Hidrologi #2

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EnvironmentalEngineering
Institut Teknologi Bandung
PERSPECTIVE /OVERVIEW
STORM SEWER DESIGN
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STORM SEWER DESIGN

Adequate and properly functioning storm water drainage system.
Construction of houses, commercial buildings, parking lots, paved
roads, and streets increases the impervious cover in a watershed
and reduces infiltration.
urbanization changes the spatial pattern of flow in the watershed;
there is an increase in the hydraulic efficiency of flow through
artificial channels, curbing, gutters, and storm drainage and
collection systems.
These increase the volume and velocity of runoff and produce
larger peak flood discharges from urbanized watersheds.
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STORM SEWER DESIGN

The urban drainage system can be considered
as consisting of two major types of elements:
LOCATION ELEMENTS and TRANSFER
ELEMENTS.
LOCATION ELEMENTS: places where the
water stops and undergoes changes as a result
of humanly controlled processes e.g. Water
storage, water treatment, water use, WWTP
TRANSFER ELEMENTS: connect the location
elements e.g. Channels, pipelines, storm
sewers, sanitary sewers, and strrets.
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STORM SEWER DESIGN

Complex urban problems involve distributed systems requiring
analysis of spatial and temporal variations.
Urban watersheds vary in space in that the ground surface slope
and cover, and the soil type, change from place to place in the
watershed.
They vary in time in that hydrologic characteristics change with
the process of urbanization.
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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
The design of storm sewer systems involves the determination of DIAMETERS,
SLOPES, and CROWN/INVERT elevation for each pipe in the system.
Selection of a layout/network of pipe locations.
Once a layout has been selected, the RATIONAL METHOD can be used to select
pipe diameters.
Storm drainage design can be divided into two aspects:

RUNOFF PREDICTION
SYSTEM DESIGN
In recent years, rainfall-runoff modeling for urban watersheds has been a
popular activity and a variety of such rainfall-runoff models are now available.
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Rational Method
Still probably the most widely used method for design of storm sewers
[Pilgrim, 1986; Linsley, 1986].
The idea behind the rational method is that if a rainfall of intensity i begins
instantaneously and continues indefinitely, the rate of runoff will increase until the
time of concentration tc, when all of the watershed is contributing to flow at the
outlet.
The product of rainfall intensity i and watershed area A is the inflow rate for the
system, iA, and the ratio of this rate to the rate of peak discharge Q (which occurs at
time tc) is termed the runoff coefficient C (0<C<1). This is expressed in the rational
formula:
Q=CiA
the duration used for the determination of the design precipitation intensity i is the
time of concentration of the watershed.
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Rational Method
a composite analysis for various surface characteristics is required for the
drainage area with subareas.
The peak runoff:
Q = i CjAj
Assumption associated with the rational method:
The computed peak rate of runoff at the outlet point is a function of the
average rainfall rate during the time of concentration, that is, the peak
discharge does not result from a more intense storm of shorter duration,
during which only a portion of the watershed is contributing to runoff at the
outlet.
The time of concentration employed is the time for the runoff to become
established and flow from the most remote part of the drainage area to the
inflow point of the sewer being designed.
Rainfall intensity is constant throughout the storm duration
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Runoff Coefficient
The proportion of the total rainfall that will reach the storm drains depends
on the percent imperviousness, slope, and ponding character of the surface.
impervious surfaces, such as asphalt pavements and roofs of buildings, will
produce nearly 100% runoff after the surface has become thoroughly wet,
regardless of the slope.
Field inspection and aerial photographs are useful in estimating the nature of
the surface within the drainage area.
The runoff coefficient is also dependent on the character and condition of
the soil. The infiltration rate decreases as rainfall continues, and is also
influenced by the antecedent moisture condition of the soil.
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Runoff Coefficient
for use in the rational method [Chow et al., 1988]
Character of surface
Return Period (years)

5
25
Asphaltic
0.77
0.86
Concrete/roof
0.80
0.88
- Poor condition (grass cover less than 50% of the area)

- Flat (0-2%)
- Steep (over 7%)
0.34
0.43
0.40
0.49
- Good condition (grass cover larger than 75% of the area)

- Flat
- Steep
0.23
0.37
0.29
0.44
Cultivated land
- Flat
- Steep
0.34
0.42
0.40
0.48
Forest/Woodlands
- Flat
- Sttep
0.25
0.39
0.31
0.45
DEVELOPED
Grass area (lawns, parks)
UNDEVELOPED
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Rainfall Intensity
The rainfall intensity i is the average rainfall rate (in/hr) for a particular drainage basin.
The intensity is selected on the basis of the design rainfall duration and return period.
The design duration is equal to the time of concentration for the drainage area under
consideration.
The return period is established by design standards.
the time of concentration to any point in a storm drainage system is the sum of the
inlet time to (the time it takes for flow from the remotest point to reach the sewer inlet),
and the flow time tf in the upstream sewers connected to the outer point:
tc = to + tf
tf = Li/Vi
Li is the length of the ith pipe along the flow path, Vi is the flow velocity in the pipe.
inlet time decreases as the slope and imperviousness of the surface increases.
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Time of Concentration Summary

[Source Chow et al., 1988]
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Time of Concentration Summary
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Waktu Konsentrasi Travel Time

Calculate the time of concentration of a watershed in which the longest flow path covers
100 feet of pastures at a 5% slope, then enters a 1000-foot-long rectangular channel having
width 2 ft, roughness n = 0.015, and slope 2.5%, and receiving a lateral flow of 0.00926
cfs/ft.
Table Approximate average velocities in ft/s of runoff flow for calculating time of concentration
Description of water course
Slope
Woodlands
Pastures
Cultivated
Pavements
Outlet channel (Natural channel not well-defined)
Distance along channel, l (ft)
l
Calculated velocity (ft/s)
Average velocity , V (ft/s)
Travel time t= l/V (s)
200
200
0-3
4-7
8-11
12-...
0-1.5
0-2.5
0-3.0
0-8.5
1.5-2.5
2.5-3.5
3.0-4.5
8.5-13.5
2.5-3.25
3.5-4.25
4.5-5.5
13.5-17
3.254.255.517-
0-2
2-4
4-7
7-
400
200
4.63
600
200
5.97
800
200
6.86
1000
200
7.56
8.02
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Waktu Konsentrasi
Table Approximate average velocities in ft/s of runoff flow for calculating time of concentration
Description of water course
Slope (%)
Woodlands
Pastures
Cultivated
Pavements
Outlet channel (Natural channel not well-defined)
0-3
4-7
8-11
12-...
0-1.5
0-2.5
0-3.0
0-8.5
1.5-2.5
2.5-3.5
3.0-4.5
8.5-13.5
2.5-3.25
3.5-4.25
4.5-5.5
13.5-17
3.254.255.517-
0-2
2-4
4-7
7-
Average velocity: 3.0 ft/s
Distance along channel, l (ft)
l
Calculated velocity (ft/s)
Average velocity , V (ft/s)
Travel time t= l/V (s)
200
200
400
200
4.63
2,315
86,4
600
200
5.97
5,3
37,7
800
200
6.86
6,415
31,2
1000
200
7.56
7,21
27,7
8.02
7,79
25,7
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Pipe Capacity
Once the design discharge Q entering the sewer pipe has been calculated by the
rational formula, the diameter of pipe D required to carry this discharge is determined.
it is usually assumed that the pipe is flowing full under gravity but is not pressurized, so
the pipe capacity can be calculated by the Manning or Darcy-Weisbach equations for
open-channel flow.
D = (2.16 Qn/So)3/8
where Q in cfs, D in ft.
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Rational Method Assessment

I
Example A hypothetical drainage basin

comprising seven subcatchments is shown.
Determine the required capacity of the storm
sewer EB draining subarea III for a five-year
return period storm. This subcatchment has
an area of 4 acres, a runoff coefficient of 0.6,
and an inlet time of 10 minutes.
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The design precipitation intensity for this

location is given by i = 120 T 0.175/(Td+27),
where i is the intensity in in/hr, T is the return
period, and Td is the duration in minutes.
II
A
III
IV
B
E
VI
C
D
The ground elevations at points E and B are

498.43 and 495.55 ft above mean sea level,
respectively, and the length of pipe EB is 450
ft. Assume Mannings n is 0.015. Calculate
the flow time in the pipe.
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I
II
A
III
IV
V
B
E
VI
VII
C
D
i = 120 T 0.175/(Td+27)
= 120 (5) 0.175/(10+27)
= 4.30 in/h
The design discharge:
Q=CiA
= 0.6 x 4.30 x 4
= 10.3 cfs
The slope of the pipe EB is the difference between the
ground elevations at points E and B divided by the length of
the pipe: So = (498.43 495.55)/450 = 0.0064
The required pipe diameter is:
D = (2.16 Qn/So)3/8
D = (2.16 x 10.3 x 0.015/0.0064)3/8
= 1.71 ft
The diameter is rounded up to the next commercially
available pipe size, 1.75 ft or 21 in.
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I
II
A
III
IV
V
B
E
VI
VII
C
D
i = 120 T 0.175/(Td+27)
= 120 (5) 0.175/(10+27)
= 4.30 in/h
The design discharge:
Q=CiA
= 0.6 x 4.30 x 4
= 10.3 cfs
The slope of the pipe EB is the difference between the
ground elevations at points E and B divided by the length of
the pipe: So = (498.43 495.55)/450 = 0.0064
The required pipe diameter is:
D = (2.16 Qn/So)3/8
D = (2.16 x 10.3 x 0.015/0.0064)3/8
= 1.71 ft
The diameter is rounded up to the next commercially
available pipe size, 1.75 ft or 21 in.
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I
II
A
III
IV
V
B
E
VI
VII
C
D
Sewer pipe
Length , L (ft)
Slope, So
EB
AB
BC
CD
450
550
400
450
0.0064
0.0081
0.0064
0.0064
Determine The diameter for pipes AB, BC,

and CD in the 27-acre drainage basin shown
in the figure. The area, runoff coefficients,
and inlet time for each subcatchment are
shown in Table, and the length and slope for
each pipe are in columns 2 and 3 of Table .
Use the same rainfall intensity equation and
assume the pipes have Mannings n = 0.015.
Catchment
Area, A
(acres)
Runoff
coefficient,
C
Inlet time,
ti (min)
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
2
3
4
4
5
4.5
4.5
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
5
7
10
10
15
15
15
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I
II
The same method is used for each pipe, except that now the
time of concentration must include both inlet time and flow
time through upstream sewers. The results obtained for pipe
EB the previous case is shown in table.
A
III
IV
V
B
E
VI
VII
C
D
Sewer
pipe
L (ft)
So
Total
area
drained
(acres)
CA
tc (min)
i (in/hr)
Design
dischar
ge, Q
(cfs)
Comput
ed
sewer
diamet
er (ft)
Pipe
size
used
(ft)
Flow
velocity
Q/A
(ft/s)
Flow
time
L/V
(min)
EB
450
0.0064
2.4
10.0
4.30
10.3
1.71
1.75
4.28
1.75
AB
550
0.0081
3.5
7.0
4.68
16.4
1.94
2.00
5.21
1.76
This pipe drains subcatchments I and II. From Table, A1=2 acres, C1=0.7, and the inlet time is
t1=5min, while AII=3 acres, CII=0.7, and tII=7 min. Hence, the toal area drained by pipe AB is
5 acres and CA=CIAI + CIIAII = 0.7x2 + 0.7x3 = 3.5. The time concentration used is 7 min, the
larger of the two inlet times. The calculations for the required diameter are carried out in
the same way; the results are shown in the second row of the table. The calculated
diameter, 1.94 ft, is rounded up to a commercial size of 2.0 ft (24 in) for pipe AB.
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Intensitas hujan ( in/jam)
IDF Curve Intensity-Duration-Frequency
Periode
Ulang
100 tahun
50
25
10
5
Durasi (menit)
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IDF Curve Intensity-Duration-Frequency

Determine the design precipitation intensity and depth for a 20-minute duration
storm with a 5-year return period.
Answer:
From the IDF curves, the design intensity for a 5-year, 20-minute storm is
i = 3.5 in/h.
The corresponding precipitation depth is
i = P/Td with Td = 20 min = 0.333 h.
P = i Td = 3.50 x 0.333 = 1.17 in.
Design STORM
Determine the design rainfall depth for a 25-year 30-minute storm in City X.
P 10-min = 0.51 P5-min + 0.49 P15-min
P 30-min = 0.51 P15-min + 0.49 P60-min
For T=2 years, P2,30= 0.51x1.02 + 0.45x1.85 = 1.43 in
For T=100 years, P100,30= 0.51 x 1.86 +0.49x3.80 = 2,81 in
Coefficient a and b are 0.293 and 0.669, respectively (from Table)
P25,30 = aP2,30 + bP100,30
= 0.293 x 1.43 + 0.669x2.81
= 2.30 in
Return period T,
years
5
10
25
50
0.674
0.496
0.293
0.146
0.278
0.449
0.669
0.835
Hydroeconomic Analysis
Use the maps and equations to plot IDF curves for City-O for return periods of 2, 5, 10,
25, 50, and 100 years. Consider rainfall durations ranging from 5 minutes to 1 hour.
0.80
0.85
0.85
0.90
0.90
Design STORM
Use the National Weather Service maps to plot IDF curves for City X, for return period 2, 5, 10,
25, 50, and 100 years. Consider rainfall duration ranging from 5 minutes to 1 hour.
map
Answer:
The six maps presented in the figure show precipitation for 5-, 15-, and 60-minute durations and
2- and 100-year return periods. The six values for this City X are:
P2,5 = 0.48 in P100,5 0.87 in P2,15 1.02 in P100,15 1.86 in P2,60 1.85 in P100,60 3.80 in
The results are shown in the table in terms of precipitation depth, and are converted into intensity
by dividing by duration.
Return period T,
a
b
For example P25,30 = 2.30 in
4.60 in/hr.
years
P 10-min = 0.51 P5-min + 0.49 P15-min
5
0.674
0.278
P 30-min = 0.51 P15-min + 0.49 P60-min
P25,30 = aP2,30 + bP100,30
10
0.496
0.449
25
50
Coefficient a and b are 0.293 and 0.669, respectively (from Table)

Return period
T (year)
2
5
10
25
50
100
0.293
0.146
0.669
0.835
Duration, Td (min)
5
10
15
30
60
0.48
0.57
0.63
0.72
0.80
0.87
0.80
0.94
1.05
1.21
1.33
1.45
1.02
1.20
1.34
1.54
1.70
1.86
1.43
1.74
1.97
2.30
2.56
2.81
1.85
2.30
2.62
3.08
3.44
3.80
Design precipitation
depths (in) at City X for
various Td and T
Design STORM
Return period
T (year)
Design precipitation
depths (in) at City X for
various Td and T
2
5
10
25
50
100
Duration, Td (min)
5
10
15
30
60
0.48
0.57
0.63
0.72
0.80
0.87
0.80
0.94
1.05
1.21
1.33
1.45
1.02
1.20
1.34
1.54
1.70
1.86
1.43
1.74
1.97
2.30
2.56
2.81
1.85
2.30
2.62
3.08
3.44
3.80
11.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
Intensity (in/h)
7.0
6.0
5.0
Return Period (years)
100
50
25
10
5
2
4.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
Duration (min)
1
10
15
30
60
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Kurva Intensitas Hujan

Dari data hujan yang dihasilkan oleh penakar hujan otomatis di Lokasi X dapat
dilihat besaran intensitas hujan ekstrim seperti tampak pada tabel.
Tahun
10
15
30
45
60
120
360
720
1440
1985
122
138
118
122
87
70
50
20
1986
156
134
124
1987
138
149
129
1988
147
125
160
1989
126
174
154
1990
192
120
132
1991
129
164
149
1992
142
118
134
1993
133
159
140
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Dari data hujan yang dihasilkan oleh penakar hujan otomatis di Lokasi X dapat
dilihat besaran intensitas hujan ekstrim seperti tampak pada tabel.
Tabel Perhitungan Periode Ulang dan Probabilits (untuk durasi 5 menit)
T=(n+1)/m
Tahun
Intensitas Hujan
ekstrim (mm/jam)
Ranking,
m
Periode
ulang, T
Probabilitas, P
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
122
156
138
147
126
192
129
142
133
9
2
5
3
8
1
7
4
6
1.11
5
2
3.33
1.25
10
1.43
2.5
1.66
90
20
50
30
80
10
70
40
60
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Tabel Intensitas ekstrim (mm/jam) untuk Periode Ulang 5 dan 10 tahun
X, Durasi
(menit)
Y, Intensitas hujan ekstrim,

periode ulang 5 tahun
Y, ntensitas hujan ekstrim,

periode ulang 10 tahun
5
10
15
30
45
60
120
360
720
1440
156
138
132
104
80
73
40
16
8
5
192
174
160
122
100
80
50
20
12
7
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Tabel Kurva Interpolasi Least Square
X,
Durasi
(menit)
XY
Y2
XY2
logX
logY
LogX.
LogY
(Log
X)2
Y X
Y2X
5
10
15
30
45
60
120
360
720
1440
156
138
132
104
80
73
40
16
8
5
780
24336
121680
0.69
2.19
1.53
0.48
348
54416
38760
85294
187190
18.4
16.6
26.8
39.9
123
350625
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Tiga rumus kurva yang harus dipilih:
- Kurva No. 1: y = a/(x+b) -------- Persamaan Talbot: I = a/(t+b)
a = (xy)(y2) - (xy2)(y)
10 (y2) - (y)(y)
b = (y)(xy) - 10(xy2)
10 (y2) - (y)(y)
a = 1625.86 (10=jumlah tahun)
b = 121.28
- Kurva No. 2: y = a/Xn -------------
Persamaan Sherman: I = a/Xn
log a = (logx)(logx)2 - (logx.logy)(y)

10 (y2) - (logx)(logx)
n = (logy)(logx) - 10(logx logy)

10 (logx)2 - (logx)(logx)
a = - 8.42
n = - 4.55
- Kurva No. 3: y = a/((x) + b) -----
Persamaan Ishiguro: I = a/((t) + b)
a = (yx)(y2) - (y2x)(y)
10 (y2) - (y)(y)
b = (y)(yx) - 10(y2x)
10 (y2) - (y)(y)
a = 746.77
b = 2.732
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Selisih intensitas dalam angka mutlak positif dinyatakan dalam dy1, dy2, dy3. Nilai
dy terkecil menunjukkan kurva terbaik untuk dipilih.
No.
y1
dy1
y2
dy2
y3
dy3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5
10
15
30
45
60
120
360
720
1440
156
138
132
140
80
73
40
16
8
5
128.64
123.74
119.20
27.35
14.25
12.79
5.8E-06
156
158.57
2.57
Jumlah
153.9
985235
99.2
Mean
15.39
98523.5
9.92
Yang dipilih adalah Kurva no.3, pada dy3 rata-rata terkecil yaitu 9.92.
Areal RAINFALL
Determine Areal Rainfall:
Arithmetic
Thiessen Polygon
Isohyet
P = P/n
P = 1/A AjPj
P = 1/A AiPi
Flood
Areal RAINFALL
Thiessen Polygon
Areal RAINFALL
Isohyet
Design FLOW
Flood Control Reservoir Design
P1=10 mm
Determine Rainfall:
Arithmetic
Thiessen Polygon
Isohyet
P5=50 mm
P2=20 mm
P4=40 mm
P3=30 mm

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STORM SEWER DESIGN

STORM SEWER DESIGN

STORM SEWER DESIGN

STORM SEWER DESIGN

Storm drainage design can be divided into two aspects:

for use in the rational method [Chow et al., 1988]

Return Period (years)

- Poor condition (grass cover less than 50% of the area)

- Good condition (grass cover larger than 75% of the area)

Grass area (lawns, parks)

Time of Concentration Summary

Time of Concentration Summary

Waktu Konsentrasi Travel Time

Description of water course

Description of water course

Average velocity: 3.0 ft/s

Distance along channel, l (ft)

Rational Method Assessment

Example A hypothetical drainage basin

The design precipitation intensity for this

The ground elevations at points E and B are

Rational Method Assessment

Rational Method Assessment

Rational Method Assessment

Determine The diameter for pipes AB, BC,

Rational Method Assessment

Intensitas hujan ( in/jam)

IDF Curve Intensity-Duration-Frequency

IDF Curve Intensity-Duration-Frequency

Coefficient a and b are 0.293 and 0.669, respectively (from Table)

Kurva Intensitas Hujan

Kurva Intensitas Hujan

Kurva Intensitas Hujan

Y, Intensitas hujan ekstrim,

Y, ntensitas hujan ekstrim,

Kurva Intensitas Hujan

Kurva Intensitas Hujan

a = 1625.86 (10=jumlah tahun)

- Kurva No. 2: y = a/Xn -------------

Persamaan Sherman: I = a/Xn

log a = (logx)(logx)2 - (logx.logy)(y)

n = (logy)(logx) - 10(logx logy)

- Kurva No. 3: y = a/((x) + b) -----

Persamaan Ishiguro: I = a/((t) + b)

Kurva Intensitas Hujan

Determine Areal Rainfall:

Determine Areal Rainfall:

Determine Areal Rainfall:

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