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Ammonia
Background information
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Ammonia uses
85 % of ammonia is used for nitrogen fertilizers-urea is the most
important accounting for 40% of ammonia usage
Other industrial uses include the production of nitric acid, amines,
nitriles, nylon and organic nitrogen compounds
Environmental applications removal of NOx from flue gases of
pilot plants
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Value
(kJ/mol)
Compare with
(kJ/mol)
945
Ionization energy
1503
O2: 1165
Electron affinity
34900
O2: 43
H = -91.44
-91 44 kJ/mol
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Thermodynamics
High pressure and low temperature are needed
At temperatures lower than 670 K the rate of the reaction is very
low
minimum temperature required to reach the equilibrium
sufficiently fast
Typical reaction conditions:
675 K at inlet; 720 770 K at outlet
100 250 bar
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Thermodynamics
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Ru catalyst
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Reactor design
Requirements to reactors:
Gas phase reactor with a solid catalyst
Temperature control as the reaction is exothermic
Two methods applied
Quench reactor in which cold gas is inserted at different
heights of the reactor
Reactor with heat exchangers between the catalyst beds
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Haldor Tops
Topse
e radicalradical-flow reactor
Main difference compared to other reactors:
radial
di l fl
flow th
through
h catalyst
t l tb
bed
d
reduces pressure drop
allows smaller particles
more catalytic area per unit volume
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10
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Catalytic activity of
a)the bari
barium-promoted
m promoted catalyst
catal st (Ba
(Ba-Ru/MgO),
R /MgO)
b) the cesium-promoted catalyst (Cs-Ru/MgO),
c) the industrial iron catalyst,
d, e) unpromoted Ru/MgO catalysts (Ru/MgO),
f) ammonia mole fractions at equilibrium
11