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Instructor Coordinates
Instructor:
Office:
Class:
TOPIC UNITS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Students are expected to master the following
subjects:
OUTCOME ASSESSMENT
Learning on topics is assessed as follows:
Time-independent
Schrodinger equation
formalism of quantum
mechanics
Grades
Homework (15%): Approximately one problem set per two weeks of lectures will be
assigned. The homework is due in class on the due date (one week after it is assigned).
You must show both your work and correct answers to earn full credit.
In class quizzes (15%): Mostly conceptual questions concentrating on materials to be
covered in class.
Mid-term Exam (30%): An open-book mid-term exam will be held out of class, time
and location to be announced.
QM is difficult
Richard Feynman
Lasers
Superconductors
Nano materials
Some Tips
What are we going to learn? A language that describes
atoms, electrons and photons alike.
A pragmatic attitude or approach to quantum mechanics:
Required background
Basic knowledge of classical physics (classical
mechanics, statistical mechanics,
electromagnetism)
Linear algebra, eigen functions and eigenvalues,
matrix presentation, inner products, etc
Ordinary differential equation
Integration
12
Some History
Until early 20th century: Classical Newtonian Mechanics
ma F
dp
F
dt
Kinetic energy
1
T mv 2
2
Mechanical energy of the system
E T V
Deterministic view:
All the parameters of one particle can be determined exactly at any given time
14
15
Lord Kelvin
16
Compton effect
Stern-Gerlach experiment
Spectra of Hydrogen
17
= 4
R: total emissive power (J Stefan, 1879)
: Stefans constant 5.6710-8 Wm-2K-4
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
(1)
(2)
19
(show: , = , )
Wiens Law (1893)
Based on thermodynamics
, = 5 ()
(3)
20
n Space
nz
= + +
Each intersection point represents a
distinct combination of (n1, n2, n3);
Each mode occupies a volume of 1.
ny
nx
21
Thermal radiation within a cavity exists in the form of standing EM waves; the
8
number of modes per unit volume per unit wavelength = 4 (show)
(1)
Rayleigh-Jeans Law
, =
Ultraviolet Catastrophe
,
Exp.
, =
(2) Each atomic oscillator can have only discrete values of energy that must be
multiples of h
= = , n = 0, 1, 2,
Classical
Plancks model
Energy is quantized!
25
E = nh,
E
e
h
kT
(show)
( , T )
kT
, =
Plancks law
8
5
h
kT
hc
hc
kT
( = )
At large
1
1
kT
hc
hc
hc
kT
e 1
kT
( , T )
kT
Why?
26
Photoelectric Effect
Electrons ejected from metallic surfaces irradiated by high frequency EM waves.
monochromatic light ,
Classical Picture:
1 2
= 0sin( ), 0
2
Experimental Findings
1. When frequency is above a threshold 0,
no matter how weak the light is, there is IP.
2. When is below a threshold 0, no matter
how strong the light is, there is no IP.
Fix
Change light intensity of any single emitted electron
Change
Fix light intensity
v0
Classical picture
Experiment
30
Potential well
31
0 =
E = =h (=h/2, =2)
Light is a particle (with discrete energy)
e: 1.602 10-19 C
h is determined to be 6.5610-34 Js,
agrees well with value determined
from black body radiation
Planetary model
Electrons circling
the central nucleus
nucleus
34
Balmer's formula
35
Bohrs theory
1. The planetary model is valid.
2. The electrons can only travel in special orbits: at a certain discrete set
of distances from the nucleus with specific energies.
3. When an electron is in an allowed orbit it does not radiate. Thus the
model simply throws out classical electromagnetic theory.
(A hypothesis without any explanation)
4. Electrons can only gain and lose energy by jumping from one allowed
orbit to another, absorbing or emitting electromagnetic radiation with
a frequency determined by the energy difference of the levels
according to the Planck relation
= 2 1 =
5. The angular momentum of the allowed orbits is quantized (discrete)
=
= , = 1,2,
2
36
me v
ke e
2
r
r
Coulomb
force
Z=1 for
hydrogen
2
k
e
me v 2 e
r
( n ) 2 ke e 2
n2 2
L me vr n (me vr ) (n ) me v
rn = 2
2
me r
r
ke e me
2
ke e me 13.6eV
ke e
E
2 2
2rn
2 n
n2
2
2 2
1
4
1
1
=
=
(
2(40 )2 2 2 2
= (
1
2
1
)
2
n=6
Lyman series
Rydberg formula
4
1
=
=10
973
731.6
m
80 2 3
Rydberg constant
Rydberg unit of energy (atomic physics):
Paschen series
Balmer series
39