Chapter 3

Practice Exercises
3.1

240
94 Pu

, 94 electrons

The bottom number is the atomic number, found on the periodic table (number of protons). The top
number is the mass number (sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons). Since it is a neutral
atom, it has 94 electrons.
3.2

35
17 Cl

3.3

We can discard the 17 since the 17 tells the number of protons which is information that the symbol "Cl"
also provides. In addition, the number of protons equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom, so the
symbol "Cl" also indicates the number of electrons. The 35 is necessary to state which isotope of chlorine
is in question and therefore the number of neutrons in the atom.

3.4

2.24845 12 u = 26.9814 u

3.5

Copper is 63.546 u 12 u = 5.2955 times as heavy as carbon

3.6

(0.199 10.0129 u) + (0.801 11.0093 u) = 10.8 u

3.7

(0.90483 x 19.992 u) + (0.00271 x 20.994 u) + (0.09253 x 21.991 u) = 20.2 u

3.8

The number of protons is equal to the atomic number of an element. The number of electrons is equal
to the atomic number for a neutral atom. If the atom has a positive charge, the number of electrons is
determined by subtracting the charge from the atomic number. If the atom has a negative charge the
number of electrons is determined by adding the charge to the atomic number.
(a) Fe has 26 protons, and 26 electrons (b) Fe3+ has 26 protons, and 23 electrons
(c) N3- has 7 protons, and 10 electrons (d) N has 7 protons, and 7 electrons.

3.9

The number of protons is equal to the atomic number of an element. The number of electrons is equal
to the atomic number for a neutral atom. If the atom has a positive charge, the number of electrons is
determined by subtracting the charge from the atomic number. If the atom has a negative charge the
number of electrons is determined by adding the charge to the atomic number.
(a) O has 8 protons, and 8 electrons (b) O2- has 8 protons, and 10 electrons
(c) Al3+ had 13 protons, and 10 electrons (d) Al has 13 protons, and 13 electrons

3.10

(a) NaF

(b) Na2O

(c) MgF2

(d) Al4C3

3.11

(a) Ca3N2

(b) AlBr3

(c) K2S

(d) CsCl

3.12

(a)
(b)

CrCl3 and CrCl2, Cr2O3 and CrO

CuCl, CuCl2, Cu2O and CuO

3.13

(a)
(b)

Au2S and Au2S3, Au3N and AuN

TiS, Ti2S3 and TiS2; Ti3N2,TiN and Ti3N4

3.14

(a) KC2H3O2

contains 17 protons, 17 electrons, and 18 neutrons.

(b) Sr(NO3)2

(c) Fe(C2H3O2)3

20

3.15

(a) Na2CO3

(b) (NH4)2SO4

3.16

(a) K2S
(e) Ca3P2

(b) BaBr2

3.17

(a)
(c)
(e)

3.18

lithium sulfide, magnesium phosphide, nickel(II) chloride, titanium(II) chloride

iron(III) oxide

3.19

(a) Al2S3
(e) Au2O3

3.20

(a)
(c)

3.21

(a) KClO3

3.22

The term "octa' means eight, therefore there are 8 carbon atoms in octane. The formula for an alkane is
CnH2n+2, so octane has 8 carbons and ((2 8) + 2) = 18 H. The molecular formula is C8H18 and the
condensed structural formula is CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3.

3.23

The molecular formula is C10H22 and the condensed structural formula is

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3.

3.24

(a) Propanol: C3H8O, CH3CH2CH2OH

(b) Butanol: C4H10O, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

3.25

(a) phosphorus trichloride

(d) hydrogen sulfide

(b) sulfur dioxide

3.26

(a) AsCl5

3.27

diodine pentoxide We drop the last letter of the prefix if the name starts with a vowel

3.28

chromium(III) acetate

3.29

potassium perchlorate

(c) NaCN

aluminum chloride
sodium bromide
potassium phosphide

(b) SrF2

(b)
(d)

(b) SCl6

barium hydroxide
calcium fluoride

(c) TiO2

lithium carbonate
iron(III) hydroxide
(b) NaOCl

(d) Al(OH)3

(d) CoO

(b) potassium permanganate

(c) Ni3(PO4)2

(c) S2Cl2

(d) H2Te

Review Questions
3.1

(c) dichlorine heptoxide

Protons, 11 p + , +1 charge
Electron, 00 e , 1 charge
Neutron, 01 n , no charge

21

3.2

Nearly all of the mass is located in the nucleus, because this is the portion of the atom where the protons
and the neutrons are located.

3.3

A nucleon is a subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus. We have studied neutrons and protons.

3.4

The charge-to-mass ratio of the electron was determined by J.J. Thomson using a cathode ray tube.
Electrons were generated and passed through the tube to a detection screen. The ratio of e/m was
determined by applying an electric and magnetic field, at 900 to each other, to the electrons and observing
to what degree they were bend when the fields were applied.

3.5

Millikan generated a fine mist of oil in a container. Electrons were then generated in the container and
attached themselves to the oils drops. He applied an electric field to the oil drops and observed their motion
on the electric field. From his observations of the effect of an electric field on the oil drops he was able to
determine the charge of a single electron. Using the ratio, e/m, of an electron determined by Thompson, he
was able to determine the mass of an electron.

3.6

The proton was discover by passing hydrogen gas through a mass spectrometer. The hydrogen was ionized
leaving the nucleus. Three different species were observed corresponding to the mass of a proton, a proton
with one neutron, and a proton with two neutrons.

3.7

Rutherford passes alpha particles through a thin sheet of metal foil and observed their deflection to
determine the existence and nature of the nucleus.

3.8

The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom, and the mass number is
the sum of the number of neutrons and the number of protons. The atomic number (symbol Z) is
designated by a subscript preceding the chemical symbol and the mass number (symbol A) is a superscript
preceding the chemical symbol.

3.9

(a)

3.10

(a)

3.11

The statement does not indicate which isotope corresponds to the given mass.

3.12

For all group IA elements (the alkali metals), the formula is MX, that is one Cl per atom of metal. For all
group IIA elements (the alkaline earth metals), the formula is MX2, that is two Cl atoms per atom of metal.
The correspondence in formula and the similarities in chemical behavior allowed Mendeleev to locate
theses two series into their separate groups on the periodic table.

3.13

Mendeleev constructed his periodic table by arranging the elements in order of increasing atomic weight,
and grouping the elements by their recurring properties. The modern periodic table is arranged in order of
increasing number of protons.

mass number

131
53 I

(b)

90
38 Sr

(b)

(c)

atomic number

137
55 Ce

(d)

22

18
9F

3.14

Strontium and calcium are in the same Group of the periodic table, so they are expected to have similar
chemical properties. Strontium should therefore form compounds that are similar to those of calcium,
including the sorts of compounds found in bone.

3.15

Silver and gold are in the same periodic table group as copper, so they might well be expected to occur
together in nature, because of their similar properties and tendencies to form similar compounds.

3.16

Cadmium is in the same periodic table group as zinc, but silver is not. Therefore cadmium would be
expected to have properties similar to those of zinc, whereas silver would not.

3.17

The superscript before the symbol indicates the mass number; the superscript after the symbol indicates the
charge on the atom; the subscript before the symbol indicates the atomic number; and the subscript after the
symbol indicates the number of atoms in the compound.
For example:

mass number charge

atomic number N number of atoms

14
7 N2

Nitrogen has 7 protons and 7 electrons for a neutral atom. The molecule has two atoms in it, and the
isotope with 7 neutrons gives it a mass number of 14
3.18

See Figure in the margin of page 74.

3.19

(a)

Li

(b)

(c)

(d)

Xe

(e)

Sm

(f)

Pu

(g)

Mg

3.20

Luster, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, ductility, and malleability are the characteristic
properties of metals.

3.21

Mercury is used in thermometers because it is a liquid, and tungsten is used in light bulbs because is has
such a high melting point.

3.22

The noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn

3.23

Mercury and bromine

3.24

They are semiconductors.

3.25

See figure 3.8, page 75.

3.26

The heavy line separates the metals from the nonmetals, and the metalloids border the line.

23

3.27

Metals which are used to make jewelry are those that do not corrode, silver, gold, and platinum. Iron would
be useless for jewelry because it is susceptible to rusting. Potassium reacts violently with water to form
hydrogen and potassium hydroxide.

3.28

Luster, malleability, color, and brittleness are some trends that are mentioned in terms of moving from the
metals to the nonmetals across the periodic table, or moving down a group from nonmetals to metals.

3.29

(a)
(b)
(c)

In general, melting points decrease from left to right across the periodic table and increases from
top to bottom.
In general, boiling points decrease from left to right across the periodic table and increases from
top to bottom.
In general, density has a maximum in the middle of the periodic table and falls off to the right and
left. Also, the density increases moving down a group.

3.30

An ionic compound is formed by the transfer of electrons, and it is accompanied by the formation of ions of
opposite charge.

3.31

Metals react with nonmetals.

3.32

An ion is a charged particle. It can be monatomic or polyatomic, and it can have either a positive or a
negative charge. It is derived from an atom or a molecule by gain or loss of electrons. Atoms and molecules
are neutral.

3.33

In ionic substances, no molecules exist. Rather we have a continuous array of cations and anions, which are
present in a constant ratio. The ratio is given by the formula unit.

3.34

(a)

Na, Na+

(b)

These particles have the same number of nuclei.

(c)

These particles have the same number of protons

(d)

These particles could have different numbers of neutrons, if they are different isotopes.

(e)

These particles do not have the same number of electrons; Na+ has one less electron.

3.35

A cation is a positively charged ion with one or fewer electrons than its neutral atom. An anion is a
negatively charged ion with one or more electrons than its neutral atom. A polyatomic ion is made up of
more than one atom; the whole unit is the ion.

3.36

Titanium lost four electrons to form Ti4+; it has 22 protons and 18 electrons.

3.37

Negative

3.38

Nitrogen gained 3 electrons to form N3; it has 7 protons and 10 electrons.

3.39

Rb forms a +1 cation (Rb+) and Cl forms a 1 anion (Cl), so the formula should be RbCl. The cation is
first in the formula; therefore the formula should be Na2S.

3.40

The formula should have the smallest whole numbers possible. The formula should be TiO2.

24

3.41

3.42

(a)

Fe2+, Fe3+

(b)

Co2+, Co3+

(c)

Hg2+, Hg22+

(d)

Cr2+, Cr3+

(e)

Sn2+, Sn4+

(f)

Mn2+, Mn4+

The incorrect ones are a, d, and e.

(a) should be written as Na2O
(d) should be written as AlCl3
(e) should be written as Mg3P2

3.43

3.44

3.45

3.46

3.47

3.48

(a)

CN

(b)

NH4+

(c)

NO3

(d)

SO32

(e)

ClO3

f)

SO42

(a)

OCl

(b)

HSO4

(c)

PO43

(d)

H2PO4

(e)

MnO4

(f)

C2O42

(a)

dichromate ion

(b)

hydroxide ion

(c)

acetate ion

(d)

carbonate ion

(e)

cyanide ion

(f)

perchlorate ion

(a)

Ca(s) + Cl2(g)
CaCl2(s)

(b)

2Mg(s) + O2(g)
2MgO(s)

(c)

4Al(s) + 3O2(g)
2Al2O3(s)

(d)

S(s) + 2Na(s)
Na2S(s)

(a)

Fe(OH)3(s) + 3HCl(g)
H2O + FeCl3(aq)

(b)

2AgNO3(aq) + BaCl2(aq)
2AgCl(s) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)

(a)

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)
3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

(b)

2Na(s) + 2H2O
2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

or

S8(s) + 16Na(s) 8Na2S(s)

3.49

Nonmetals react with metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.

3.50

The Noble gases, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

3.51

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

25

3.52

Nonmetals

3.53

Nonmetals are more frequently found in compounds because of the large variety of ways they may
combine. A particularly illustrative example is the combination of carbon, a nonmetal, with other elements.
So many compounds are possible that there is one entire area of chemistry devoted to the study of carbon
compounds, organic chemistry.

3.54

Al2Cl6 is molecular because the smallest whole number ratio of elements is not used in the formula.

3.55

(a) CH4

3.56

PH3

3.57

HAt

3.58

SnH4

3.59

(a) CH4, component of natural gas

(b) CH3CH3, component of natural gas

(c) CH3CH2CH3, gas-fired barbecues

(d) CH3CH2CH2CH3, cigarette lighters

(b) NH3

CH3OH

(c) TeH2

(d) HI

(b)

CH3CH2OH

3.60

(a)

3.61

C10H22 or CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

3.62

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
or CH3(CH2)21CH3 or C23H48

3.63

All of the elements are nonmetals, and the formula is not in the smallest whole number ratio.

3.64

methane:

ethane:

26

propane:

butane:

methanol:

ethanol:

27

decane (10 carbons):

Another display of decane:

23 carbon hydrocarbon

28

There are several forms of glucose, C6H12O6. Shown below are the chain form and one of the cyclic forms.
Chain form

Cyclic form (-D-glucopyranose)

3.65

Binary compounds, such as CCl4 contain two elements only. A diatomic substance is composed of
molecules having two atoms, such as HCl or N2. In the latter, the two atoms may or may not be the same.

3.66

When naming the compound, molecular compounds need the prefixes to specify the number of atoms in the
molecule. Ionic compounds made with transition metals or post-transition metals need to have the charge
of the metal specified.

3.67

For naming ionic compounds of the transition elements it is essential to know the charge on the anion since
that will help determine the charge on the transition element. Transition elements can have more than one
charge.

3.68

(a)

Greek prefixes are used to specify the number of atoms of each element in a molecular compound
(PCl5 is phosphorous pentachloride; specify the number of water molecules in a hydrate
(CuSO45H2O is copper sulfate pentahydrate); specify the number of atoms in polyatomic ions;
and organic compounds use Greek prefixes to specify the number of carbon atoms in the
compound (pentane has five carbons).

(b)

Roman numerals are used in the name of transition metal compounds to specify the charge of the
metal.

Review Problems
3.69

Since we know that the formula is CH4, we know that one fourth of the total mass due to the hydrogen
atom constitutes the mass that may be compared to the carbon. Hence we have 0.33597 g H 4 = 0.083993
g H and 1.00 g assigned to the amount of C-12 in the compound. Then it is necessary to realize that the
ratio 1.00 g C 12 for carbon is equal to the ratio 0.083993 g H X, where X equals the relative atomic
mass of hydrogen.

1.000 g C
0.083993 g H
12 u C =
= 1.008 u
X

29

3.70

Since we know that the formula is CCl4, we know that one fourth of the total mass due to the chlorine atom
constitutes the mass that may be compared to the carbon. Hence we have 11.818 g Cl 4 = 2.9545 g Cl and
1.00 g assigned to the amount of C-12 in the compound. Then it is necessary to realize that the ratio 1.00 g
C 12 for carbon is equal to the ratio 2.9545 g Cl X, where X equals the relative atomic mass of
hydrogen.

1.000 g C
2.9545 g Cl
12 u C =
= 35.454 u
X

3.71

Using the ratio of the number of atoms of O and X and the atomic mass of O, we can compare that to the
ratio of the masses of O and X to calculate the atomic mass of X:

1.125 g X 2 atoms X
uX
=

1.000 g O 3 atoms O 15.9994 u O

u X = 27.00 u
The element is aluminum.
3.72

Since we know that the formula is M3N, we know that one third of the total mass due to the metal atom
constitutes the mass that may be compared to the nitrogen. Hence we have 1.486 g M 3 = 0.4953 g M and
1.00 g assigned to the amount of N in the compound. Then it is necessary to realize that the ratio 1.00 g N
14.0067 for nitrogen (we use the weighted average atomic mass for N since no specific isotope was
designated) is equal to the ratio 0.4953 g N X, where X equals the relative atomic mass of the metal.

1.000 g N
14.0067 u N = 0.4953 = 6.938 u

The metal is lithium, Li

3.73

Regardless of the definition, the ratio of the mass of hydrogen to that of carbon would be the same. If C12
were assigned a mass of 24 (twice its accepted value), then hydrogen would also have a mass twice its
current value, or 2.01588 u.

3.74

Taking the mass ratio of 109Ag to 12C and multiplying it by 12 we see that the mass of Ag-109 is 108.90 u.

3.75

(0.51839 106.9051 u) + (0.48161 108.9048 u) = 107.87 u

3.76

(0.9223 27.9769 u) + (0.0467 28.9765 u) + (0.0310 29.9738 u) = 28.09 u

3.77

(a)

152

Sm has 62 protons, 62 electrons, and 90 neutrons

(b) 205Tl has 81 protons, 81 electrons, and 124 neutrons

(c) 18O has 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 10 neutrons
(d) 71Ga has 31 protons, 31 electrons, and 40 neutrons

30

3.78
electrons

protons

neutrons

(a)

Selenium-78

34

34

44

(b)

209

83

83

126

(c)

Neodymium-143

60

60

83

(d)

96

42

42

54

Bi

Mo

131

I has 53 protons, 53 electrons, and 78 neutrons.

3.80

99

Tc has 43 protons, 36 electrons in the +7 state, and 56 neutrons

3.81

(a)

Rb+

(b)

(d)

Se2

(e)

Ga3+

3.82

(a)
(d)

3.83

3.79

(c)

Ca2+

Ba2+
Sr2+

(b)
(e)

O2
Rb+

(c)

(a)
(d)

KCl
BaCl2

(b)
(e)

NaF
CaI2

(c)

MgS

3.84

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

CrCl2 and CrCl3

FeCl2 and FeCl3
MnCl2 and MnCl3
CuCl and CuCl2
ZnCl2

3.85

(a)
(d)

NaNO3
Cr2(CO3)3

(b)
(e)

Ba(C2H3O2)2
Ca3(PO4)2

(c)

NH4Br

3.86

(a)
(d)

Cu(OH)2
K2SO4

(b)
(e)

Cu2CrO4
NaHCO3

(c)

MgSO3

3.87

(a)

PbO and PbO2

3.88

(d)
(a)
(d)

FeO and Fe2O3

CdCl2
NiCl2

3.89

(a)
(c)
(e)

magnesium oxide
potassium nitride
sodium sulfide

(b)
(d)

gallium chloride
calcium arsenide

3.90

(a)
(c)
(e)

sodium fluoride
lithium nitride
potassium selenide

(b)
(d)

magnesium carbide
aluminum oxide

(b)

SnO and SnO2

(e)
(b)

(c)

Cu2O and CuO

AgCl

31

MnO and Mn2O3

(c)

ZnCl2

3.91

(a)
(c)

carbon tetrabromide
diphosphorus pentoxide

(b)
(d)

nitrogen dioxide
phosphorus pentachloride

3.92

(a)
(c)

chlorine trifluoride
dinitrogen pentoxide

(b)
(d)

disulfur dichloride
arsenic pentachloride

3.93

(a)
(c)

iron(II) sulfide
tin(IV) oxide

(b)
(d)

copper(II) oxide
cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate

3.94

(a)
(c)

manganese(III) oxide
lead(II) sulfide

(b)
(d)

mercury(I) chloride
chromium(III) chloride tetrahydrate

3.95

(a)
(c)

lithium nitrite
copper(II) chloride dihydrate

(b)
(d)

strontium chromate
sodium thiocyanate

3.96

(a)
(c)

potassium phosphate
iron(III) carbonate

(b)
(d)

ammonium acetate
sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate

3.97

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)

ionic
molecular
ionic
molecular
ionic
molecular
ionic
ionic
ionic
molecular

chromium(II) chloride
disulfur dichloride
ammonium acetate
sulfur trioxide
potassium iodate
tetraphosphorus hexoxide
calcium sulfite
silver cyanide
zinc(II) bromide
hydrogen selenide

3.98

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)

ionic
ionic
ionic
ionic
molecular
ionic
ionic
molecular
molecular
molecular

vanadium(III) nitrate
cobalt(II) acetate
gold(III) sulfide
gold(I) sulfide
germanium tetrabromide
potassium chromate
iron(II) hydroxide
diiodine tetroxide
tetraiodine nonoxide
tetraphosphorus triselenide

3.99

(a)
(e)

K2HPO4
Cu(CN)2

(b)
(f)

Na2Se
MnO2

(c)
(g)

Pb(C2H3O2)4
SbCl5

(d)

P5O10

3.100

(a)
(e)
(g)

Al2Cl6
NH4SCN
I 2O 5

(b)
(f)

As4O10
K 2 S2 O 3

(c)

Mg(OH)2

(d)

Cu(HSO4)2

32

3.101

(a)
(e)

(NH4)2S
SnCl4

(b)
(f)

Cr2(SO4)36H2O (c)
H2Se
(g)

SiF4
P 4 S7

(d)

MoS2

3.102

(a)
(e)

Hg(C2H3O2)2
Mg(H2PO4)2

(b)
(f)

Ba(HSO3)2
CaC2O4

BCl3
XeF4

(d)

Ca3P2

3.103

diselenium hexasulfide and diselenium tetrasulfide

3.104

diphosphorous pentasulfide

(c)
(g)

Additional Exercises
3.105

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

nonmetal
84
36 Kr
48 neutrons
36 electrons
83.80
= 6.983 times heavier than a C-12 atom
12.000

3.106

Group 1A elements lose electrons to become positive ions and group 7A elements gains electrons to
become negative ions.

3.107

(0.68077 57.9353 u) + (0.26223 59.9308 u) + (0.01140 60.9311 u)

+ (0.03634 61.9283 u) + (0.00926 63.9280 u) = 58.69 u

3.108

Let x equal the abundance of 79Br and y equal the abundance of 81Br.
We know that x + y = 1 and x(78.9183) + y(80.9163) = 79.904.
Substituting y = 1 x we get x(78.9183) + (1 x)80.9163 = 79.904.
Solving for x we get x = 0.5067 and y = 0.4933.

3.109

(40.08)1.6605389 1024 g = 6.655 1023 g

(63.55)1.6605389 1024 g = 1.055 1022 g
Comparing answers, we see that both numbers are on the order of 8 1023. We would expect 8 1023
atoms of K in 39.10 g of K.

3.110

Hg2(NO3)22H2O

Hg(NO3)2H2O

3.111

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

HCl
SO2
HCl
BaS
FeBr2
HCl
FeBr2

BaS
FeBr2
F2
F2
BaS
F2
BaS

FeBr2

PH3

PH3
HCl

SO2

PH3
LiNO3

SO2

33

SO2

3.112

3.113

(a)

Ca(s) + Br2(l)
CaBr2(s)

Mass of Br 79.904 2
=
= 3.99
Mass of Ca
40.078

(b)

C(s) + 2Cl2(g)
CCl4(l)

Mass of Cl 35.453 4
=
= 11.8
Mass of C
12.0107

(c)

2Al(s) + 3S(g)
Al2S3(s)

Mass of S
32.065 2
=
= 0.792
Mass of Al
26.9815 3

N2O5(g) + 3SO2(g)
3SO3(g) + 2NO(g)

The small whole number ratio for oxygen in these oxides is: 5:2 for N2O5, 1:1 for NO, 2:1 for SO2, and 3:1
for SO3.
The small whole number ratio for oxygen in the sulfur oxides is 3 to 2.

3.114

There are three combinations of the two isotopes:

3.115

CH3CH2OH

Figure (c)

NaCl

Figure (d)

SnCl4

Figure (b)

H 2O

Figure (a)

3.116

79

Br 79 Br ,

79

Br 81 Br ,

The protons are red.

The neutrons are gray.
The electrons are the gold cloud.
There a three protons in the nucleus so the element is lithium, Li.
There are three protons and four neutrons on the nucleus so the mass number is 7.
7
3

Li

34

81

Br 81 Br