These two concerns have led to a concern in the present traditional EFL training methods that needs an
alternative method to overcome these concerns. Many non-native English speaking countries have developed a
training program for enhancing their EFL teachers and students competencies in English language e.g. a
tailor-made teacher training for EFL teachers for the Mexico contexts (Cetina, 2007) or the Korean
communicative language teaching approaches in second language education (Howard and Millar, 2009).
However, most of these EFL training program have its own contexts which is also similar to the case of EFL
teachers in Thailand that each context needs its own developed EFL training program in order to suit to each
country contexts. Thus, Thailand also needs an alternative EFL training program that can overcome the two
concerns above which is that the program should be a program that enables EFL teachers to be involved in the
program and can adapt or use the contents in the training program to the real practices at their school. In this
matter, this study proposes an alternative EFL training program by combining three approaches namely,
reflective teaching, brain-based learning, and school-based training in order to develop a training program that
not only enhancing teachers knowledge in EFL teaching but also teachers capacities in instructing EFL. This
alternative EFL training program would, ideally, link the theory of EFL with the real practices of teachers
instructions at the school level by enabling EFL teachers to acquire knowledge on EFL and develop teaching
activities based on the interests of teachers contexts. This intention is similar to the suggestion of Spolsky (2005)
that teacher development in the Asian context needs to find appropriate methodologies in order to suit local
needs. Thus, this study aims to explore and describe an EFL teaching program in order to enhance the EFL
teachers capacities. The specific objectives of this study are to explore the EFL teacher training model; to
describe the teaching activities based on the application of the training model; and to discuss about the lessons
learned from the training programme and the teaching activities.
2. The Theories: Reflective Teaching, Brain-Based Learning, and School-Based Training
As noted before, the training model was developed based on the combination of three theories: reflective
teaching, brain-based learning, and school-based training. The first theory, reflective teaching can be referred as
a cycle of thinking process that teachers consciously recall, consider, reflect, discuss and evaluate their teaching
and learning in classroom in order to make a decision, plan, and action for the improvement of their teaching
performance. In this study, reflective teaching concept was applied from the work of Zeichner and Liston (1987
and 1996) and was divided into three levels: technical rationality, practical action, and critical action. Technical
rationality is teachers ability to analyse their strengths and weaknesses in teaching and techniques used. The
practical action is a reflection of teaching activities in order to improve teachers competency in teaching EFL
(TEFL) without irrational imitation of English teaching methods. The critical action is specifically viewed as an
open-mindedness reflection particularly for moral and/or ethical considerations with worth of knowledge.
The second theory, brain-based learning (BBL) which consists of several techniques to allow teachers to connect
learning to students' real lives and emotional experiences, as well as their personal histories and experiences
(Wilson, 2007). In this study, BBL was adapted from the twelve BBL principles of Caine and Caine (1994 and
1997), Jensen (2000) and Christison (1999 and 2006). This study grouped the twelve principles into three
principles based on the TEFL contexts in Thailand. The first principle is that any activities of this training
program must consider the participated teachers learning styles for the development of teaching activities that
match their existing beliefs, knowledge, and learning styles. The second principle is the real life application that
outputs of the training must be applicable to the teachers contexts. The third principle is the novelty that
contents of the training must be an innovation or new teaching techniques that attract teachers to apply for their
teaching.
The third theory, the School-based Training (SBT) is a training approach that requires participated teachers to
assess problems and needs for the analysis and design of their teaching methods that properly suit the school and
teachers contexts (UNESCO, 1986). This study applied SBT in the training program as a condition that the
program must i) be based on a real situation and actual needs of participated teachers and schools; ii) include an
actual practice; iii) provide varieties of methods, teaching and learning methodologies, and materials for EFL
teachers to apply for their real practices; iv) include a monitor and evaluation of the participated teachers in all
processes: before, during, and after the training program in order to allow participated teachers to reflect their
needs and capacities; and v) aim to enhance both the EFL teachers and the students as the consequence.
Altogether, combining these three theories can enhance the EFL training in Thailand. With the habits and
cultures of most Thai EFL teachers that tend to avoid the expression or reflection of their thinking, BBL can be
used to develop varieties of methods for EFL teachers to reflect their thinking based on each teacher reflection
style. To bring the attention from the trainees, contents of the reflection must be in the real life/experiences or

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needs of the reflectors in order to enhance the brain to be fully functioned which SBT can enhance this process
by providing a scope for the reflection and motivation for the benefits acquired.
3. Methodology
The research in generating this EFL teacher training model was conducted with ten elementary teachers from
four public schools in Surin province, the Northeast of Thailand. In doing this, firstly, the researcher informed
about the program to the Surin elementary education board so that the board could announce the program to
teachers. Then, the researcher visited all elementary schools in the Surin province in order to informally discuss
with the EFL teachers and the directors. At this stage, a numbers of teachers and schools were selected based on
the teachers willingness to participate in the program and the school directors willingness to allow the teachers
to participate in the program as the program needed involvement of the teachers for the whole semester. It has to
be noted that, apart from the willingness of the teachers, there were no conditions about the EFL degree or the
period of EFL instructions in selecting the teachers. Altogether, two teachers were purposively selected from a
very large-size school (school A: more than 1,500 students), one teacher from large-size school (school B: 601 to
1,500 students), four teachers from medium-size school (school C: 121-600 students), and three teachers from
small-size school (school D: less than 120 students). Among these ten teachers, only three teachers had an EFL
major degree.
These ten teachers involved in the training program from the beginning and were asked to provide a reflection of
the training and their capacities in instructing EFL. Thus, group discussions were conducted in order to collect
data particularly reflections from the participant teachers. Observations were also conducted in order to observe
the activities of teachers in instructing the EFL lessons. In addition to this, activities of teachers were recorded
for teachers and researchers to evaluate and reflect the instructions in order to correct or improve the EFL
activities. Evaluations and monitors of training activities were also conducted to collect data related to
performances or capacities of the teachers. Altogether, this study is a qualitative action research based on a case
study of each teacher in developing EFL activities with participatory classroom observations, teachers and
students report, teachers reflection through discussion and journal writing in order to generate an alternative
EFL training model. Altogether, the ten participated teachers involved in the program for one academic year and
were given training courses for the period of forty-eight hours during the second semester of 2008 academic year
(November 2008 to March 2009).
4. EFL Training Program
The EFL training program consists of four stages: i) assessment/reflection of teaching contexts and learning
styles; ii) development of EFL teaching competency enhancing program; iii) EFL teaching activities
development; and iv) EFL program evaluation and improvement. These four stages are practiced based on a
continuous basis as a loop of practice (Appendix 1: EFL Training Program).
The first stage, the examination of teaching contexts and learning styles, deals with the assessment of
competencies of the EFL teachers which mainly include EFL proficiency, learning style, and EFL teaching
activities. The assessment is designed to test for four skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. In this
study, the assessment of EFL proficiency was adapted from the Cambridge Teaching Knowledge Test (Spratt,
Pulverness, & Williams, 2005) which is also used as the EFL test for the Ministry of Education EFL tests. The
assessments revealed that most EFL teachers had low scores for all English competencies particularly the
non-EFL degree teachers (appendix ii). At the same period, all teachers were also asked to participate in the EFL
teaching competencies assessments (appendix iii). The assessment of teachers learning style was evaluated
through a set of learning styles questionnaires, interviews, and observations to measure the characteristic of each
teacher learning style. In this research, a questionnaire of 30-learning-style-questions was constructed which was
adapted from Style Orientation Scale for Language Learning (SOS-L) of Rebecca Oxford (1993) and the Dunn
and Dunn Model (1998).
The second stage, the EFL competency enhancing program intends to enhance EFL competencies to each
teacher based on their requirements and needs. In this study, the enhancing program consisted of EFL
competencies and teaching competencies program. The training used varieties of methods: multi-media,
case-based discussion, workshop, experimental instruction, and a theoretical criticizing with the existed theories
and the real contexts of each teacher in order to enhance EFL teacher competencies. The EFL competencies
enhancing program was conducted as modules based on the four EFL competencies: reading, listening, writing,
and speaking. Each teacher, through the discussion with the researcher, was assigned to train in the modules
based on the results of the assessments. The training intended to provide teachers with EFL knowledge in order

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to be an EFL basic knowledge for the EFL teaching activities designing. The teaching competencies program
intended to enhance the teachers three main competencies:
-

abilities to reflect the instruction by identifying classroom effectiveness, problems, strengths and
limitations of their own teaching; methods, principles and rationality, strengths and limitations of
selected methods; and students learning styles and teaching methods according to each learning style;
- abilities to create the instruction in varieties of teaching methods that reduce their own teaching
weaknesses or limitations including an ability to choose teaching methods that properly suit objectives,
contents, and students learning styles; and
- abilities to apply teaching methods in real situation including the ability to teach according to the set
procedure or curriculum while be able to adapt, modify, or choose alternative teaching methods in order
to cope with problems encountered.
The third stage involved with the development of the EFL teaching activities. This stage starts with the
self-analysis of the EFL teachers teaching method which focuses on the achievement of the students, teaching
problems, teaching methods and techniques, reasons in using these methods and techniques, ability to indicate
students learning style and appropriate teaching style, and analysis of weakness and strength of their teaching.
Results from the self-analysis will be used for i) designing and constructing EFL teaching activities to resolve
teachers weak points; ii) selecting teaching style that corresponds with the objectives, contents, and students
learning style; iii) identifying the rational used in the process of teaching style selection; and iv) constructing
teaching activities and methods. In the final step of this stage, the teacher will apply the designed teaching
activities in the classroom. From these processes, all teachers designed their lesson plan and generated a creative
activity based on the processes in the model (appendix iv: Teaching Method and Creative Activity of the
Participated Teachers).
The final stage is the evaluation and monitor of the training program which was the performance assessment
through observation, interview, and inspection of teaching analysis memo, lesson plan, and after class memo.
This stage is both an evaluation and revision stage which will be conducting with the teachers and their school
director in order to revise the program and/or improve the training program to suit each school contexts. During
this stage, the teachers were assessed through several competencies tests as post-tests. The analyses of the results
are summarized as follows:
All participants showed an improvement on all English proficiency; however T7 did not pass the 60
percentage in the listening, speaking and writing competency. An informal interview was conducted for T7 to
analyze for the problems. This participant graduated in home economics major and had been teaching in this
field for 10 years. T7 just has been assigned for TEFL for first grade students for only a year which T7 admitted
that the content was not in the concern as T7 believes that teaching for the first grade students does not require
high level of English proficiency, just the teaching method is crucial.
All participants showed an improvement on abilities to reflect the instruction. However, T5 did not improve
in the second post-test because, at the time of the study, T5 was assigned to teach mathematics at grade 5 and 6
which T5 was very worried and anxious about new assignment. In this second post-test, T5 could reflect the
methods of teaching and some rationality but could not reflect the strengths and limitations of the teaching.
Nevertheless, after the reflection with the researcher, T5 could improve the competency at the third post-test.
(Appendix ii)
All teachers designed and created their own instruction to solve their teaching weakness and be aware of
the context. The focus of instructional design is on basic interpersonal communication that suits Surin local
contexts and the strands of National Curriculum in elementary level. The participants created situations when
students are motivated to communicate with foreigners. Comprehension was facilitated by using multi-sensory
and total physical response, visual aids, gestures, commands for action, and real materials. They all agreed that
teaching and practice of the four skills are important for their learners.
- After learning through this program, all students passed the 60 percentage in the English proficiency test
especially, students in grade 5 and 6 were able to summarize their learning, thought, and acted with their own
English based on the EFL activities. It can also be observed that students paid attention to the activities and still
discussed about activities after the class.
Altogether, the creative activity of each teacher has made an impact on the EFL teaching which has been
observed and perceived by the school directors and school committees as the improvement measures in teaching
EFL. Students in the program expressed that learning EFL through this method has created a better environment

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of EFL study than their previous experiences. Accordingly, all directors have assigned their EFL teachers to
continue using this model in teaching EFL.
5. TEFL Activities
Observing the processes of developing and implementing the EFL creative activity of each participant, this study
presented two examples, T5, an active participant, and T7, a challenging participant. T5 did not have an EFL
teaching degree which T5 failed both EFL and TEFL competencies in the first step of the model. The interview
and discussion between T5 and researcher revealed that T5 is an active teacher with leadership and focuses on
the achievement and appreciation. After receiving the training in step 2, T5 adopted the self-directed learning to
design the EFL instruction so that students would have their life goals and their own English learning outcome
setting. T5 selected issues from students daily life which are the students local foods, and applied the
Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP) and spider map technique to develop the learning activity. The students
proposed an issue about their local food which cannot be found in any English textbook. The activity generated
is Surin local food for interactive communication. T5 stimulated the situation that a foreigner and a local Thai
student are discussing Surin local food by dividing students into groups of four students and asked the students
to discuss and generate a dialogue in order to present in the class. T5 also suggested the students to stimulate the
real situations that Thai people always use a sign or body language in order to refer to English words. Students
were able to learn new words and practice English sentences. Then, T5 assigned students to draw a picture
according to the dialogue which is a process to improve the students listening skills (see appendix v for the
processes in developing T5 creative activity).
Another example is T7, first grade teacher, who did not have an EFL degree and failed both tests. T7 reflected that
T7 likes learning through listening and does not like reading or studying from documents. T7s learning styles are
listening, discussing, and imitating particularly from what others have been doing. T7 has an opinion that students
should be in a relax environment and focus on a basic content through listening and speaking skills e.g. greeting
conversation. T7 asserted that students still have problems with the Thai language but why the Ministry has to make
students be confused with English language since the first grade. After the knowledge and teaching improvement
step, T7 chose Total Physical Response (TPR) that focuses on students basic communication skills developing and
vocabulary through giving an action and a command in English. However, some students just followed or imitated
what other students were doing without paying attention to the activity. T7 also assigned students to imitate the
pronunciation of English words with Thai words for students to memorize the words which T7 asserted that this
technique suits the principle of the TPR. Students only paid attention for 15-20 minutes, so T7 changed the
technique by asking students to count numbers by stimulating the local play e.g. snake tail that students always play
during the break. T7 reflected that imitating English words with Thai words might not be appropriate as the students
need to memorize twice for an English word. T7 reflected that this program enabled T7 to rethink and adapt the
EFL activities to respond to the students behavior which helped raising the students attention in EFL learning (see
the processes in developing T7 creative activity in Annex vi).
6. Factors Identification and Strategies Recommendations
During the program, factors for applying this model to the EFL teaching were observed and analyzed. The analysis
revealed that gender and age of participated teachers were not significantly related to the model however, times and
knowledge played the most important factors for teachers in implementing this model. This means that teachers
who want to design their instructions based on this model should pay attention to time requirement which includes
their intention and motivation. As for the English knowledge, all teachers feel that they need to further their
knowledge as they realized from the reflections that knowledge and the accuracy of Basic English knowledge are
very crucial in teaching EFL. They used to follow the procedure in the textbook and avoided to teach beyond the
contents in the textbook but after joining the program, all teachers experienced the activeness of students and the
improvement of students English proficiency. All participated teachers feel that they should continue using this
method by expanding their knowledge so that students can gain benefits from the EFL course.
Another factor that affects the design of EFL activities is the number and diversities of students in the classroom as
the number of students can affect the interaction between teacher and students while the diversities also affect the
simplicities or difficulties of activities. For this factor, the participated teachers resolved the limitation by applying
the group process so that students as a group can help each other. On the other hand, size of school does not affect
application of this model.
For the school contexts, school director can become one of the key success or failure factors of this model as this
model requires teacher attentions in all processes of the model. If teachers are assigned with activities that are not
related to teaching, teachers might not be able to continuingly precede all processes of the model. As for the role of

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the researcher, this model requires the researcher as supporter and advisor. Researcher must not intervene in the
reflection and design processes i.e. researcher must not dominate the creativity in designing the EFL instruction of
the teachers.
Overall, this study proposed three sets of strategies, strategies for getting started, strategies for improving the EFL
teaching competency, and strategies for sustaining the EFL teaching competency.
For getting started strategies, it is crucial to introduce this model to EFL teacher community. This can be done
through various approaches ranging from voluntary, comparative, and assignment basis. Firstly, this model should
be little by little incorporated with the existing training program (incorporated-training) so that teachers can absorb
the principles of the model and might be able to adapt to their instructional design. This can be referred to a
little-by-little strategy. Secondly, in order to change to a new method in designing instruction, many teachers might
need to be experienced or see examples of this new method therefore; there should be a comparative study between
the impacts of this model and other models that EFL teachers have been using. Voluntary teachers in a school can
apply this model and compare with others that still use their existed approaches which can be referred as an
experimental strategy. Finally, director of school can assign this model as a measure to evaluate performances of
teachers for teachers promotion and rewards.
For improving the EFL teaching competency or the medium term strategy, after EFL teachers have ideas about the
model, it is also crucial to expand and support EFL teachers to apply this model. Firstly, as English knowledge is
one of the most important factors in applying this model therefore, Ministry of Education or any academic institutes
should create a set of basic knowledge English that is matched with EFL contexts in Thailand so that EFL teachers
can access and easily apply to the instructional designs. Secondly, Ministry of Education or other academic institute
should also support a creation of problem solving toolkits that teachers can apply to suit the needs of EFL students.
Thirdly, as varieties of students require varieties of methods therefore, teachers need to create a set of activities that
all students in the class can actively participate and can have a role which will encourage students to take part in the
activities.
For sustaining the EFL teaching competency, Ministry of Education might need to review the evaluation and
promotion policy by requiring teachers to report the processes of developing their instructions instead of showing
the final instruction. At the first stage, the change might be started from the school level and further developed to
the national level which might be referred as an engagement strategy. Secondly, school director or Ministry of
Education should encourage other fields of study to adapt this model in designing their instructions. This has to be
incorporated with an ownership strategy that the school and the Ministry can accredit the creative activity as the
ownership of that teacher and as measures for the career promotion.
7. Concluding Remarks
Altogether, the importance of this work lays in the construction of EFL teaching competency enhancing program by
applying three theories: reflective teaching, brain-based learning, and school-based training. The program sets that
all activities must be designed based on local contexts and learning styles in order to gain attention from students
and enhance students EFL competencies. This program is coherent with the intention of student-centered approach
and the teacher proficiency development of the recent education reform.
In contribution to the EFL research and education, this TEFL development program can be an alternative model
for developing teachers. This is because most attempts in developing a training for EFL teachers are not in
consensus of what should be the most appropriate technique for EFL teacher development and as this model is an
initiative in combining three theories: reflective teaching, brain-based learning, and school-based training, thus
researchers might use the methods in developing this model as an alternative method to develop training programs
that related to teaching contexts. Moreover, in future work in this area, researchers might consider developing what
this study has found about the importance of Basic English knowledge for TEFL by developing a multimedia
toolkit or supported-kit that can be easily accessible and understandable for EFL teachers. In addition, knowledge in
developing teaching methods and creative activities would be one of the most important assets in term of human
assets in this area therefore, researchers might consider to develop a knowledge management system to capture
tangible and intangible knowledge to be another supported toolkit for EFL teachers to learn and apply to their
teaching contexts in order to enhance the EFL proficiency of their students which should be the most important goal
of the student-centered of TEFL.
Acknowledgement
This research was supported by the Thailand Research Fund, the Royal Government of Thailand.

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Appendix i: EFL Training Program

Appendix ii: EFL Competencies Results

Major

English
Teaching
Experience

EFL

T1

30

T2

Teacher

EFL Competencies for TEFL at elementary level

Listening

Speaking

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

100

90

100

86

94

100

86.5

100

75

90.3

Other

Reading

Writing

Average

School A

School B
4

30

80

50

70

30

80

20

63

32.5

73.2

T4

15

50

80

60

75

40

80

60

82

52.5

79.2

T5

60

80

70

81.5

60

90

40

84

57.5

83.8

T6

20

60

30

64

60

70

20

68

32.5

65.5

T7

50

20

53.5

40

60

52

15

53.8

100

84.5

90

92

91.6

T3
School C

School D
9

T8

29

T9

10

40

70

30

66

50

70

20

62

35

67

T10

10

70

80

50

71

30

60

40

68

47.5

69.7

57

71.4

57.1

68.7

60

72.8

45.3

68.4

54.8

70.3

Average

46

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Appendix iii: EFL Teaching Competencies Assessments

English Teaching Competencies Assessment
abilities to reflect the
instruction

Teacher

abilities to create the

instruction

abilities to apply teaching

methods in real situation

Pre

Post1

Post2

Post3

Pre

Post1

Post2

Post3

Pre

Post1

Post2

Post3

T1

43.3

60

70

83.3

41.6

75

77.6

83.3

33.3

66.6

43.3

72.3

T2

36.6

70

83.3

86.6

33.3

75

75

77.6

43.3

66.6

72.3

76.6

36.6

53.3

60

76.6

33.3

66.6

75

75

33.3

53.3

72.3

76.6

T4

36.6

60

76.6

86.6

58.3

66.6

77.6

77.6

43.3

53.3

66.6

72.3

T5

26.6

53.3

50

83.3

41.6

75

66.6

83.3

20

72.3

76.6

76.6

T6

33.3

50

60

76.6

25

66.6

71

75

33.2

53.3

66.6

76.6

T7

43.3

60

60

83.3

16.6

50

58.3

66.67

20

43.3

66.6

66.6

T8

43.3

66.6

83.3

86.6

50

66.6

75

77.67

20

43.3

53.3

66.6

T9

26.6

43.3

66.6

76.6

25

75

77.6

83.3

20

53.3

66.6

76.6

T10

43.3

60

76.6

86.6

25

66.6

75

83.3

43.3

53.3

53.3

66.6

37

57.6

68.6

82.6

35

68.3

72.9

78.3

31

55.9

63.7

72.8

School A

School B
T3
School C

School D

Average

Appendix iv: Teaching Method and Creative Activity of the Participated Teachers
Teacher

Student
level

T1

Teaching Methods

Creative Activity

Project-based learning and local

context

Local food cooking demonstration (spicy papaya

salad)

T2

Adapting
from
Concentrate
Language Encounter and Moral

Fairy tale in Gratefulness to parents

T3

Brain-based Learning

Mannered in Buffet Dining

T4

Total Physical Response and Mind

Mapping

School-based situation mapping

T5

Self-directed
learning,
Neuro-linguistic
programming,
Spider Map, and Local Context

Surin local food for interactive communication

T6

Communicative Language Teaching

& TPR

Thai local Fruit introducing to foreigners

T7

TPR & Memory model

Vocabulary memorization

T8

Cooperative
Project-based

T9

Task-based & Local Context

Surin Tourism: Sanctuaries, Elephant Roundup

and Elephant buffet Contend

T10

Direct method and Local Context

Speech competition in local context e.g. jasmine

organic rice

Learning

Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education

and

Writing and telling story from the combination of

local story fairy tales

47

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Appendix v: Framework of the Development of T5 Activity

Appendix vi: Framework of the Development of T7 Activity

48

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