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Kristoffel C. P
CHAPTER I
DEFENITION OF SYSTEM
1.1.
System
System (from Latin systma, in turn from Greek systma, "whole compounded
of several parts or members, system", literary "composition" [1]) is a set of interacting or
interdependent system components forming an integrated whole.
The concept of an "integrated whole" can also be stated in terms of a system embodying a
set of relationships which are differentiated from relationships of the set to other elements,
and from relationships between an element of the set and elements not a part of the relational
regime.
The scientific research field which is engaged in the study of the general properties of
systems include systems theory, cybernetics, dynamical systems, thermodynamics and
complex systems. They investigate the abstract properties of the matter and organization,
searching concepts and principles which are independent of the specific domain, substance,
type, or temporal scales of existence.
Most systems share common characteristics, including:
Systems have behavior, which involves inputs, processing and outputs of material,
energy, information, or data;
Systems have interconnectivity: the various parts of a system have functional as well
as structural relationships between each other.
1.2.
System
order to achieve the common purpose the 'goal' of the system. All systems have (a) inputs,
outputs, and feedback mechanisms, (b) maintain an internal steady-state (called homeostasis)
despite a changing external environment, (c) display properties that are peculiar to the whole
(called emergent properties) but are not possessed by any of the individual elements, and (d)
have boundaries that are usually defined by the system observer. Systems underlie every
phenomenon, and are everywhere one looks for them. They are limited only by the observers
capacity to comprehend the complexity of the observed entity, item or phenomenon.
Every system is a part of a larger system, is composed of sub-systems, and shares
common properties with other systems that help in transferring understanding and solutions
from one system to another. Systems obey rules which cannot be understood by breaking
them into parts, and stop functioning (or malfunction) when an element is removed or altered
significantly. Together, they provide a coherent and unified way of viewing and interpreting
the universe as a meta-system of interlinked wholes, and of organizing our thoughts about the
world. Although different types of systems (from a cell to the human body, soap bubbles to
galaxies, ant colonies to nations) look so very different on the surface, they have remarkable
similarities. At the most basic level, the systems are divided into two categories: (1) Closed
systems: theoretical constructs which have solid boundaries and where only the components
within the system are assumed to exist in a self-sufficient state. All other influences or
variables from outside the system are considered to be non-existent or insignificant for the
purpose of the system analysis. (2) Open systems: the 'real world' systems that have
permeable boundaries through which they continually exchange energy, material, and
information with their external environment the larger system in which they exist. Different
systems methodologies (such as systems dynamics and systems thinking) classify systems
differently.
1.3.
System
System is any organized assembly of resources and procedures united and regulated by
interaction or interdependence to accomplish a set of specific functions. System is also a
collection of personnel, equipment, and methods organized to accomplish a set of specific
functions.
3http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-036/_5255.htm
1.4.
System
There is nine definition that can be the references about the System:
4
System
information, matter or energy. The term is often used to describe a set of entities which
interact, and for which a mathematical model can often be constructed.
Most people have several thousand files on their computer's hard disk, so imagine how
hard it would be to find anything if the files were not organized. Fortunately, all hard disks
use a file system, which organizes all the files on the disk. The file system is created when
you initialize or format your hard disk. It sets up the root directory and subsequent directories
beneath it. The file system allows you to create new files and folders, which are added to
different parts of the "file tree" on your hard disk.
For example, your hard disk probably has separate folders for programs, documents,
pictures, music, and movie files. Within these folders, there are likely other folders that futher
organize your files. All these folders (or directories) are organized by your computer's file
system. There are also several folders your computer's operating system uses to store system
files, such as startup data and system preferences. Some of these folders are invisible to the
user, but are recognized by the computer's file system.
Older Windows machines used a file system called FAT32, while newer Windows
computers use NTFS. Macintosh computers used the HFS file system for a long time, but
now use an updated version of HFS, called HFS+. Though you typically don't need to know
all the details of your computer's file system, it is nice to know that it is always working to
keep your files organized.
CHAPTER II
DEFENITION OF INTEGRATED SYSTEM
2.1.
Integrated System
Integrated System
a composite entity whose parts can be regarded as systems that are linked with each
other by specified relations or are joined together in a regular manner to form a single whole
in accordance with certain principles. The concept of the integrated system is used in systems
engineering. systems analysis, and operations research and plays an important role in the
systems approach in various fields of science, technology, and the national economy. An
integrated system can be broken downnot necessarily uniquelyinto a finite number of
parts called subsystems, and each such highest-level subsystem can in turn be broken down
into a finite number of smaller subsystems. The process can be continued until we reach the
first-level subsystems, which are called the elements of the integrated system. The elements
either are objectively incapable of subdivision or are regarded by agreement as indivisible.
Thus, the subsystem is, on the one hand, itself an integrated system consisting of several
6http://www.virginia.edu/isp/5archives/PreISP/Integrated%20Systems%20Definition.htmlIntegrated
System
77 http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Integrated+System
Integrated System
1 (in managed care) a legal partnership between groups of physicians and hospitals that
contract and share risk while working together. It may include foundations, management
service organizations, and physician-hospital organizations.
2 a group of interconnected units that form a functioning computer system.
83. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/integrated+system
CHAPTER III
ENTITY, ATTRIBUTE AND RELATIONSHIP
representation of the entities, and the relationships between entities, within an information
system.(View diagram.)
The three main components of an ERD are:
3.1. Entity
The entity is a person, object, place or event for which data is collected. For example, if
you consider the information system for a business, entities would include not only
customers, but the customer's address, and orders as well. The entity is represented by a
rectangle and labelled with a singular noun.
3.2. Relationship
The relationship is the interaction between the entities. In the example above, the
customer places an order, so the word "places" defines the relationship between that instance
of a customer and the order or orders that they place. A relationship may be represented by a
diamond shape, or more simply, by the line connecting the entities. In either case, verbs are
used to label the relationships.The cardinality defines the relationship between the entities in
terms of numbers. An entity may be optional: for example, a sales rep could have no
customers or could have one or many customers; or mandatory: for example, there must be at
least one product listed in an order. There are several different types of cardinality notation;
crow's foot notation, used here, is a common one. In crow's foot notation, a single bar
indicates one, a double bar indicates one and only one (for example, a single instance of a
product can only be stored in one warehouse), a circle indicates zero, and a crow's foot
indicates many. The three main cardinal relationships are: one-to-one, expressed as 1:1; oneto-many, expressed as 1:M; and many-to-many, expressed as M:N.
The steps involved in creating an ERD are:
9 http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/entity-relationship-diagram
A number of CASE tools, such as Visible Analyst and Data Architect, can be used to
generate ERDs.
10
3.3.
Variables, together with attributes (characteristics of objects), form some of the most
basic and important concepts in science, aiding with description and explanation. Theories
are usually presented as relationship between two or more variables. A simple theory could
try to explain relationship between variable income (with two attributes: high and low) and
variable health (with two attributes: good or bad), showing that there is a positive correlation
between (high) income and (good) health.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
3.1. System
According the definition that received from the different refences but they have a
similar meaning. Eventhough, there can be a deeper point that the writer want to tell for
people who read these definition. The conclusion of system definition is System is a set of
detailed methods, procedures, and routines established or formulated to carry out a specific
activity, perform a duty, or solve a problem that involved of input, process and output that
round of internal and external side.
3.2.
Integrated System
Integrated System is a process of some elements that have a closed relationship one
and another which cannot disepparated. The elements of an integrated system do not function
independently from each other but interacted. Or the interconnected elements made an
acceleration steps for one vision in solving problem.
3.3.
According to the system, this topic is very important in one system. If not only
because of this characteristic, one system never built well. System is contained by entity,
attribute and relationship. Without all of this is not named as system.
The definition of each characteristic are:
a. The entity is a person, object, place or event for which data is collected or input that
wanted to be processed .
b. The relationship is the interaction between the entities. In the example above, the
customer places an order, so the word places defines the relationship between that
instance of a customer and the order or orders that they place
c. Attribute is a characteristic of an object (person, thing, etc.) or the specific thing which
tell the people about the object surely
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/system.html
http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-036/_5255.htm
http://www.answers.com/topic/system#ixzz1CFI6Xh1u
http://www.wordiq.com/definition/System
http://www.virginia.edu/isp/5archives/PreISP/Integrated%20Systems%20Definition.html
Integrated System
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Integrated+System
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/integrated+system
http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/entity-relationship-diagram
Earl R. Babbie, The Practice of Social Research", 12th edition, Wadsworth Publishing, 2009,
ISBN 0495598410, p. 14-18 or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute_%28research
%29