9/24/2014

U
I Time Overcurrent Relays

ECE525
Lecture 14

More or less
approximates
thermal fuse
Allow
coordination
with fuses

Time Dial
Setting

Direction
of
Current
Induced
Torque

Restraining
Spring

Reset
Position

Disk

Time Overcurrent Relays

U
I

Fall 2014

ECE525

Basic equation

Operating torque

Restraining Torque

I 2

T s 1 K d
I
t
p

s = restraining spring

Time Overcurrent Relays

Lecture 14

torque
I = applied current
Ip = pick up current
Kd = disk damping
factor
= angle of disk
rotation (proportional
to Time Dial Setting
(TDS)
Fall 2014

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U
I

ECE525

Relay Response

Lecture 14

2. Integrate w.r.t. Time

1. Operating torque = Restraining Torque

I 2
1 t t
2 1
2 1
K d I p

I 2

s 1 K d
I
t

3. TDS (setting angle),

where triptime = t2 -t1

I 2
1 trip time
TDS

K d I p

Time Overcurrent Relays

U
I

Fall 2014

ECE525

Relay Response

Lecture 14

4. Finding trip time

Kd

trip time TDS

Where:

I 2
1
I

TDS

A
1

M = I/Ip

A = Kd/ts
Time Overcurrent Relays

Fall 2014

9/24/2014

U
I

Standard Curves -standard formats

Reset Time (M < 1)

ECE525
Lecture 14

C
tr TDS
2
1 M

Trip time (M 1)

B
tt TDS p
M 1

Some manufacturers include disk inertia in B

Time Overcurrent Relays

U
I

Fall 2014

US and IEC curve

parameters

Curve
U.S. Moderately inverse (U1)
U.S. Inverse (U2)
U.S. Very inverse (U3)
U.S. Extremely inverse (U4)
U.S. Short-time inverse (U5)
I.E.C. Class A - Standard inverse (C1)
I.E.C. Class B Very inverse (C2)
I.E.C. Class C Extremely inverse (C3)
I.E.C Long-time inverse (C4)
I.E.C Short-time inverse (C5)

Time Overcurrent Relays

A
0.0104
5.95
3.88
5.67
0.00342
0.14
13.5
80.0
120.0
0.05

B
0.2256
0.180
0.0963
0352
0.00262
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

ECE525
Lecture 14
C
1.08
5.95
3.88
5.67
0.323
13.5
47.3
80.0
120.0
4.85

P
0.02
2.00
2.00
2.00
0.02
0.02
2.00
2.00
2.00
0.04

Fall 2014

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U
I

US Inverse (U2)
Characteristic

Time Overcurrent Relays

U
I

ECE525
Lecture 14

Fall 2014

ECE525

Comparison of curves

Time Overcurrent Relays

Lecture 14

Fall 2014

9/24/2014

U Extremely Inverse Curve

I
and 50E fuse

Time Overcurrent Relays

ECE525
Lecture 14

Fall 2014

U
I

ECE525

Example
Bus
#1

Local
Load

Bus
#2

Local
Load

Lecture 14

Bus
#3

Source

Vs

Local
Load
Z1

Z2

Z3
Faulted
Line

Z4
R2

R3
R4

It is desirable for the relay on the faulted line, R4, to be the only
relay to trip
Max and min fault current (based on ends of faulted line)
1
Time Overcurrent Relays

Fall 2014

9/24/2014

U
I

ECE525

Example continued

Lecture 14

The desired coordination can be accomplished by increasing

the time dial settings as one proceeds toward the source.

If relay R2 is expected to provide backup protection for

relay R4,
Then R4, the relay with the greatest source impedance, would
be set with the lowest time dial setting

If IMIN is defined as the minimum fault current,

Then the pickup current must be set at least as low as the
current but above maximum load current.

For relays R2 and R3, the TDS must be set to trip no

faster then the next downstream device when the fault
current is maximum for an out of zone fault
Time Overcurrent Relays

Fall 2014

U
I EMTP relay simulation

ECE525
Lecture 14

R Bus

S Bus
Source
Impedance
Gen

Load

Xfmr
Breaker

Breaker
69KV

230KV

25
52

52

Load

Fault #2
C-G
225

Fault #1
C-G

250 resistive fault is initiated at 8.3 ms and progresses to a 25 fault at 62 ms

as can occur by a tree branch coming in contact with the wire.

Time Overcurrent Relays

Fall 2014

9/24/2014

U
I

ECE525

Example with a trip

Time Overcurrent Relays

Comparing relay
U
I coordination (light load)

Time Overcurrent Relays

Lecture 14

Fall 2014

ECE525
Lecture 14

Fall 2014

9/24/2014

Comparing relay
U
I coordination (heavy load)

ECE525
Lecture 14

Time Overcurrent Relays

Fall 2014

Directional Control vs
Direction Supervision

U
I

ECE525
Lecture 14

DC Bus +
Reference
Signal
Phase
Current

Directional
Element
(32)

Reference
Signal
32

32

Directional
Element
(32)

Phase
Current

32

DC Bus +

Phase
Current

Overcurrent
Element
(50 or 51)

50/
51

50/51
Phase
Current
52

a. Directional Supervision

Time Overcurrent Relays

32

Overcurrent
Element
(50 or 51)

AC Circuit
Breaker

DC Bus -

50/
51

50/51

52

b. Directional Control

AC Circuit
Breaker

DC Bus -

Fall 2014

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U Directional Step-Time
I Overcurrent (ANSI 67)

ECE525
Lecture 14

The directional overcurrent relay can be perceived as a

type 50 instantaneous element controlled by a type 32

directional element
If the type 67 relay element is to provide backup protection,
they use definite time delay for downstream coordination
The 67 element requires more attention to detail for
coordination than do type 51 relays
The advantage that the stepped time has over the 51 is that
the time steps are independently set.

The disadvantage is that overreach errors have a more

pronounced affect that often proves difficult to
coordinate
Time Overcurrent Relays

Fall 2014

U Directional Step-Time
I Overcurrent (ANSI 67)
51

Bus S

Load 5
F1

Load
1

Time Overcurrent Relays

Lecture 14

Increasing
time

67

ECE525

F2

Load
2

F3

Load
3

F4

Load
4

Fall 2014