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Simple AC/DC Converters

To Meet IEC 1000-3-2
O. Garca, J.A. Cobos, R. Prieto, P. Alou, J. Uceda

Universidad Politcnica de Madrid

Divisin de Ingeniera Electrnica (D.I.E.)
Madrid (SPAIN)
APEC00 New Orleans

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AC/DC
AC/DC Structures
Structures
Two Stage Approach
Centralized AC/DC
Centralized DC/DC

Two Stage Approach

Centralized AC/DC
Distributed DC/DC

LOAD

AC/DC

AC

DC/DC

LOAD

AC

AC/DC

LOAD

Single Stage Approach

Centralized AC/DC + DC/DC

LOAD
AC

AC/DC
+
DC/DC

LOAD

LOAD

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AC

DC/DC

LOAD

DC/DC

LOAD

DC/DC

LOAD

Single Stage Approach

Distributed AC/DC + DC/DC
AC/DC + DC/DC

LOAD

AC/DC + DC/DC

LOAD

AC/DC + DC/DC

LOAD

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AC/DC
AC/DC PFC
PFC Converters
Converters
AC

1ST
STAGE

2ND
STAGE

STORAGE CAPACITOR

LOAD

AC

SINGLE
STAGE

LOAD

MANDATORY

MANDATORY

Line current harmonic

Output voltage regulation

DESIRABLE
Simple
Reliable
Efficient
Cheap

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Single
Single Stage
Stage PFC
PFC Converters
Converters
State of the art good ideas

STORAGE CAPACITOR
R.
Redl
Balogh
Sokal
R. Redl,
Redl,, L.
L. Balogh,
Balogh,, N.O.
N.O. Sokal,
Sokal,,
A
new
family
of
single
stage
isolated
power
factor
corrector
th
wi
A new family of single stage isolated power factor corrector with
with
fast
fast regulation
regulation of
of the
the output
output voltage,
voltage, PESC
PESC 1994
1994
J.
Qian
J. Qian,
Qian,, F.C.
F.C. Lee
Lee
A
C/DC
A
A High
High Efficient
Efficient Single
Single Stage
Stage Single
Single Switch
Switch High
High Power
Power Factor
Factor AC/DC
AC/DC
Converter
Converter with
with Universal
Universal Input,
Input, APEC
APEC 1997
1997

AC

SINGLE
STAGE

J.
Sebastin
Daz
J. Sebastin,
Sebastin,, M.M.
M.M. Hernando,
Hernando, P.
P. Villegas,
Villegas, J.
J. Daz,
Daz,, A.
A. Fontn
Fontn
Input
e
Voltag
Input current
current Shaper
Shaper based
based on
on the
the Series
Series Connection
Connection of
of aa Voltage
Voltage
Source
Source and
and aa Loss
Loss Free
Free Resistor,
Resistor, APEC
APEC 1998
1998

THE MAIN DIFFERENCE OF OUR PROPOSAL IS

The voltage on the Storage Capacitor is clamped

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LOAD

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CC filter
filter +
+ single
single converter
converter
T1
DC/DC
CONV.

AC

D1

LOAD
C1

VO

C2

Load
Q1

VAC

U( x )

CONTROL
STAGE
x

VC

Ue ( x )

DRAWBACK

I( x )

IAC

Line current harmonics

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Single
Single converter
converter without
without bulk
bulk capacitor
capacitor
T1
AC

DC/DC
CONV.

D1

LOAD
C1

VO
Load

Q1

Current
Voltage

CONTROL
STAGE

PF=1

DRAWBACK
Constant power

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Output voltage regulation

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Proposed
Proposed idea
idea

AC

DC/DC
CONV.

LOAD

MAIN FEATURES ARE:

Simple
Efficient
Reliable

Known topologies
Power processed once
Single switch
Single control loop
VC is clamped

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Input
Input current
current waveform
waveform
T1

D1

D2

Load
VO

C1

T2

D5
D4

D3
T2

Q1

C2
VC

VIN

CONTROL
STAGE

Line current depends on:

Power
distribution

Conduction
mode

Storage
capacitor

Topology
selected

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Power
Power distribution
distribution
T

Load

PMAIN

LT1

VO

LT2
Power
distribution

VIN

PAUX
V

VC
VIN (RECT)

Main branch power (%)

T2

LT1/LT2 ratio
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Power
Power distribution
distribution influence
influence in
in line
line current
current
LT1/LT2=1

LT1/LT2=0.3

30%

LT1/LT2=0.1

50%

70%
GOO

LT1/LT2=0.03

GO O

80%

90%

LT1/LT2=0.01

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Limit
-3-2
Limit to
to comply
comply IEC
IEC 1000
1000-3-2
Harmonic content

Max. Power for IEC 1000-3-2

3
7

Class A

Class D

11
5

9
9

3
.

11

W
500

LT1/LT2 ratio

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Class A

Class D

LT1/LT2 ratio

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Conduction
Conduction mode
mode
1

T1

Conduction
mode

T2
VIN

Basic Guidelines:

T2 DCM

T2 CCM

T1 DCM

MODE I

MODE III

T1 CCM

MODE II

MODE IV

PMAIN + PAUX = PO
d is determined by CCM branch

Constant
duty cycle

Current is determined by the DCM branch

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Storage
Storage capacitor
capacitor influence
influence

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VC
Storage
capacitor
LT1/LT2=0.1

AL!
GO

Medium C (30)
Small C (45)

Class D
envelope

Line current (A)

Line current

Large C (15)

0
Line angle
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Line angle (rad)

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Storage
Storage capacitor
capacitor influence
influence
0.8

0.8

33rdrdharmonic
harmonic

0.7

RMS current (A)

RMS current (A)

0.6
0.5
0.4

15

0.3

30

0.2

45

0.6
0.5
0.4

15

0.3

30

0.2

45

0.1

0.1

0
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

0.0

2.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

LT1/LT2 ratio

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

th harmonic
99th
harmonic

0.7

0.6

0.8

LT1/LT2 ratio

0.8

77ththharmonic
harmonic

0.7

0.6
RMS current (A)

RMS current (A)

55ththharmonic
harmonic

0.7

0.5
0.4

15

0.3

30

0.2

45

0.1

0.5
0.4

15

0.3

30
45

0.2
0.1

0
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

LT1/LT2 ratio

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

LT1/LT2 ratio

The higher the capacitance, the higher the harmonic content

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Extension
Extension to
to other
other topologies
topologies

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This idea can be extended to other topologies such as:

Boost
Forward
SEPIC
Cuk
Bi-Boost

Additional components to comply IEC 1000-3-2 normative:

1 magnetic component (25% of PO)
3 diodes
L1

D1

Line
current

D3

D4

VIN

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L2

D2
Q1

C2
VC

C1

VO
Load

2.0

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Extension
Extension to
to other
other topologies
topologies
D1

Bi-Forward

L
Load

T1

D2

C1

D6

VO

D4
D5

AC

T2

T2

D3

Q1

C2
VC

CONTROL
STAGE

Duty cycle

Line current

Line angle

Line angle

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Experimental
Experimental results
results
SPECIFICATIONS
Output
Output voltage
voltage

48V
48VDC
DC

Output
Output power
power

100W
100W

Input
Input voltage-universal
voltage-universal

110V
110VAC
AC

Normative
Normative IEC
IEC 1000-3-2
1000-3-2

Bi-flyback

Isolation
Isolation line-load
line-load
T1

D1
C1

D5
D3

D4

T2
Q1

C2
VIN

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VC

D2

Load

CONTROL
STAGE

VO

T2

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Experimental
Experimental results
results

Rectified line
voltage

Line current

Capacitor charge current

Voltage on storage capacitor

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Experimental
Experimental results
results

100W line current

RMS current (A)

1.2
1.0
0.8

P.F.=0.87
T.H.D.=54%

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1

11

13 15

17

19

Harmonic number

f
sAo
Clas 0-3-2
00
IEC 1

RMS current (A)

5
Measured
IEC 1000-3-2

4
3

Normative
550W

2
1
0
3

11

13

Harmonic number

15

17

19

Line current comply normative even for 5 paralleled converters

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Experimental
Experimental results
results
Output voltage regulation
VRECT

ILINE

VO

IO

50% Load step

Tight regulated VO
Input current is rapidly affected by load
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Experimental
Experimental results
results
92

High efficiency:

Efficiency (% )

90
88

90% at 100W

86

Two-stage needs a 95%

84

efficiency each stage

82

Simple, reliable and cheap

20

40

60
Output power (W)

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80

100

converter

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Conclusions
Conclusions
AC/DC converters to comply IEC 1000-3-2
Main characteristics:
Single switch and single control loop
Clamped voltage on storage capacitor
High efficiency

Line current can be designed to meet regulation up to 500W

A Bi-Flyback experimental prototype confirms the advantages of
this idea
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IEC
-3-2
IEC 1000
1000-3-2

Class
Class DD

Class
Class AA
Harmonic
Harmonicnumber
number

Absolute
Absolutevalue
value(A)
(A)

Absolute
Absolutevalue
value(A)
(A)

Relative
mA/W)
mA/W)
Relativevalue
value((mA/W)

33

2.30
2.30

2.30
2.30

3.40
3.40

55

1.14
1.14

1.14
1.14

1.90
1.90

77

0.77
0.77

0.77
0.77

1.00
1.00

99

0.40
0.40

0.40
0.40

0.50
0.50

11
11

0.33
0.33

0.33
0.33

0.35
0.35

13
13

0.21
0.21

0.21
0.21

0.29
0.29

15
15 to
to 39
39

2.25/n
2.25/n

2.25/n
2.25/n

3.85/n
3.85/n

Class A
Class D

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Class D of IEC 1000-3-2 is much more restrictive