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SPE 28545
TACITE: A Transient Tool for Multiphase Pipeline and
Well Simulation
C.L. Pauchon, Inst. Franqais du P&role; Hasmuekh Dhulesia,
Elf Aquitaine Production; and Jean Fabre, Inst. de Mecanique
TOTAL; Georges
des Fluides
Binh Cirlot,
.%ptemtw
1SS4,
- PWWI@
han fIOt *
Mwed
by ihe .Soda,ty of PaWWm Enginaem and am subject to ccfmction by tfw author(s). The malarial, as prasented, does not necessarily reflect
WIY L@flon of tha *ietY
of pet~~um Enoin-%
Ita offkm
or mmp.
p@ars Praaentad at SPE meatiniw am subl- to PublMian raviaw by Ediwial Committees of the Society
cdPetrolaum Englnaera, Penni@m to ccpy in raetMad to an ebatmct otnm more than WO wcfda. Iltuatratiins may not be copied. Tha abatmct should wntain cc+tspicuousacknmdadgnwnt
of wMa and by whom the papar is praaanted, Write Librarian, SPE, P.0, Sax SSSSS6, Richardson, TX 750SMSS6, U.S.A. Telex, 162246 SPEUT.
Abstract
The paper presents the principal characteristics
of the
TACITE code which has been developed to simulate
transient
and, steady state multiphase
flows, for the
design and control of oil and gas production networks.
The hydraulic
model is presented
briefly
and the
resulting
flow regime
prediction
is compared
with
experimental
data. The performance
of the code is
illustrated
with respect to steady state and transient
experimental and field data.
Introduction
The ~Pera!ien
and contro!
of multiDhase
networks
also
require
tools
allowing
flow characteristics
to be
predicted so that the network can be made to operate
under optimal conditions.
In order to attain these objectives the TACITE code was
designed with the following characteristics:
a hydraulic model representative
of the phenomena
that control the flow regime, pressure drop and liquid
holdup,
a reliable thermal model to allow for the calculation
of the heat transfer at the wall,
a precise
thermodynamic
model to describe
the
thermodynamic
state of the system and to calculate the
fluid physical properties,
a set of transport
equations
to describe continuity
and the propagation density anti pressure wsies in !he
system,
- a precise and robust scheme with good front tracking
capabilities.
The
development
cooperation
PETROLE
311
between
of
TACITE
the
results
INSTITUT
from
the
FRANCAIS
DU
within the
TACITJ2
A TR4NSIENT TOOL FOR PIPELINE AND WELL SIMULATION
EvE association.
the Institut
(!MFT)
Normale
scheme.
aspects
It is developed
de Mdcanique
~~=
Rh.,
#simal
des Fluides
of
de Touiouse
mn..k.llinn
, ,,-,8 . m~ gfl~
!~~
Fenla
b. r IJUIW-I
Sup6rieure de Lyon (ENSL) for the numerical
b:
IFP is in charge
into an industrial
of the integration
code which
of these
is validated
SPE 28545
equations,
closure laws and solution
algorithm
with
emphasis
on the flow regime prediction.
The flow
regime
prediction
of TACITE
is compared
with
experimental data for various slopes and pressures.
The time advancing scheme is described. The numerical
scheme for regular
points and boundary
points is
------The iRVA6ifii
r-~pu[l~u
~f ih~ cede is
ctescribed.
demonstrated on the basis of several examples.
by
Hydrodynamic
model
laws.
2.1
The transient
resolution
is achieved
by an explicit
second order finite volume method. The advantages of
this method
are: its ability
to follow
wave front
propagation ; an easy implementation
for the resolution
of complex networks and an easy maintenance of the
code in view of future evolutions of the physical model
and
the
numerical
resolution
algorithms.
The
performance of the numerical scheme and in particular,
its ability to follow holdup waves, are illustrated
in
this paper.
Transport
equations
maaa
conservation
:[PG&]+-&Jw]=m......................(l)
iiquid
maas
~[PL~L]+~[PL%UL]
--
conservation
=-m
The determination
of physical properties has also been
given special attention. A thermodynamic
package is
king deveiop~,
.Which ~~e5 ifiie ~eeeuni the ~resen~
of water, glycol,
methanol
and dissolved
salts.
= T - (pGRG+ /YLRL)&sin@
312
.. ..... .............(2)
SPE 28545
conservation
energy
mixture
In
Ia
addition,
two
k
U:, U;, RD
heat fluxes
Tw
= -Qw - (pGRGUG+pLRLUL)g.sin 8
!C horiz~nta!,
terms
Mc and Ec
gas
S, D
and
the
the
with
and 0. Moreover,
the wail
friction
and
may be written:
................ .. ...(6)
+(2-~)QwD
.. ..... .............(7)
2,2
Closure
laws
complementary
=fl~+(~+)~ti
Qw =~~
reepec!
.
.
Thus, an additional
system of 4 partial
fi@@~,~,%,P~ ~]=00
equation is required
differential
equations:
flow
(i3sO)
to close
VB.
UD and
U: =COUD+VB dB,R&@ )
this
Dispersed
d, .!,++il-i
equations
313
..
(9)
TACIT12
A TRANSIENT TOOL FOR PIPELINE AND WELL SIMULATION
1- II
bubble
velocity
VB
in still
2.2.3
liquid
Intormlttent
flow
flow
(0=1)
[k
Tg_ll-
R;
R: + RS
G
-*=
.
r
&
(PL-PJ?W..(lO)
G
r=-~
~fPG(u
function of the
Reynolds number
are
..................(12)
CO and CL
where the coefficients
inclination angle, the Bond number,
and Froude number defined as:
qime
2.2.2
(O<t3<l)
AP ~
+ C. (Re, Bo,Fr, 9) Kg
Distorted bubbles
Ellipsoidal
and the
V = CO(Re,Bo,Fr, $)UD
1/
perimeter
In intermittent
flow, we have a periodic structure of
dispersed and separated flows.
The solution of the model depends on an accurate
prediction
of the slug velocity. An expression
of the
law derived from the critical review of reference 8 is
used, it takes the following form:
is a
continuous
function
of the bubble diameter.
In the
viscctus stokes regime, the bubbles
are considered
spherical and the bubble velocity results from a balance
between buoyancy and viscosity. In the distorted bubble
regime, the bubble diameter
is larger, and surface
two
tension
effects
become
important.
Of these
regimes, the one corresponding
to the minimum bubble
velocity is considered
to prevail. Figure 1 illustrates
the relation between the bubble diameter and velocity.
Vb
T[Stokes
I
I
SPE 28545
resulting
form
of the
holdup
correlation
is given
-a-CJJHJ:-+..(11)
314
SPE 28545
to
smaliest
reiative
velocity
between
the
phases) .This condition ensures the continuity
between the two flow regimes.
Figure 3 shows typicai
by
TACITE,
vertical
2.3
Flow
regime
transitions
previously ranges
calculation.
and calculated
maps as calculated
from
is observed
horizontal
to
between
the
fiow regimes.
Thermodynamic
treatment
The giobal composition
of the fiuid is assumed
constant along the pipe, so that the fluid properties are
given in tabuiar form as a function of pressure and
temperature.
The thermodynamic
state of the mixture
is taken into account through a non equilibrium
term
which
enters
as a source
term
in the
mass
conservation
equations:
m=K
pGRGUG
[ PGRGUG
+ PLRLUL
Consequently,
the
individual
hydrodynamic
models
shouid
have
identicai
solutions
at their
transition.
the basic
regime.
The
ranging
2.3
-l-I _- -- _-.-_,-.
*L-.
.L _ -- 1-..1-.-4
..-.: _l- l-Lwri-i[
mu
Galculdluu
Vdrldulus
Uu
I
I ne c0rr5watn
continuous
across the transitions,
impiies that the
hydrodynamic
models representing
the different
flow
regimes, though very different in form, shouid iead to
continuous soiutions across transition boundaries.
in practice
intermittent
fiow
flow regime
siopes
experimental
for
3.
Numerical
approach
fiow
regime
is the
parameter
f3 defined
of the
315
is explicit,
is dictated
where
This choice
3.1
SPE 28545
TACIT13
A TRANSIENT TOOL FOR PIPELINE AND WELL SIMULATION
Time
advanaing
discretization
scheme,
spatiai
~w+ $~=Q
i%
n+a
t-l
t-1+ p
Figure 4 dhition
For transient simulation
of complex networks
it allows for the solution of individual network
components
sequentially
instead of requiring
their simultaneous
soiution.
set of partial
differential
equations
using a finite volume method as follows:
m+l
Wi
-W:
Al
+ 4:112-
4:1/%=
t+ p
t+ 1
of the discretization
To avoid
these
oscillations,
a hybrid
scheme
is
formulated,
combining
the Lax Friedriechs
first order
scheme with the second order Lerat scheme. The flux is
then evaluated as follows:
The
discretized
when
n+l
km
is minimized
dissipation
in figure 4,
of the flow
a=l+@J2.
Ax
Ats
.
and numerical
is independent
with OS@Sl
is
h(1)
h(2)
is the flux estimation
with the second order
scheme. The performance
of the hybrid scheme is
demonstrated
in figure 5. This figure shows how the
first order scheme smears the shock, the second order
scheme captures the shock with some oscillation, while
~;
&i
316
~pE ~m5
4lilm
Treetment
of
boundery
Ibackwmd
enthalpy
void fraction
pesswe wsve
conditions
[1
The hyperboli$
nature of the problem makes it very
important
to treat
precisely
the
transport
of
information
through
the pipe, and in particular
the
information going in and out of the system. Four types
of waves are identified in the analytical model:
Ftow dice!don
3.3Treatment
The treatment
of boundary
conditions
takes into
account the information going out of the system through
a set of compatibility
relations, which must be solved
together with the imposed boundary conditions. Thus,
this system of equation depends on the direction of
-f
*ha
r!iffnrnnt
in normal
propagation
r
.!!- ,.,-.
-... way~ sp?a~s,
subsonic cocurrent flowing conditions,
the information
going out of the system is as shown in Figure 6. In
these conditions,
the solution of the following set of
eqQa!~OnS @WE@a r@MOUS treatment
conditions:
At
the
,
.
.
At
th;
.
Inlet :
Mass flowrate of gas
Mass flowrate of ~quid
Temperature
Compatibility
condition
traveling
upstream
Hydrodynamic
function
outlet
:
Pressure
Compatibility condition
propagation
Compatibility condition
traveling
downstream
Compatibility
condition
waves
Hydrodynamic
function
Of the boundary
for pressure
chsnges
in
slope
or
diameter
waves
for enthalpy
for pressure
of
waves
3.4
Numeriesl
implementation
3.4.1
First
estimation
of
initial
condition
A first estimate of the initial state of the system
is obtained by assuming a constant total flowrate along
the pipe. The pressure is known at the outlet of the
pipe, thus the gas and liquid superficial velocities are
known, and the holdup and pressure drop along the line
can be determined
starting from the outlet computing
mesh by mesh towards the inlet of the pipe. This first
estimate of the inlet pressure is used together with the
known inlet temperature
and flowrate to compute the
317
True
estimation
ot the
Initial
condition
Once a first estimate of the initial condition has
been obtained,
the numerical scheme is used to
calculate
the, actual
initial
condition
with constant
boundary conditions. This additional step helps take into
account
the
momentum
flux
terms
which
were
neglected
in the first estimation.
At this step the
approach is not essentially different from a calculation
with transient boundary conditions.
w(u)+:F(U)=Q(U)
together
Hydro(u) =
.....................(I4)
constraint:
U = (RG,
UG, UL,P, T)
(variables
::$
[conditions
4.
4.1
Validation
Stead y
stete
3.3.3
Tranalent
calculation
The solution of a hyperbolic set of partial differential
equations of the form given in (1) is required:
(charactensticsj
318
The hydrodynamic
module of TACITE has been tested
extensively on the Boussens data, which cover a wide
range of inclinations
(-30, -.5, 0, 10, 40, 150, 45,
75 and 90) with 3 and 6 piping. Diesel oil and
condensate have been used alternatively
together with
natural gas as working fluids. The fluid properties were
measured in the laboratory.
Pressures up to 50 bars
were investigated over a wide range of flowrates. The
horizontal and slightly inclined data bank contains about
1750 points of which 900 are in stratified flow, 600 in
slug flow, and 250 in dispersed fioii. The data bank on
vertical and highly inclined flow consists of about 700
measurement points (260 for bubbly flow, 400 for slug
flow and 40 for annular flow). More details on this loop
are given in reference 12.
4.2
Transient
Transient
data from the Tulsa University
Fluid Flow
Projects (TUFFP) were used to make preliminary tests
of TACITE. The flow loop is horizontal, 420 m long with
a diameter of 77.9 mm. A schematics of the flow loop
is given in figure 8. Air and Kerosene
of known
flowrates are sent to a mixing tee. The loop comprises
four measuring
section which enable visualization
of
the flow.Each measuring
section is instrumented
with
an absolute and a deferential pressure transducer, and
two capacitance sensors to measure the void fraction.
The data are sent to a 12 bit ND converter and an
expansion board with a total number of 64 channels. 23
signals
are fed into this system with a sampling
frequency of 10 to 50 Hz per channel. 23 experimental
runs were conducted
on this rig. 4 Experiments
presenting
sharp
discontinuities
in the measured
variables
were
selected
in order
to assess
the
capability
of the
code
to follow
wave
fronts
propagating in the pipe.
C. PAUCHON, H. DHULESIA.
SPE 28545
G. BINHCIRLGT,J. F-w
ability to
~~m~rica!
Case 1:
Start with single phase gas flow; QG =.088 Sm3/sec.
At t = 76 S6C;
+hIi-, iid {Inw
rata ,is W! ~? Q~ = ,00066 m3/sec.
LIIU tlql
,. . ,---
several
At t = 460 see;
the liquid flow rate is stopped. The prediction of the
model is compared with the experimental data on figure
9.
Im
test cases.
..-1:4-,:-
VUIIUGWA
..6 *h_
w
LIIU
.na~nl
II IWU=I -1,
tr9nei
.I-. l-oe, nt
i. Aats
-q.q
Case 2:
Start with a single phase gas flowQG
-L-
= .065 Sm3/sec.
At t = 280 see;
6.
Nomenclature
with the
Case 3:
Start with liquid filled pipe.
Between t = 80 to t = 110 see;
the gas flow rate is increased to QG = .0366 kg/see ,
the liquid flow rate is increased to $2L.= 0.207 kg/see.
The prediction
of the model is compared
experimental data in figure 11.
with
the
bubble diameter
mixture pressure
mixture temperature
Hk,Hkc
enthalpy of phase k in
Rint
configuration
c
thermal resistance
Rk, Rkc
proportion
%
m
Tw
QW
of phase k, and of
Conclusions
319
supetilcial
velocity
of. phase
k,
mass transfer
friction
between
phases
at wall
Vp
conservative
P
&
0
configuration
density
rate of energy dissipation
inclination of flowline to the
horizontal
net gas flux in the slug region
9
h
*
P
T
Uk,Ukc
ph$ise k in configuration
Case 4:
Start with liquid filled pipe.
Between t = 80 to t = 110 see;
the gas flow rate is increased to QG = .0267 kg/see ,
A
D
Dhk
*
01
q
Pk#kc
0
k
v
Subscripts:
variable
entering
coefficient
10
TACITIl
A TRANSIENT TOOL FOR PIPELINE AND WELL SIMULATION
G
L
Gas phase
Liquida phase
Superscripts:
D
s
7. Acknowledgements
Rnfnranen*
. ,....
Cranfield,
SPE 28545
AIChE
320
Onr
m-n
LOJW
-V.bcd.
C.l$llc,
fin,
.
10.0
Io.of
0.01
)
.lobm
0. I
.0
:Y ..*
fzz
,...
---
low
11
c
ICHCN ., --H. DHULESIA,
-. .PA1
-------
mOc.4c
0.0
I .0
k.
..
mu
A- /..-/
y.
0.5
0.1-/
/7 //l///*/(=.
0. I
0.05
I.0
M
}. I
0.05
().01
0.005
0.005
0.005
1
1
O.on
!-)Ihll
ooo-~
(Iml.
W.13*S
(), I
0.05
0.05
:
REGIMEs
.si. lotw,
. ..
1 . ..
I
.
1
0.1
0.05
.0.01
0.01
0.01
:Slug
::
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,im
! 0.001
0.001
0.0!
I
I lb
I
i) I
ill)!
Illil
1(10
I .0
01
.O.(X-)5
O.(X)5
0.C05
I
100
+0.001
Illno
Figure 3: Flow regime prediction in terme of the gas slug faction p for different
slopes and pressures. The symbols refer to the experimental data. 13= 1 for
stratified
flow,
p = O for dispersed
0.7S
0.7
flow.
LJ~n
O.-i0.35 I
0.3
0
1000 2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000 S000 t
Figure 5:FIow rate increase at the inlet of a 10 km line. Comparison between the Hybrid scheme, the
Lerat scheme (second order) and the Lax Freidriech scheme (first order). The hybrid scheme
preserves the steepness of the shock without the oscillations of the second order scheme.Ax = 20 m.
The comparison is made at x = 10 km
321
TACITE:
A TRANSIENT TOOL FOR PIPELINE AND WELL SIMULATION
12
ole~
SPE28545
L&.-
O.ffi:
LTlo
110
Tlo
2-10
I
410
Slo
Length
Clo
710
1
8-10
1
970
(m)
* id
,,,
41Ei!3Yl
..*
Figure 8 : Schematics
by K. Minami , 1991)
-Ui-s!.!m
322
*104
0.3
0.2s
---
--
(Pa)
26-
----
.
72
25-
---
240,
a
~-
II
30.15
;,,
--l
,~
,,
:-
0.1
~
I 1
0.0s
t
,--
-w
--
i
--
I
1
0, II
/ * 1,1
1,
h
4CQ
21.
.
\
_. ..-
- --\
20
-
I
?
7*
.:
11-
19
~
12U0
1000
400
Time (s)
Time (s)
(Kg/s)
o.12-
0,1- +0
Z
h
measurement
simulation
o.oe-
J
: 0.06:
~ 0.04
--
..-.
0.02
--
260
4ca
603
Time (s)
1,
rn
i4cu
-m-x.
-x=
x.
- - __
I
O.m
Mm
020E+03m
x-
023E+03 m
x-
0.40E+LU m
x-
0.42E*U3 m
m+-i-$-~.
0
400
Tlma (s)
l-l
TACI111
A TRANSIENT TOOL FOR PIPELINE AND WELL SIMULATION
18
sJnsseJd
l!:
0
SPE 28545
SUPERflCIAL VELOCITIES
10
,-pA.&A-,-.-+*+A+*+A
%m+fiwd-e
1200
omaoemml~
1400
Isa
woo
TIME (sac)
PRESSURE
3.s
N
I (,+
2
w
%,
[:piiq
G--1---1
F3
: 25 ~~
m
#
2. j
n
mea-p-asp
2.s g
m
%
2=
&
~,
!
~t
tao-p.stl
tac-p-ssp
1.5
1.5 i
Ozomemm
low
130)
14C0
lSCO
lm
TIME (aec)
LIQUID HOLDUP
1+
-1
o.8&
. . .
=
0.8 ~
s
- - - - - m~h~stq
G 0.4.
0.4 e
tsc-hl-stl
3
~ 0.2.
~
0.2 ~
tsc-hl-st4
0.0
~ ,;
,. .-~
%,.-=,
w.-
.,
-~
- - mea-hl-stl
07
02c04c060)soJlm
la
1400 1s00
1s00
TIME (SSO)
measurement
simulation
- - _
Figure 11: Increase in gas and liquid flow rate from a still liquid
filled pipe. stl = 61 m, st4 = 400 m.
15
SPE 28545
TACITJ2
A TRANSIENT TOOL FOR PLPELINEAND WELL SIMULATION
SUPERFICIAL VELOCITIES
-3
32.5<
~
G2
1:
1.5
d.
9
~;
1.
:
0+
0
mss-vsi-in
--
2~
tsc-vsl-in
2
1.5 g
tsc-vsl-out
1 >
-----
mss-vsg-in
tswsg-in
0.5
0.5.
- -
2.5
7oo~=
lcom3coa=~
TIME (ssc)
PRESSURE
4.5
4.5
1
IF4
3s g
3.5
w
53
--mss-p-stl
-----
msa-p-ssp
Sg
,,
% 2,5
UJ
K
LX2
tec-pstl
tac-pesp
2.5 ;
,,
/,
*&
~>,
,,
}
1.5
1.5
0
la)2003004m5m~
7oo~933
TIME (sac)
LIQUID HOLDUP
1.
&
=
n
g
0.8.
G!
0.4.
3
0
i
0.2.
],
0.6.
0+
o
lco2003m4w200sco
7o0300~
TiME ($SC)
Figure 12: Increase in gas and liquid fiow rate from a still liquid
filled pipe. stl = 60 m, st4 = 400 m.