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PART 4
TABLE
24-3
Calcium
Vitamin D
Magnesium
Manganese
Zinc
Boron
Copper
Vitamin K
Calcium Bioavailability
have been hypothesized to improve bone mass and density
in postmenopausal women and older men, but most investigations of these dietary components have not supported
the hypothesis.
Recommendations for the intakes of calcium and several
bone-related nutrients by adults are shown in Table 24-3.
Calcium Intake
Calcium from Foods
Calcium intake in the primary prevention of osteoporosis
has received much attention. The Institute of Medicine
recommendations for calcium, vitamin D, and a few other
nutrients are given as adequate intakes (AIs), because only
the mean requirements for calcium and vitamin D during
the stages of the life cycle could be quantified. The AI for
calcium from preadolescence (age 11 years) through adolescence (up to 19 years) was increased to 1300 mg/day in the
latest report. AIs for calcium are the same for each gender
across the life cycle (see the dietary recommended intakes
on inside front cover).
Calcium intakes typically do not meet the recommended
AI for all ages beyond 11 years, especially females. According to NHANES data (NHANES, 2007), teen and adult
women consume considerably less than the current AIs.
Men are more likely to consume somewhat greater amounts
than females, but they also do not meet the recommended
levels after 50 years of age. These deficits translate, on average, into the need for roughly an additional 500 mg/day for
teenage females and adult women.
Food sources are recommended first for supplying calcium needs because of the coingestion of other essential
nutrients. Reaching AI levels of calcium from foods should
be the first goal, but if insufficient amounts of calcium from
foods are consumed, supplements of calcium should then be
ingested to reach the age-specific AI.