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Article history:
Received 14 November 2012
Received in revised form 5 March 2013
Accepted 16 March 2013
Objective: To evaluate the efcacy of music therapy for acute and chronic sleep disorders in
adults.
Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Data sources: A systematic search of publications in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane
Library without language restriction was performed.
Review methods: Studies with randomized controlled design and adult participants were
included if music was applied in a passive way to improve sleep quality. Subgroup analysis
was conducted to explore the sources of heterogeneity.
Results: Ten studies involving 557 participants were identied. The sleep quality was
improved signicantly by music (standard mean difference: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.92 to
0.34; p < 0.001), with signicant heterogeneity across studies. Subgroup analysis found
heterogeneity between subgroups with objective or subjective assessing methods of sleep
quality, and between subgroups with difference follow-up durations. No evidence of
publication bias was observed.
Conclusion: Music can assist in improving sleep quality of patients with acute and chronic
sleep disorders. For chronic sleep disorders, music showed a cumulative dose effect and a
follow-up duration more than three weeks is necessary for assessing its efcacy.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Music
Sleep disorders
Sleep quality
Meta-analysis
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Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ), ve studies used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), another
one study used the Verran and Synder-Halpern (VSH)
sleeping scale, and the remaining study used a visual
analog scale (VAS). Two studies used polysomnography to
measure the quality of sleep. Among the objective sleep
measures that polysomnography supplied, we selected the
sleep efciency (total sleep time/total recording time) as
our primary outcome.
Table 1
Characteristics of included studies.
Author
Year
Age
(mean)
Male (%)
Simple
size
Country
Followup
duration
Participants characteristics
Measure
Quality
score
Zimmerman
Richards
Renzi
1996
1998
2000
67
66
46
68
100
60
96
69
86
USA
USA
Italy
2 days
1 day
1 day
RCSQ
PSG
VAS
2
2
3
Kullich
Hernandez-Ruiz
Lai
Harmat
Chan
Chang
Ryu
2003
2005
2005
2008
2010
2012
2012
48
35
67
23
76
32
61
65
28
60
94
42
50
58
Austria
USA
Taiwan
Hungary
Hong Kong
Taiwan
South Korea
3
5
3
3
4
4
1
In hospital, post-CABG
In hospital, CCU
In hospital, post-anorectal
operation
In stationary rehabilitation
Abused women in shelter
In community
Students in university
In community
Volunteer
In hospital, post-coronary angiography
PSQI
PSQI
PSQI
PSQI
PSQI
PSG
VSH
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
63
0
/*
22
45
6
66
weeks
days
weeks
weeks
weeks
days
day
CABG = Coronary artery bypass grafting; CCU = Coronary care unit; RCSQ = Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire; PSG = Polysomnography; VAS = Visual
analog scale; PAQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; VSH = Verran and Synder-Halpern sleeping scale.
* Data were not reported.
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Fig. 2. Forest plot shows difference of sleep quality between participants with music therapy and control group, expressed as standardized mean difference
(SMD).
4. Discussion
Table 2
Subgroup analyses to explore sources of heterogeneity.
Subgroups
Sleep quality
Studies
Geographic location
USA and Europe
Asia
6
4
3
3
4
Follow-up duration
<4 days
4 days to 2 weeks
3 weeks to 4 weeks
4
2
4
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4.1. Limitations
There are several limitations to our analysis. First, the
nature of this intervention makes a double-blinding design
impossible. Secondly, the sample size in each study is
relatively small. Thirdly, the quality of some studies is
relatively low. Some earlier studies did not detail the
methods to generate the random numbers and/or declare
the concealment of allocation, which got quality scores 2 or
3. Fourthly, substantial heterogeneity was presented.
Although the major source of heterogeneity was detected
through subgroup analysis, uncontrolled or unmeasured
factors potentially produce bias. Fifthly, the longest followup duration was no more than 4 weeks which left it unclear
that whether the efcacy of music can maintain or even be
better after a longer follow-up. Sixthly, although SMD was
used to pool the results, the difference between various
subjective methods used in studies could still induce a
signicant heterogeneity and bias. Finally, various objective indices were presented by polysomnography, but we
only assessed the sleep efciency which may miss some
other useful information.
5. Conclusion
Music appears to be effective in treating acute and
chronic sleep disorders. It is low cost and safe, and could be
used to improve sleep quality in various populations with
different ages and culture backgrounds, in hospital or in
community. Our study also gives an indication that music
shows a cumulative dose effect for chronic sleep disorders.
A follow-up duration more than three weeks is necessary
for assessing the efcacy of music, which have an
implication for the design of trial evaluating the efcacy
of music therapy for chronic sleep disorders.
Conict of interest: None declared.
Funding: None.
Ethical approval: None.
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