PENAPH

Participatory Epidemiology Training

FOR
VETERINARIANS
AND
DISTRICT VETERINARY OFFICERS FROM TURKANA, NAKURU, MOLO, KIPKELION,
UASIN NGISHU AND TRANS NZOIA IN RIFT VALLEY

TRAINING WORKSHOP FINAL REPORT

Workshops conducted between 16th August and 29th August 2010
___________________________________________________________________________________
Training workshop were funded by FAO Kenya, RUFORUM and PENAPH
Organized and carried out by
VETWORKS East Africa
P.O. Box 10431 00200
Nairobi
Vetworks_ea@yahoo.co.uk (contact person Simon Kihu)
Facilitated by: Simon Kihu and James Wakhungu
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................................2
TABLE OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................................2
ABBREVIATION....................................................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................................................4
BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND INTRODUCTION.............................................................5
WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................5
FACILITATION METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................6
ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN TO ACHIEVE A SUCCESSFUL PE TRAINING...........................6
OUTPUTS...............................................................................................................................................12
COURSE EVALUATION......................................................................................................................13
APPENDICES........................................................................................................................................13

TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1 and 2: Participatory maps drawn by participant on ground and on flip chart
................................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 3 and 4: Pairwise ranking.................................................................................8
Figure 5 and 6: Matrix scoring.................................................................................... 9
Figure 7: Seasonal calender...................................................................................... 10
Figure 8: Proportional piling...................................................................................... 10
Figure 9: disease impact matrix scoring...................................................................11
Figure 10: Proportional piling mortality and morbidity.............................................11

TABLE OF APPENDICES
Training program..

. 13
Summary session program
.1
4
List of participant

..18
Course evaluation

.19

ABBREVIATION
CERF
DVOs
DVS
FAO
FMD
GoK
ILRI
NGOs
PENAPH
PDS
PDVS
PPR
RVF
TAD

Central Emergency Response Fund

District Veterinary Officers
Department of Veterinary Services
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Foot and Mouth Disease
Government of Kenya
International Livestock Research Institute
Non Governmental Organizations
Participatory Epidemiology network for animal and public health
Participatory Disease Search
Provincial Director of Veterinary Services
Peste des Petits Ruminants
Rift Valley Fever
Trans-boundary Animal Disease

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Vetworks Eastern Africa is thankful to FAO KENYA , RUFORUM and PENAPH for funding the training
of the Veterinarian, DVOs from Districts of Nakuru, Molo, Kipkelion, Trans Nzoia Uasin Ngishu and
Turkana County. Acknowledgement goes to trainers Dr Simon Kihu and Dr James Wakhungu who
facilitated the workshops successfully.
The Veterinarian from VSFG, TUPADO, University of Nairobi, private practice and DVOs were willing
to learn and share information which will help the Department of Veterinary Services in early detection
surveillance and control of livestock diseases. They acknowledged that the training was vital in
understand diseases and impacts of these diseases to community livelihoods in their districts
Thanks are extended to Dr Songok PDVS Rift Valley for organising the DVOs and informing them in
time to participate in the training.
I also thank Monicah Murigi for providing efficient logistical and other administrative services during the
training.
Lastly, to all those who contributed in one way or another in making the training a success, we say
Ahsante Sana.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND INTRODUCTION

Between 2006 and 2008 two major events unfolded in Rift Valley; outbreak of Peste De Petit Ruminant
(PPR) and the post-election violence and crisis affecting the livestock sector in the Northern Rift Valley.
In August 2006 Peste De Petit Ruminant (PPR); a fatal and highly contagious disease of goats was
confirmed in Turkana district. The disease spread in the various parts of Turkana districts due to migration
of the Turkana pastoral communities who are in constant search for water and pastures for their livestock.
The disease has become endemic in Kenya. Despite intensive vaccination, quarantine and public
awareness campaigns, the disease continues to spread southwards where the disease was reported in
Tanzania in 2009. The disease has seriously affected the livelihoods of pastoral communities in north Rift
Valley to date.
In 2008 Northern Rift Valley was heavily affected by the post-election crisis. It is estimated that 20-30 per
cent of high potential cropping land could be taken out of production as a result of two interrelated
factors: firstly the displacement of approximately 40 000 farm families from the area; and secondly the
dramatic increase in the price of farm inputs. The post-election crises resulted in destruction of animal
health infrastructure. The few remaining livestock have had to endure increase disease challenge.
Diseases such as those spread by ticks has been rampant due to lack of cattle dips thus affecting dairy
industry which is a major livelihood for central and north Rift Valley farmers.
In this regard Vetworks Eastern Africa teamed up with partners in livestock sector (FAO, Ruforum and
PENAPH) and developed participatory epidemiology training for capacity building of local veterinary
officers of Turkana County and other districts of Rift Valley.

WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES
The course introduced to the trainees the main theoretical and methodological aspect of PE. The agenda
of the PE course was to

demonstrate to the trainees the key attitudinal and behavioural aspects of PE

practise with trainees a range of PE methods correctly and analyse and present the findings
assist the trainees design research and/or surveillance work based on PE.

The trained private and public sector veterinarian will participate effectively in disease surveillance and
control activities. The veterinarians will use participatory epidemiology skills in disease surveillance and
strengthens their decision making process in event of disease outbreak thus effectively preventing the
spread of animal diseases; protecting livestock assets and livestock production at local and national level
as well as reinforcing epidemiological information system.
Goal
Livestock diseases are quickly identified and stamped out thus improving the food security status of the
target population through boosting of the livestock production sector.
Objectives
To train 20 veterinarians from Turkana county and other Rift Valley districts in participatory
epidemiology
Outcomes
Enhance capacity of veterinarians in Turkana county and other Rift Valley districts for implementing
innovative PPR and other diseases control strategies based on the epidemiology and socio-economic
information aspects of the diseases

Activities
Design the training and formulates training team.
Inform key stakeholders on the proposed training and prepare trainees
Carry out the training
Feedback to stakeholders on the training & report writing.
Outputs
20 veterinarians trained.
A report detailing the participatory epidemiology training

FACILITATION METHODOLOGY
Participatory techniques and tools were utilized to ensure that all the participants were actively engaged.
The methods used included:
An elaborate participatory and all-inclusive energisers and climate setting.
Brainstorming sessions.
Role plays.
Video Clips.
Power Point presentation
Focussed Group discussions and plenary feedback sessions using newsprint/flipcharts.
Power Point presentations with graphic illustrations.
Practical session and demonstrations
Distribution of CDs and manuals on PE.

ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN TO ACHIEVE A SUCCESSFUL PE TRAINING

Planning of the training
A training team of Dr Simon Kihu and Dr James Wakhungu was set up. Dr Kihu has wealth of experience
in community based animal health training. Dr Wakhungu a DVO in Namanga is a PE trainer and was
sponsored by PENAPH as the co-trainer. The training team prepared and designed the Participatory
Epidemiology training that was carried out in Lodwar. Key materials prepared include Session plans,
session hand outs, power point presentations, case studies, video presentation. The training material was
been adapted from PENAPH training Guide and material provided by Dr Saskia Hendrickx as well as
from AU IBAR PE training Guide. Copies of trainees PENAPH guides were provided by ILRI. Attached
is the training programme and summary session plan.
The key stakeholders in livestock and animal health at National, Rift Valley Provincial and District levels
were informed about the trainings. The local NGOs (VSFB, VSFG, Terra Nova, Practical Action, Oxfam)
in Turkana were informed and invited to nominate participants to the training. So for only Vetworks
Eastern Africa, University of Nairobi, TUPADO and VSFG nominated participants who attended the
training. Samuel Ekal of TUPADO in Lodwar assisted the training team to secure training and
accommodation venue at St Theresa Pastoral Centre for the 20 participants.
A formal invitation was circulated to the Dr Songok, Provincial Director of Veterinary services in Rift
Valley. He nominated ten District Veterinary Officer from Nakuru, Molo, Uasin Ngishu, Kipkelion, Trans
Nzoia and five other districts from Turkana County.
Climate setting
Official opening was done by Dr Njuguna, DVO Turkana who welcomed the participants to Turkana &
wished them well during the training.
Introductions: All the participants did introduce them selves

Expectations.
Group
Interest in knowledge

No
16

Recognition
Usage of PE in projects

3
2

Fears.
Dissemination
Health concerns
Security
Time
Facilitation
Relaxation
Understanding

Some comments from participants

-Have skills & technique in doing disease surveillance.
- To know what is PE and relevance in normal disease control
strategies.
-know the different PE tools or method.
Given certificate of participation.
To know how to apply PE in place of work
To be able to introduce This approach in future VSF projects.

Not to utilise knowledge gained in work station.

Unable to complete training due to illness.
Insecurity due to cattle rustling
Training would be long hence not able to attend to all session.
How am I going to be paid?
Training to be so intense & allow no socialization time
Not be able to understand the context as do not have experience in
Turkana.

Ground Rules.
Keep time
Respect of opinion
Mobile phone on vibration
Punishment on breaking the rules
Sing in mother tongue
Dance to the class.
Give the culprit a warning.
Time keeper Dr Wambongo
Rule enforcer: Mr Elim Limlim
Team leader: Dr Mutai (acting DVO Turkana central)

Topics of PE training course

Key topics covered during the PE training course were
General principles of Participatory epidemiology
During these sessions the participants were taken through a series of subtopics that generally introduced
the general terms in Participatory Epidemiology.
Community participation was dwelt at length through presentations, video and group work.
Introduction to participatory epidemiology was carried out with brief presentations on PE approaches,
qualitative and quantitative methods, PE methods, triangulation and veterinary surveillance systems.

Participatory Epidemiology approaches

The participants were taken through the key approaches of PE. The key sessions were on attitude and
behaviour for PE practitioners, PE practitioner approach to traditional briefs, practices and ethno
veterinary knowledge of livestock keepers; communication and group management.

Participatory Epidemiology methods

o Semi-Structured Interview
The participants were taken through semi-structured interviews (SSI) as the basic tool that is incorporated
in all other tools in probing process.
o Mapping
The participants were given a presentation and a demonstration on participatory mapping. Practise session
was also carried out.

Figure 1 and 2: Participatory maps drawn by participant on ground and on flip chart

o Simple ranking
A session on simple ranking (SR) was carried out. A demonstration to the participants was done thereafter
they carried out practical work on SR tool.
o Pairwise ranking
A session on pairwise ranking was carried and the tool demonstrated. Uses of pairwise ranking and
comparison were highlighted. Pairwise ranking or comparison is a slightly more complex method of
ranking where each item is compared individually with all the other items one-by-one. Pairwise ranking
can be used to understand the relative importance of different species or diseases and through probing, to
understand the benefi ts of different species or the impact of different diseases. Participants carried out
practise on the tool.

Figure 3 and 4: Pairwise ranking

Clinical Case defination

8

Clinical Case definition was introduced and brief presentation and group work done. Clinical Case
definition was defined as key signs used to identify a clinical case of the disease that you are interested
in,
- based on what the farmer is likely to know and see and can tell you or show you
- it should be general enough to be able to pick up the majority of cases of the disease of interest
- it assists in making decisions about what action to take next.
o Matrix scoring
This session on clinical case definition was followed by Matrix scoring session. The participants were
taken through a presentation, demonstration and practical sessions on matrix scoring. The key point
brought out during the matrix scoring presentation was that the tool establishes whether the PE
practitioner is talking about the same diseases as the livestock keepers.

Figure 5 and 6: Matrix scoring

o Time lines
The participants were taken through session on the timelines. Defined as a participatory data collection
method for gathering time-related information. Such information includes the sequence of key events in
the history of a community. The purpose of this method is to obtain a historical understanding of
sequential changes that have occurred, relating to particular livestock disease of interest.
o Seasonal calender
The participants were given a presentation on seasonal calendar. It was explained that the tool is a scoring
technique used to find traditional season names, their period and relation with onset of different events
such as rainfall, livestock diseases, vector pattern and fodder shortage among other seasonal factors. It
can also help in generating new hypothesis about association between diseases and environmental factors
and interaction between wildlife and vectors Thereafter a demonstration was carried out. Participant
practised making seasonal calendars based on the their communities defined seasons

Figure 7: Seasonal calender

o Proportional piling
Simple proportional piling technic was demonstrated to the participant following a brief presentation. It
was explained that this technic is mainly used give relative scores to a number of different categories
according to one parameter. The participant were given a chance t practice the technic.

Figure 8: Proportional piling

o Disease impact matrix scoring

The participants were taken through a session on disease impact matrix scoring. The technique is a two
stage piling exercise. In the first stage, the respondents are asked to identify the benefits that they receive
from livestock and then to score these benefits in terms of importance in what is essentially a simple
proportional piling exercise. The scores they give the benefits serve as weights for the later matrix
exercise. The participants were given a demonstration of the technic and were later allowed to practice the
technic
10

Figure 9: disease impact matrix scoring

o Proportional piling mortality and morbidity

The participants were taken through a session on proportional piling for mortality and morbidity. It was
highlighted that the tool is used to demonstrate the impact of diseases on the herd or flock, by
demonstrating the relative morbidity, herd or flock mortality and case fatality of different diseases.
The participants practiced the exercise in class and in the field.

Figure 10: Proportional piling mortality and morbidity

VENN diagram

11

A session on Venn diagrams was provided to the participant. Defined as a set of elliptical diagrams that
show all hypothetical possible logical relationship between finite collections of sets. The uses of venn was
provided as being provision of background information on the relationships between different
groups/communities or countries, identify stakeholders for effective disease control and management and
contributes to design interventions Participants practised the tools in class.
o Transect walk
Transect walk session was presented to the participant. It was explained that transect walks can be used
to:
- identify and explain the cause-and-effect relationships among topography, natural vegetation,
animal husbandry systems and other production activities and human settlement patterns;
- identify major problems and possibilities perceived by different groups of participants in relation
to features or areas along the transect;
- learn about local technology and practices;
- triangulate data collected through other tools such as mapping; and
- probe the information that has already been mentioned by the community.
Participants were asked to practice transect in the area neighbouring the training venue.
Case studies
The participants were taken through two case studies which helped them consolidate the knowledge they
had so far acquired from the training.
The first case study was participatory epidemiology disease investigation on PPR. The participants
worked through the three steps of the case study and final were give the model answers.
The second case study was participatory epidemiology disease investigation on FMD. The participants
worked through the four steps of the case study. Model answers were provided at the end of case study.
Field work
Three day field work was organised for the participants so that they could practise skills gained in the
training. Three vehicles were used to ferry the 18 participants in different locations about 30 kms radius
from Lodwar.
PE data analysis and presentation
Participants were taken through session on how to analyse and present PE data. Key data tackled were
simple ranking, matrix scoring, proportional piling and timelines.
Uses of PE
The participant were taken through a consolidated list of uses of all PE methods showing their strengths
Design of PE field studies
During this session the participants were taken through a brainstorming session of designing a general
study. There after the participants were asked to design a specific PE study they will undertake when they
get back to their field stations. It was expected that a follow up of the training would be a Participatory
Impact assessment of FAO funded animal health interventions in Rift Valley.

OUTPUTS
-

Sixteen participants were trained in the ten day Participatory Epidemiology training
A training report has been prepared

COURSE EVALUATION
The course monitoring was done through mood metres that were posted on the wall. Two session were
monitor in a day, being the morning and the afternoon session. The general mood during the training was
12

good and most people were lively. The end of course evaluation was done and showed that participant
were satisfied though they needed more time in the field.

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Training programme

17th August 2010

18th August 2010

19th August 2010

20th August 2010

21st August 2010

22nd August 2010
23rd August 2010

24th August 2010

25th August 2010

26th August 2010
27th August 2010

28th
29th August 2010

Arrival at St Teresa pastoral centre,( For those who are booked)

Course opening, welcome and introduction, -SK
ground rules -JW
introduction to PE-SK
Community participation, PRA -SK
Triangulation in PE, -SK
Surveillance systems -JW
Adult learning, Altitudes and Behavior for PE
Communication skills, -SK
EVK -JW
Interviewing methods, Interviews (SSI, -JW)
Participatory mapping-SK
Simple ranking-JW
Pair-wise ranking-JW
Case definition, Matrix scoring (Disease characterization)-SK
Time line, Seasonal calendars-JW
Review Matrix scoring
Simple Proportional piling-JW
(DIMS), PPMM,-SK
Venn diagrams, transect walk- JW
Case studies 1 & 2 (JW & SK)
Uses of PE -JW
Design of field studies SK (Determination of AND consolidation of key tools to use checklist)
PE for outbreak investigation JW
Field work, Seasonal calendar, Disease impact matrix scoring, Risk factor scoring, PPMM
Field work, Seasonal calendar, Disease impact matrix scoring, Risk factor scoring, PPMM
Review of Field work
Data Management
Simple ranking-JW
Others-SK
Field work, SK/JW
Closure and Departure

13

3.1.1.1
Appendix 2 Summary session program
DAY 1 Wednesday
Block
Time
Topic
Method
Session Plan 1: General principles of participatory epidemiology
Pre-session
7.00 -8.30 am
Registration
Coffee and registration
Introduction address
8.30- 9:00 am
Introductions
Block A

9.00- 9.15 am
9.15-9.30 am

Timing
30
30

Rest

9.30-10.30 am
Break
Block B

Rest
Lunch

Session Plan 2:
Block C
3.00-3.30 pm

Introductions

Group work
Break
Session Plan 3: General principles of Participatory Epidemiology
4.00-4.15
Expectations and Concerns
Posted notes/charts
4.15-4.30
Ground rules and houseGroup work
keeping
Overview of agenda and
Block D
objectives
4.30-5.30
Community participation
Group work
5.30-5.5.55
Community participation
Video
5.55-6.00
Wrap up
Key messages

14

30

15
15

60
25
5

DAY 2 Thursday
Block
Time
Session Plan 1:
Pre-session
8.00 -8.10 am
8.10- 8:50 am
8.50- 9.00 am
Block A

Block B

8.00.9.10 am
9.10-9.20 am
9.20-9.40 am
9:40-10.10 am
10.10- 10.40 am
11.00-11.10 am
11.10-11.30 pm
11.30-12.10
12.10-12.55
12.55- 1.00

Session Plan 2:
3.00-3.30 pm
Block C
Session Plan 3:
4.00-4.25

Block D

4.25-4.35
4.35-4.55
4.55-5.15
5.15-5.25
5.25- 5.55
5.55-5.55

Topic

Method

Recap
Community participation
Emergence Community
participation
Type of participation
wrap up
Participatory Epidemiology
PE approaches
Qualitative and
quantitative methods
Break
PE Methods
Triangulation
Surveillance systems
Surveillance systems
Wrap up
Lunch

presentation
Group discussion
Presentation

10
40
10

Presentation
Cards on key messages
Brainstorming
Presentation
Group work

10
10
20
30
30

presentation
Brainstorming
group
Q&A, brainstorming
Key messages

10
20
40
45
5

Brainstorm
Presentation

15
15

Group work

25

Role play
Discussion
presentation
Key Messages
Games
Cards

10
20
10
10
30
5

Attitude and Behaviour

Attitude and Behaviour
Break
Traditional
briefs
practices
Communication
Communication
Communication
Wrap Up
Group Management
Wrap up

15

and

Timing

DAY Three Friday

Block
Time
Session Plan 1:
Pre-session
8.00 -8.10 am
8.10- 9:10 am
9.10-9.40 am
Block A
9.40-10.10 am
10.10-10.30

Topic

Method

recap
EVK
SSI
SSI
SSI

Timing

presentation

10
60
30
30
30

presentation
demonstration
Practical

10
30
80

Presentation
Group work

10
20

Group work

30
30
50
10

Break
Block B

11.00-11.10 am
11.10-11.40 am
11.40-1.00 pm

Mapping
Mapping
Mapping
Lunch

Session Plan 2:
3.00-3.30 pm
Block C

SR
SR
Break

Session Plan 3:
4.00-4.30
4.30-5.00
Block D
5.00-5.50
5.50-6.00

SR
PWR
PWR
Wrap up

Day four Saturday

Block
Time
Session Plan 1:
Pre-session
8.00 -8.10 am
8.10- 8:40 am
8.40- 8.50 am
Block A
8.50-10.10 am
10.10-10.40 am

Topic

Method

Timing

Recap
Case Definition
MS
MS
MS

presentation
Presentation
Presentation
Demonstration
Practical

10
30
10
80
30

Practical
presentation
Practical

50
10
60

Break
Block B

11.00-11.50 am
11.50-12.00 am
12.00-1.00 pm

MS
Timelines
Timelines
Lunch

Session Plan 2:
3.00-3.30 pm
Session Plan 3:
4.00-5.00
5.00-5.15
5.15-5.30Block D
5.30-5.55
5.55-6.00

Seasonal calendar
Presentation & demonstration
Break

30

Seasonal calendar
proportional piling
proportional piling
proportional piling
Wrap up

60
15
15
25
5

16

Practical
Presentation
Demonstration
Group practice
Key messages

Day five Monday

Block
Time
Session Plan 1:
Pre-session
8.00 -8.10 am
8.10- 8:20 am
8.20- 8.50 am
Block A
8.50-9.30 am
9.30-9.40 am
9.40-1030

Topic

Method

Timing

Recap
DIMS
DIMS
DIMS
PPMM
PPMM

presentation
Presentation
Demonstration
Practical
presentation
Demonstration

10
10
30
40
10
50

Practical
Presentation/Demonstration
Group work
Presentation

45
20
35
10

practical

30

Break
Block B

11.00-11.45
11.45-12.05
12.05-12.50
12.50-1.00

PPMM
VENN
VENN
Transect walk
Lunch

Session Plan 2:
Block C
3.00-3.30 pm

Transect walk
Break

Session Plan 3:
4.00-4.30
Block D

Transect walk
CASE STUDY 1 &2

practical
Group discussion

30
120

Six, Seven and eight (Tue, Wed & thur)

Block
Time
Session Plan 1:
Pre-session
Block A

Block B

Topic

Method

Field day prep

Field work

Lunch
Session Plan 2:

Block C

Field work

Break
Session Plan 3:
Block D

Field work

17

Timing

Day ninth Friday

Block
Time
Session Plan 1:
Pre-session
8.00-900
Block A
9.00-9.30
9.30-10.30
Block B

11.00-12.00
12.00-12.30
12.30-1.00

Lunch
Session Plan 2:
Block C
3.00-3.30
Session Plan 3:
4.00-4.4.30
Block D

Topic

Method

Review Field work

Uses of PE
Design of Field Study
Break
Design of Field Study
Data simple ranking
Data analysis

Timing

Group discussion
Presentation/discussion
discussion

60
30
60

discussion
presentation
Presentation

60
30
30

Data presentation
presentation
Break

30

Data presentation
Evaluation
Close

30

presentation

Appendix 3 List of participant

Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Name
Nicoletta Buono
Erenius Nakadio
Benson Kibore
Ezekiel Ekuwam
E.C. Wandera
R. W. Muloosy
F. N. C. Kahiro
J.K. Njuguna
C.M. Wanyama
Siebei K. Langat
J. W. Njuguna
J. K. Sang
S. K. Muttai
Boniface B. Wambongo
Elim Limlim
Simon Kihu
James Wakhungu
Monica Murigi

Sponsor
VSFG
VSFG
VEA
VEA
VEA
VEA
VEA
VEA
VEA
VEA
VEA
VEA
VEA
VEA
VEA
VEA
VEA
VEA

18

Organisation
VSF Germany
VSF Germany
University Of Nairobi
Private Vet
DDVO Nakuru North
DVO Molo
DVO Kipkelion
DVO Uasin Ngishu West
DVO Trans Nzoia West
DVO Turkana North
DVO Turkana East
DVO Kakuma
DVO Loima
DVO Turkana south
TUPADO
VEA trainer
PENAPH trainer
VEA admin

Appendix 4 Course evaluation

Participatory Epidemiology training
Evaluation form
Please circle the appropriate number to record your views
1. Were the training objectives relevant to your work?
Highly relevant 5
4 3 2 1 Not relevant
2. Were the training objectives achieved?
Achieved
5 4 3 2 1 Failed to achieve
3. Relevance and value of handouts
Highly relevant
5 4 3 2 1 Not relevant
4. Training approach/methods
Very good 5 4 3 2 1 Very poor
5. Time allocated to practical work
Too much 1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1 Too little
6. Time allocated for working groups and discussion
Too much 1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1 Too little
7. General organization and logistics for workshop
Very good 5 4 3 2 1 Very poor
8. Value and relevance of field work
Very good 5 4 3 2 1 Very poor
9. Time allocated to field work
Too much 1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1 Too little
10.
What is the likelihood of you using PE methods in your
future work, or helping others to do so?
Very high 5 4 3 2 1 Very low
11.
Accommodation and food in training venue
Very good 5 4 3 2 1 Very poor

19