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Solid state Electronic Devices(7th edition - 2014)
By Ben G. Streetman & Sanajay Banerjee
Semiconductor device fundamentals(2nd edition 1996)
By Robert F. Pierette
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Matter
Solids
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Classification of Solids
Crystalline Solids
Amorphous Solids
Crystalline Solids
ion, molecule or atoms are arranged in definite geometric pattern
in the three dimensional network
arrangement repeats periodically over the entire crystal
bounded by PLANES or FACES
Planes intersect at particular angles
Have characteristic geometrical shape
properties like electrical conductance, refractive index, thermal
expansion, etc., have different values in different directions
give a clean surface after cleaving it with a knife rather than an
irregular breakage
have sharp melting and boiling points
Examples:
Copper Sulphate (CuSO4), NiSO4, Diamond, Graphite, Si,NaCl, Sugar
etc
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Molecular Solids
particles are molecules
Depending upon the nature of the molecules they are
further divided into three types.
Due to this weak force, they have low melting and
boiling points, are soft in nature and non-conductors of
electricity (no ions are present).
They are generally gaseous or liquid in nature at room
temperature and pressure.
Non Polar Molecular Solids
Polar Molecular Solids
Hydrogen-bonded molecular solids
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Metallic Solids
contain metal atoms as constituent particles
have a good tendency to lose their valence electron and
change in to positively charged metal ions
Their electrons can easily move throughout the whole
crystal and form the sea of free electrons
attractive force between the ions and mobile valence
electrons is termed as metallic bond.
Because of these strong metallic bonds, metals can maintain
a regular structure and usually have high melting and
boiling points.
Metals have high electrical and thermal conductivity
because the free electrons flow with a charge or heat energy
through the metal
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Insulators, conductors,
Semiconductors
Insulators
Do not permit electrons to flow freely from particle to
particle
Do not permit charge to be transferred across the entire
surface of the object
Offer very resistance to the flow of current
Material
Resistivity (ohm m)
Glass
1012
Mica
9 x 1013
Quartz (fused)
5 x 1016
copper
1.8 x 10-8
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Insulators, conductors,
Semiconductors
Conductors
permit electrons to flow freely from particle to particle
permit charge to be transferred across the entire surface of the object
Charge transport via hopping of carriers
Insulators, conductors,
Semiconductors
Semicondutor
can conduct electricity under some conditions but not under others
make a good medium for the control of electrical current
Conductivity varies depending
Temperature
Doping
Applied voltage
Intensity of irradiation i.e. infrared , visible light, ultraviolet , or X
rays
Can absorb light
Can emit light
Current transfer can be via
Hopping of carriers
Tunneling of carriers
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Semiconductors
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Compound Semiconductors
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