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ABSTRACT
INTRODUO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The use of drugs to treat renal failure has particularities due to pharmacokinetic changes
present in such population. This study aimed at supplying subsidies
for a rational choice of analgesics to be used in patients with renal
failure.
CONTENTS: Information is provided about pain prevalence and
etiology in renal failure patients. In addition, the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, opioid analgesics and adjuvant drugs for pain management is addressed.
CONCLUSION: Adjusting pharmacological therapy to renal function impairment may provide effective treatment with less adverse
effects.
Keywords: Analgesics, Pain management, Renal failure.
RESUMO
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O uso de frmacos para o tratamento da dor em pacientes com insuficincia renal apresenta particularidades devido s alteraes farmacocinticas presentes nessa
populao. O objetivo deste estudo foi fornecer subsdios para uma
escolha racional dos analgsicos a serem utilizados em pacientes com
funo renal deficiente.
CONTEDO: So fornecidas informaes sobre prevalncia e
etiologia da dor em pacientes com insuficincia renal. Alm disso,
aborda-se a utilizao de anti-inflamatrios, analgsicos opioides e
frmacos adjuvantes para o tratamento da dor.
CONCLUSO: O ajuste da teraputica farmacolgica ao comprometimento da funo renal capaz de prover um tratamento eficaz
e com menos efeitos adversos.
Descritores: Analgsicos, Insuficincia renal, Manuseio da dor.
224
tos renais semelhantes aos inibidores no seletivos, sendo contraindicados em portadores de insuficincia renal11.
Dipirona e paracetamol
So frmacos com atividade analgsica e antipirtica, e pouca ou
nenhuma atividade anti-inflamatria. Possuem fraca atividade inibitria sobre COX-1 e COX-216,17.
O mecanismo de ao da dipirona , ainda, controverso. Trabalhos
experimentais demonstraram inibio da ativao da adenilciclase
por substncias hiperalgsicas e bloqueio direto da entrada de clcio
nos nociceptores18. Outros autores relatam propriedades analgsicas
decorrentes da ao de metablitos da dipirona sobre a sntese de
prostaglandinas no sistema nervoso central (bulbo e substncia cinzenta periaquedutal)19.
A dipirona um analgsico de alta eficcia clnica, baixo custo, ampla disponibilidade e margem de segurana, sobretudo em pacientes
nefropatas9.
O mecanismo de ao antipirtica proposto para o paracetamol associa o frmaco inibio da sntese de prostaglandinas no hipotlamo9. Como analgsico, o frmaco deve ser capaz de ativar vias
antinociceptivas serotoninrgicas inibitrias20.
O paracetamol eficaz e seguro em dose de at 90mg.kg-1 ou
4g.dia-1. H atividade hepatotxica quando administrado em altas
doses (150mg.kg-1, ou 5-30g). A leso heptica ocorre pela depleo dos estoques de glutationa, levando ao acmulo de metablitos
txicos no hepatcito, e achados histopatolgicos de necrose centrolobular21.
H relatos de nefrotoxicidade aps administrao de glutationa
para o tratamento da hepatotoxicidade. A glutationa pode propiciar a formao de compostos nefrotxicos, que culminam com a
ativao de caspases e enzimas lipossomais, iniciando apoptose e
disfuno renal22.
O paracetamol o analgsico de escolha em pacientes idosos e/ou
com funo renal comprometida23. Em doses teraputicas, a toxicidade renal ocorre raramente10. No h necessidade de ajuste da dose
na insuficincia renal, mas alguns autores preconizam aumentar o
intervalo das doses de 6 para 8 horas quando h TFG inferior a 10
mL.min-1 24.
Analgsicos opioides
Tramadol
um frmaco com atividade agonista em receptores opioides (),
e ao inibitria sobre a recaptao de serotonina e noradrenalina,
aumentando esses neurotransmissores inibitrios na sinapse medular. Ele metabolizado no fgado, sendo 30% do frmaco, e 60% na
forma de metablitos ativos, excretados na urina25. Apesar de formar
metablitos ativos, o risco de toxicidade baixo26.
Devido aos seus mecanismos de ao, um frmaco efetivo para
tratamento de dores nociceptivas e neuropticas, com a vantagem
de prover menor sedao e depresso ventilatria do que os opioides
agonistas. Nusea um efeito adverso comum. Em pacientes em
uso de frmacos que diminuem o limiar convulsivo, como os antidepressivos inibidores seletivos da recaptao de serotonina, podem
precipitar crises epilpticas, alm de sndrome serotoninrgica27.
Na IRC avanada, a meia-vida de eliminao pode dobrar, sendo
necessria reduo da dose 200mg.dia-1 se TFG inferior a 30mL.
225
Sakata RK e Nunes MH
226
aps administrao oral. Liga-se extensivamente alfa-1-glicoprotena cida, havendo ampla distribuio tecidual, o que responsvel
por acmulo e longa meia-vida de eliminao durante o tratamento
crnico com esse opioide34.
Sua metabolizao heptica e intestinal, resultando em metablitos inativos, sendo a maioria eliminada atravs da bile. No forma
metablitos ativos26. Dessa forma, apesar de no ser depurado pela
hemodilise, trata-se de um frmaco seguro para administrao em
portadores de insuficincia renal45. Porm, h necessidade de avaliao frequente, com modificao da dose e dos intervalos por ser de
longa durao.
A dose recomendada para paciente com TFG superior a 50mL/min
100%; para TFG entre 10 e 50mL/min 100% e para TFG inferior a 10mL/min. 50-75%40. No dialisvel, mas segura para
paciente com IRC dialtica26.
ANTICONVULSIVANTES
Gabapentina
um anticonvulsivante utilizado principalmente para o tratamento
de dor neuroptica, com efeitos adversos bem tolerados. Foi sintetizada como anloga do cido gama-aminobutrico (GABA), mas
no interage significativamente com este ou outro neurotransmissor. Seu mecanismo de ao se d atravs da ligao s subunidades
alfa-2-delta de canais de clcio voltagem dependentes, reduzindo a
entrada de clcio nas terminaes nervosas e a liberao de neurotransmissores excitatrios46.
excretada inalterada na urina, sendo a eliminao dependente da
TFG. Aproximadamente 35% do frmaco so depurados durante
a hemodilise. Esse frmaco necessita de ajuste na dose de acordo
com as estimativas da TFG quando administrado em pacientes com
insuficincia renal47.
Se a TFG superior ou igual a 80mL.min-1 a dose mxima diria
pode ser de 900 a 3600mg; se TFG 50 a 79, de 600 a 1800mg; se
TFG entre 30 e 49, 300 900mg; se TFG entre 15 e 29, 150 a
600mg e se TFG inferior a 15, 150 a 300mg48.
Pregabalina
Tal como a gabapentina, a pregabalina um anlogo estrutural do
GABA sem atividade GABArgica, e atua em receptores alfa-2-delta
de canais de clcio. rapidamente absorvida aps administrao
oral, com biodisponibilidade superior a 90%, e concentrao plasmtica mxima alcanada em uma hora aps sua ingesto49.
Sofre pouco metabolismo em humanos (menos de 2%), sendo excretada inalterada na urina. Dessa forma, no interage com o sistema
enzimtico heptico, havendo pouca interao farmacolgica. Contudo, h necessidade de ajuste na dose em indivduos cuja TFG seja
inferior a 60 mL.min-1 50.
Se a TFG maior ou igual a 60mL.min-1 a dose mxima diria pode
ser de 600mg; se TFG entre 30 e 59, de 300mg; se TFG entre 15 e
29, 150mg; e se TFG inferior a 15, 75mg51.
Carbamazepina
A carbamazepina um anticonvulsivante com aes anticolinrgica,
antidepressiva, antiarrtmica e inibitria da transmisso neuromuscular. Provoca aumento da liberao do hormnio antidiurtico. Seu
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Sakata RK e Nunes MH
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